What types of movement do you know

What types of mechanical movement do you know? What is the difference between them?

Mechanical movement is a change in the position of the body relative to other bodies.
Types of mechanical movement.
1) Depending on the trajectory (the line that the body describes when moving): straight line – the trajectory is a straight line;
curvilinear – the trajectory of the movement is a curved line.
2) Depending on the speed of movement:
uniform – for equal periods of time, the body travels the same distances;
uniformly accelerated – the body changes its speed for the same time intervals by the same value;
uneven – for equal periods of time the body travels different distances, the speed of the body changes in different ways.
3) Depending on the movement of all points of the body:
translational – all points of the body move in the same way;
rotational – the points of the body move in different ways.

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TRANSPORT

Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. Transportation is performed by air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. Transport plays an important part in the economic growth and globalization, but most types of transport cause air pollution and use large amounts of land. Good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow and restrain urban sprawl.

The infrastructure of transport includes all the installations necessary for transportation. They may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations), and seaports.

Vehicles may include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, people, helicopters, aircraft and other kinds of transport. Passenger transport may be public or private. Public transport provides scheduled services for passengers.

2. Add to your active vocabulary:

1) movement движение, перемещение, перевозка

2) goods товары, грузы

3) to perform выполнять

7) pipeline трубопровод

9) vehicle транспортное средство

10) operation эксплуатация, деятельность, работа

11) installation установка, оборудование

12) necessary необходимый

13) railway железная дорога

14) warehouse товарный склад

15) trucking terminal стоянка для грузовиков

16) refueling depot место для заправки

17) helicopter вертолет

18) aircraft самолет

19) truck / lorry грузовик

20) to include включать

21) to use large amounts of land использовать большие площади земли

22) traffic flow транспортный поток, движение

23) to cause air pollution загрязнять воздух

24) to restrain urban sprawl ограничить беспорядочный рост города

25) essential существенный, важный

3. Pronounce correctly:

Transport, transportation, location, transformation, globalization, pollution, installation, station, operation, operator, industry, industrial, movement, cable, infrastructure, vehicle, necessary, canal, terminal, warehouse, depot, automobile, bicycle, helicopter, aircraft, passenger, economic, growth, type, amount, planning, essential, to restrain, urban, sprawl

4. Translate the following word combinations:

The movement of people and goods, from one place to another, to be performed by air and by water, public or private, to provide scheduled services, to play an important part, economic growth and globalization, to cause air pollution, to use large amounts of land, good planning of transport, to be essential for, to make traffic flow, to restrain urban sprawl

5. Find pairs of synonyms:

1) to contain important

2) location lorry

3) to perform equipment

4) railway to include

6) purpose place

7) installation railroad

8) aircraft to carry out

9) essential aim

6. Translate the sentences; choose the correct word given below:

1. Transportation is ……… of people and good from one location to another.

2. Transport plays an …. part in economic growth and globalization.

3. Most types of transport …… air pollution.

4. Good planning of transport is …….. to make traffic flow, and to restrain urban sprawl.

To cause, important, movement, essential

7. Complete and translate the sentences:

4. Passenger transport may be …….

8. Answer the questions, using the active vocabulary:

1. What is transportation?

2. How is transportation performed?

3. What does infrastructure consist of?

4. What do vehicles include?

5. What kinds of passenger transport do you know?

6. Does transport play an important part in economic growth and globalization?

7. What do most types of transport cause?

8. Why is good planning of transport essential?

9. Agree or disagree with the statements. Use the following set phrases:

Oh, you are quite right. Sorry, but you are wrong.

I quite agree with you. I’m sorry, but you are mistaken.

I’m of the same opinion. I doubt about this.

It goes without saying. I don’t think so.

Certainly! On the contrary!

1. Transport doesn’t play an important part in economic growth and globalization.

2. Transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another.

3. Infrastructure consists of roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals, pipelines and terminals.

4. Vehicles include airports, railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, truck terminals, refueling deports and seaports.

