· Если действие относится к прошлому, то употребляется форма ought to have done для выражения того, что лицо, о котором идет речь, не выполнило своего долга или поступило, по мнению говорящего, неправильно, т.е. для выражения порицания или упрека.

ФОРМЫ

4.1 Make up as many sentences as possible using should, ought to and translate the sentences into Russian.

4.2 Give a piece of advice according to the model using should.

e.g. Her diction is not very good. (to read aloud). => She should read aloud.

1. The boy is a little pale. (to play out-of-doors) 2. I am afraid you will miss that train. (to take a taxi). 3. There is no one in. (to try the room next door) 4. I have a slight irritation (раздражение) in my throat. (to smoke). 5. This child doesn’t want to eat soup. (not to give her sweets before dinner) 6. She makes a lot of spelling mistakes. (to copy passages out of a book) 7. The dog is afraid of him. (not to shout at the dog) 8. The students are unable to follow what I am saying. (not to speak fast).

4.3 Complete the sentences using should, should‘t and the verbs from the table.

e.g. You see, Jack is busy. => You shouldn’t disturbhim.

1. The old man is afraid to cross the street. You………him. 2. You don’t know the rules well. You…………everything. 3. He is a liar. You……………………….him 4. His lectures are interesting. You…………………..them. 5. The house looks ugly. You …………………it. 6. Nobody wants you here. You …………………here. 7. The girl is too young. She ………………. make-up. 8. He has apologized. You ……………….him.

revise forgive disturb help miss return paint use believe

4.4 You are giving advice to a friend. Use should or shouldn’t.

e.g. Your friend is always coughing because he smokes too much. Advise him to stop smoking. =>You should stop smoking.

3. Your friend is going to visit Greece. Advise him to learn a few words of Greek before he goes …………………….

e.g. Tom has just been offered a job. You think it would be a good idea for him to accept it. => I think Tom should accept the job.

1. You think it would be a good idea for all motorists to wear seat-belts. I think…………………… 2. You don’t think it would be a good idea for Jill and Sam to get married. I ………………………… 3. Your friend has a bad cold. Tell him that you think it would be a good idea for him to stay at home this evening……………………….

4.6 In the sentences with the modal verbs should and ought to fill in the gaps with the verbs given below.

to talk, to laugh, to have, to worry, to help,

to correct, to look, to be, to stay, to show.

1. You should……..your mistakes. 2. He should………us his plan. 3. They ought to……..a rest. 4. They should………in time for dinner. 5. You shouldn’t………. about your parents. 6. You shouldn’t……….at your colleagues. 7. They shouldn’t ………during the lesson. 8. You oughtn’t to………..at home on Sunday. 9. She should …….good at the party. 10. You ought to……your parents.

4.7 Translate the sentences with the modal verbs should and ought to.

1. Вам следует сегодня быстро закончить работу. 2. Твоему брату тоже следует учить английский. 3. На­шей секретарше следует найти новую работу. 4. Твоим друзьям следует посмотреть этот фильм. 5. Вам следует помнить о ваших друзьях. 6. Ей следует сказать нам правду. 7. Вам не следует торопиться. 8. Ему не следует много курить. 9. Ей не следует много есть. 10. Им не следует нас беспокоить. 11. Вам не следует бояться задавать нам вопросы. 12. Ей не следует звонить нам так часто. 13. Вам тоже следует забыть эту ужасную историю. 14. Ей не следует одной поздно возвращаться домой. 15. Ему следует сказать нам свое имя. 16. Нам следует выбрать подарок для нашего коллеги, потому что у него завтра день рождения.

4.8 React to the following statements using the modal verbs should (recommendation or advice) or need (no need or necessity to do something).

1. My brother reads yellow newspapers. 2. These people wait for us. 3. She always worries about her children. 4. This man bothers us all the time. 5. My mother cooks meat every day. 6. This man phones us every day. 7. My brother asks me too many questions. 8. My friend translates articles for me. 9. Our aunt eats too much. 10. Our programmers have lunch at the office. 11. Our partners send us faxes everyday. 12. Our neighbours visit us every day. 13. Our secretary often shows us her pictures. 14. My colleague puts his cup on my table. 15. Our chief often gives us advice.

4.9 In this exercise you have to use should to say that you think something will happen.

1. Do you think Ted will get the job he applied for? Well, ………He’s got all the necessary qualification. 2. Do you think Jim will win his tennis match against Tom? Well, ……….He’s a much better player than Tom. 3. Do you think £10 will be enough to do all the shopping? Well, it ………………………… But take abit more in case it isn’t.

4.10 Now you have to read the situations and write sentences with should (have) and shouldn’t (have). Sometimes you have to use the present, sometimes the past.

1. It’s very cold. Mr. Taylor, who has been ill recently, is walking along the road without a coat. He………………… 2. We went for a walk. While we were walking, we got hungry but we hadn’t brought anything with us to eat. We said: We ………………………… 3. I went to Paris. Marcel lives in Paris but I didn’t go to see him while I was there. When I saw him later, he said: You ……………….. 4. The notice says that the shop is open every day from 8.30. It is now 9 o’clock but the shop isn’t open …………. 5.The driver in front stopped suddenly without warning and I drove into the back of his car. It wasn’t my fault……… 6. The children normally go to bed at 9 o’clock. It is now 9.30. They are not in bed; they are watching television. (two sentences)………………. 7. The accident happened because Tom was driving on the wrong side of the road……………………..

4.11 Match the two halves of these sentences.

4.12 Insert either should or must.

4.13 Insert either should or had to.

4.14 Comment the following statements using should,

What will you say to the person who:

1) bought bread which was not necessary? 2) was not present at the meeting? 3) sent a telegram which was quite unnecessary? 4) went out without his coat and caught cold? 5) apologized for asking you a question? 6) didn’t attend a very important lecture? 7) got up at six o’clock on Sunday morning, which was not at all necessary? 8) read till two o’clock in the morning? 9) copied the whole text into his exercise-book? 10) watered the garden, and it is raining now? 11) hasn’t returned the books to the library? 12) crossed the street under the red light? 13) doesn’t cross the street when the lights are green?

4.15 Complete these sentences with should / ought to + infinitive (or a passive form) or should / ought to have + past participle using one of these verbs. In which one is ought to NOT possible? Are there any in which should is more likely?

check include keep listen meet plan refrigerate stay

=> 1. You should / ought to have received my reply by now. 2.This medicine………………..in a cool place. (from a medicine bottle label). 3. Here’s someone you really …………… 4. If you’re feeling ill, I……………at home today, if I were you. 5. To have got a better mark, you ………………..your answers more thoroughly. 6. According to the label, the jam ………………after opening. 7. I think you ………….. to him. He knew what he was talking about. 8. The results were completely wrong. As a scientist she ………………. the experiment more carefully. 9. The information you send ………………. details of courses taken at university. (from a job application form)

4.16 In which sentences can you put should or must and in which can you only put must? Where both are possible, consider the difference between should and must.

4.17 Read about the situations and write sentences with ought to / ought not to. Some of the sentences are past and some are present.

1. I live in Edinburgh. You went there last week but you didn’t visit me. You ……………………… 2. Christopher has a new CD player. The children used it without his permission. They ……………… 3. The apple trees have lots of ripe fruit on them but no one can be bothered (беспокоиться) to pick it so it will be wasted. Someone ………………………. 4. Darren is five years old. He’s playing with a box of matches. He ………………. 5. You’ve bought a new kitchen gadget (устройство). You thought the manufacturers provided an instruction leaflet, but you can’t find it. There…………………………. 6. We called at our friend’s house but she was out. We hadn’t phoned her before we left home. We……………………

4.18 Translate into English.

1. Тебе не стоило покупать эти туфли. 2. Тебе надо было его подождать. 3. Нам следует быть к нему более внимательными. 4. Вам не следовало опаздывать. 5. Тебе не стоит просить у них денег. 6. Ты не должен был уезжать так рано. 7. Нам надо было выбрать другой подарок. 8. Мне не надо было идти на собрание, так как его отменили. (to cancel) 9. Вам не надо было приходить. Собрание отменили. 10. Вам не стоило приходить. Никто вас не ждал. 11. Не надо было заставлять их ждать. (to keep somebody waiting) 12. Надо было все ему объяснить. 13. Не надо с ним спорить 14. Тебе следует больше работать. 15. Не стоит над ним смеяться.