5. Passenger transport may be only public.

6. Transport doesn’t cause air pollution.

7. Good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow.

Types of movements in the human body

Author: Adrian Rad BSc (Hons) • Reviewer: Francesca Salvador MSc
Last reviewed: April 17, 2022
Reading time: 17 minutes

This article will shed some light on the various types of movements in the human body. They will be grouped in pairs of ‘antagonistic actions’ (actions that oppose one another), just like certain muscle groups.

In order to understand fellow medical students and physicians, you need to have an excellent grasp of the anatomical language. This can simultaneously be a blessing and a curse. If you see the glass half full, the language is extremely precise and exact, leaving no room for errors, misinterpretation, or miscommunication. If you see the glass half empty, there is only one specific term that can accurately describe an anatomical structure/movement/relation, which means there are a lot of words that you need to learn in order to become fluent in this language.

Almost every anatomy department in the world naturally focuses its resources on teaching students the names and details of bones, muscles, vessels, nerves, etc. However, the basic concepts of planes, relations, and especially anatomical movements are glanced over in perhaps the first 30 minutes to 1 hour. Planes and relations eventually catch up with students because they are constantly used to relate anatomical structures together, but movements are usually forgotten or poorly understood.

Movement

Contents

Types Of Movement

Importance

Movement is essential for every aspect of health. At a very basic level, human beings are simply energy in motion. It is difficult to separate the difference between moving and living. The more sedentary your life is, the more important it is to inentionally move.

Prevention of disease Internal and external movement in the body is essential to keep the body working optimally and prevent disease. Any disease, in any system can be decreased or prevented with regular movement.

An increase in immune response with exercise seems to be limited by intensity and duration. Intense training can prove to hinder the immune system. Rigorous or prolonged training can induce immunodeficiencies in some athletes resulting in increased infections. [8] When it comes to exercise and the immune system, moderation is the key.

Influences

Lifestyle is by far the most important factor that determines the type, degree and frequency of movement that a person engages in. Historically, most jobs (hunting, farming, and construction work) required people to be active, to use their full range of motion and to engage in activities that required lifting and carrying. Today, many people lead sedentary lifestyles. With inventions and “industrial progress” most people can live their life without “lifting a finger” or “moving off their chair.”

Age Movement has proven to help reverse or delay some of the age related changes that happen to the body. In order to live a happy, healthy life into ones senior years’ daily movement needs to be incorporated into the routine. Unfortunately, play and active movement is often associated with the young. Yet, people of all ages need to move and be active.

Health Status One’s health status can greatly impact the ability to move freely and the desire to want to move. Suffering ill health often puts a damper on energy levels and motivation to move. Exercise and movement is an important part of recovery, both physically and psychologically. Movement can greatly impact psychological well-being and can decrease pain. It is important to start slow and listen to the body when beginning any movement or exercise program. A person’s health status will often dictate the type of exercise, intensity and frequency that is ideal. Work with a trained professional to determine what is best for you.

Nutrition Proper nutrition is essential to the success of any movement or exercise program.

optimal PH balance. Clothes Wearing proper clothing while active is important to prevent injuries or discomfort.

Excuses There are a myriad of excuses that people make up to avoid activity. Some of the most common include:

Impact

Difficult movement or discomfort in movement With inactivity and lack of movement, the body follows the rule of “use it or lose it”. Lack of movement within a joint leads to stiffening and tightening of the surrounding musculature, tendons and ligaments. This leads to difficult movement or discomfort when moving. Engaging in regular movement can help to bring nutrients and keep flexibility within the surrounding connective tissues allowing one to move freely without pain.

Weight gain Generally speaking, maintaining a healthy body weight is a balance between the calories consumed versus calories burned. If one leads a sedentary lifestyle there are very little calories burned leading to a surplus in the body. This surplus of calories forces the body to store it as fat. Overtime, this leads to an increase in body weight. Ensuring a balance between good nutrition and exercise will help to maintain caloric balance allowing the body to maintain its optimal body weight.

Regular cardiovascular exercise improves cardiovascular fitness and helps to maintain a healthy weight, two factors which decrease the risk of developing hypertension.