4.19 Choose the correct form of the verbs must (n‘t), need’t, should (n‘t), don‘t have to.

A	JOHN:	Can you help me with these letters?
IRIS:	(1) Must we do / Should we do them now? Can’t they wait until the morning?
JOHN:	No. I (2) must have posted / should have posted them this morning, really.
IRIS:	Oh, all right then.
B	KEN:	Where’s Sally? She (3) must he / should be here by now.
JO:	I don’t know what’s happened to her. She (4) must have missed / should have missed the train.
C	MARY:	Happy birthday. I’ve brought you a present.
NEIL:	Oh, you (5) needn’t bother / needn’t have bothered.
MARY:	That’s OK.
NEIL:	Well, thanks very much.
D	PETER:	I’m going to Neil’s birthday party this evening. Do you think I (6) must / ought to take him a present?
RAY:	Well, you (7) mustn’t / don’t have to. I’m sure he doesn’t expect one. But personally I don’t think you (8) should arrive / must arrive at a party without anything for your host.
E At Neil’s party
	NEIL:	Why isn’t Andrew here? Is he too busy?
PETER:	He told me he hadn’t been invited. He’s gone away for the weekend.
NEIL:	Oh, dear. His invitation (9) must get lost / must have got lost in the post.

4.20 Complete the second sentence using the correct form of must, need, should or have to without changing the meaning.

e.g.It is vital to wear a helmet (каска) when you ride a motorbike. => You must wear a helmet when you ride a motorbike.

1. I expect we’ll get the contract because we offered the best price. We offered the best price so we…………….

2. It isn’t necessary for us to spend a long time in the museum if it’s not interesting. We…………………………

3. It was wrong of you to speak to my mother like that. You……………………………………………………..

4. She promised to phone me before lunch. It’s seven o’clock now. She ………………………………by now.

5. I made far more sandwiches than we needed. I …………………………………. so many sandwiches.

6. It’s essential that my father doesn’t find out what I’ve done. My father…………………………………………

7. In my opinion it would be wrong for them to go home now. I don’t think they …………………………..

8. My sister offered me a lift so it wasn’t necessary for me to call a taxi. As my sister offered me a lift, I…………..

9. I suggest it’s a good idea to check the timetable before we leave. We……………………………………………

4.21 Fill the gaps in the sentences with must(n’t), needn’t or should(n’t).

MAY, MIGHT

1. Модальный глагол may и его форма прошедшего времени might соответствуют русскому можно, можешь. и выражают:

В этом значении may употребляется только в утвердительных предложениях.

Следует помнить, что форма may появляется официальной, поэтому для вы­ражения запрещения лучше выбирать форму can’t

5.1 Give the forms of the modal verb may and to be allowed tousing the verb to bein all the persons and in all the possible tenses (in the affirmative, interrogative and negative). Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. May I come in? 2. Ring her up. She may be at home now. 3.The old man may be seen walking in the garden every morning. 4.You might have told me earlier about it.

5.2 Read about the legal ages when you are allowed to do things in Britain and compare them with those in your country.

Model:In Britain you are allowed to drive a car at the age of 17, while in Russia you are allowed to do it at the age of 18.

5.3 Insert may (might) or be allowed to. Use be allowed toonly when may (might) is not correct.

5.4 Make up questions to the following statements.

e.g. Mrs Snow feels bad. She wants her boss to let her leave her office earlier. What does she say? => May I leave earlier?

1. Ted is tired and needs a day off. What does he say? 2. Mr. Newton is nervous and wants to speak to the pilot. He asks the stewardess. 3. You want to use the telephone but the line is busy. Mary has been talking for forty minutes. What do you say? 4. Your car has broken down and you must meet a friend at the airport. Ask your neighbour to let you have his car. 5. You don’t like your room at the hotel. You want to have another room. What do you say?

5.5 Make up sentences stating what one is not allowed to do.

e.g. Children under 16 / to see the film => Children under 16 may not see the film.

5.6 Insert the verbs given below in the sentences with may.

to come, to ask, to stay, to leave, to give, to speak, to see, to go,

to take, to smoke, to watch, to learn, to play, to have, to continue.