Other Chronic Illness

Assessment

On a yearly basis it is important to do a thorough assessment of the body’s movement. As restricted movements typically only appear when there is a significant lack of movement or it begins to impair normal functioning, a yearly checklist allows one to assess movement and take corrective strategies to help restore normal movement. There is a common misconception that movement should decrease with aging. This is definitely common in our society, but it is not normal. It is possible to enjoy great movement and range of motion of each joint well into one’s senior years. See the checklist below to see if you are maintaining good movement. (See section on posture for assessment of strength and flexibility)

Treatments

Identify and address factors contributing to decreased or restricted movement. Ensure that your daily activities and/or your exercise include all types of movement.

General Rules of Thumb: Choose exercises that complement your lifestyle; don’t mirror it. For example, if you have a sedentary job, choose an aerobic type of exercise instead of just yoga. Increase your daily activity When it comes to exercise and movement it is true that every little bit helps. Here are a few tips to try to help increase the amount of exercise engaged in on a daily basis.

How Much Movement Is Essential? Determining the correct about of movement for each individual depends on several factors.

Exercise Exercise is defined as “physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive for the purpose of conditioning any part of the body. Exercise is utilized to improve health, maintain fitness and is important as a means of physical rehabilitation”. [14] There are several different types of exercises. Each provides the body with specific benefits. Cardiovascular training, resistance training and stretching are the three main variations of exercise.

Types of Engines

Read the text and decide whether the statements that follow are true or false.

READING

LEAD-IN

TYPES OF ENGINES

UNIT 18

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Розкажіть нам все про ваш винахід.

2. Ніхто не знав нічого про Америку до того як Колумб відкрив її.

3. Хтось вчора залишив журнал у нашій аудиторії.

4. Чи є тут хтось хто знає англійську мову?

5. Деякі винаходи покращили життя людей.

6. Вони нічого не сказали.

7. Чи є в будинку хто-небудь? – Так, там є хтось.

1. What types of engines are used to drive these means of transport?

A	B	C	D

2. What other types of engines do you know? What is the difference between them?

An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert energy into useful mechanical motion.

Devices converting heat energy into motion are referred to as engines, which come in many types. A common type is a heat engine such as an internal combustion engine which typically burns a fuel with air and uses the hot gases for generating power. External combustion engines such as steam engines use heat to generate motion via a separate working fluid.

A common type of motor is the electric motor. This takes electrical energy and generates mechanical motion via varying electromagnetic fields.

Other motors include pneumatic motors that are driven by compressed air. Motors can also be driven by elastic energy, such as springs. Some motors are driven by non combustive chemical reactions. Molecular motors like myosins in muscles generate useful mechanical motion in biological systems by chemical reactions.

Originally an engine was a mechanical device that converted force into motion. Military devices such as catapults, trebuchets and battering rams are referred to as siege engines. Most devices used in the industrial revolution were referred to as engines, and this is where the steam engine gained its name.

In modern usage, the term is used to describe devices capable of performing mechanical work, as in the original steam engine. In most cases the work is produced by exerting a torque or linear force, which is used to operate other machinery which can generate electricity, pump water, or compress gas. In the context of propulsion systems, an air-breathing engine is one that uses atmospheric air to oxidise the fuel carried rather than supplying an independent oxidizer, as in a rocket.

In common usage, an engine burns or otherwise consumes fuel, and is differentiated from an electric machine (i.e., electric motor) that derives power without changing the composition of matter. A heat engine may also serve as a prime mover, a component that transforms the flow or changes in pressure of a fluid into mechanical energy. An automobile powered by an internal combustion engine may make use of various motors and pumps, but ultimately all such devices derive their power from the engine.

The term motor was originally used to distinguish the new internal combustion engine-powered vehicles from earlier vehicles powered by steam engines, such as the steam roller and motor roller, but may be used to refer to any engine.

1. Civil devices such as catapults, trebuchets and battering rams are referred to as siege engines.

2. External combustion engines such as steam engines use heat to generate movement via a separate working fluid.

3. Most devices used in the industrial revolution were referred to as motors, and this is where the steam engine gained its name.

4. An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert energy into important mechanical motion.

5. Electric motor takes electrical power and generates mechanical motion via varying electromagnetic fields.

6. Originally an engine was a mechanical machine that converted force into motion.

7. Molecular motors like myosins in muscles generate useful automatic motion in biological systems by chemical reactions.

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