1. You may……….my car. 2. You may………. at us till Monday. 3. You may……….. here. 4. Your brother may…in this room. 5. Our secretary may. at half past ten. 6. You may…… coffee. 7. They may TV. 8. They may……any language. 9. You may…….after you make this translation. 10. He may …..to the party. 11. May I……. you a question? 12. May I…….this work? 13. May I……. to you on the phone? 14. May I…….you advice? 15. May I……. this business letter?

5.7 Write was(n’t)/were(n’t) allowed to or could(n’t). If either is possible, write them both.

1. When I was young, children could / were allowed to leave school when they were 14. 2. Although he didn’t have the necessary papers, he ………………….. enter the country. 3. To the children’s surprise, last night they …………………. go to the party with their parents. 4. Although I had travelled all day to see him, I ………………… speak to the manager. 5. They feared that he would kill again if he …………………. go free. 6. She ………….. leave school until she had completed her work. 7. When the weeds (семена) …………. get out of control, the garden was ruined. 8. I …………………. visit Mark in prison, but I ………….. send him letters and parcels. 9. The older girls ……………… wear lipstick (помада). 10. Before the meeting finished, I ……………….. give my side of the story.

5.8 Insert the modal verbs may (might) or can (could).

5.9 Translate the sentences using may.

1. Можно мне войти? 2. Можно, я пойду гулять? 3. Если твоя работа готова, можешь идти домой. 4. Учитель сказал, что мы можем идти домой. 5. Док­тор говорит, что я уже могу купаться. 6. Папа сказал, что мы можем идти в кино одни. 7. Я думал, что мне можно смотреть телевизор. 8. Если ты не наденешь пальто, ты можешь заболеть. 9. Не уходи из дома: мама может скоро прийти, а у нее нет ключа. 10. Будь осторожен: ты можешь упасть. 11. Не трогай собаку: она может укусить тебя. 12. Мы, может быть, поедем за город в воскресенье. 13. Он может забыть об этом. 14. Скоро может пойти дождь.

5.10. Translate the sentences using to be allowed to.

1. Мне разрешают пользоваться папиным магни­тофоном. 2. Дети уже большие. Им разрешают ходить в школу одним. 3. Ему не разрешают купаться в этой реке. 4. Вчера ей позволили прийти домой в десять часов. 5. Нам не позволяют разговаривать на уроках. 6. Тебе позволили взять эту книгу? 7. Я думаю, мне не разрешат поехать с тобой за город. 8. Тебе разре­шат пойти гулять, когда ты сделаешь уроки. 9. Тебе разрешали ходить на озеро, когда ты был маленький? 10. Когда мне разрешат есть мороженое?

5.11 Complete this article about learning to drive in Britain. Put in a positive or negative form of be allowed to, have to, be to.

MAY(MIGHT) BE DOING

MAY (MIGHT) HAVE DONE

1. Модальный глагол may (might) может выражать предположение, основанное на неуверенности. В этом значении may встречается в утвердительных и отрица­тельных предложениях.

	Не may have been reading.
What has he been doing today?
He may have been visiting friends.

2. Употребление формы might выражает еще меньшую степень уверенности.

В вопросительных предложениях типа «Может быть, он спит?». Следует упо­треблять модальный глагол сап.

5.12 Put general and special questions with mayandmight. Give positive and negative answers to them.

1. This girl may study at the university. 2. This man may live in the country. 3. These people may help children. 4. A secretary may translate business letters. 5. My friends may be right. 6. My mother might believe this story. 7. My colleague might play the piano. 8. He might love our secretary. 9. His aunt might cook well. 10. Our friends might be late for the party.

5.13 Make up as many sentences as possible using mayormight. Translate the sentences into Russian.

5.14 In this exercise you have to talk about your (and other people’s) future plans. But you are not sure what is going to happen.

e.g. Where are you going for your holidays? (to Italy?)

I haven’t finally decided but I may (or might) go to Italy.

1. What sort of car arc you going to buy? (a Mercedes?) I’m not sure yet but I ………………………………. 2. What are you doing this weekend? (go to London?) I don’t know for sure but………….

3. Where are you going to hang that picture? (in the dining-room?)

I haven’t made up my mind yet but………………………………….

4. When is Tom coming to see us? (tomorrow evening?) I’m not sure but ………………………………….. 5. What’s Jill going to do when she leaves school? (a secretarial course?) She hasn’t decided yet but………………………………

5.15 Paraphrase the sentences using may.

1. Perhaps you left your umbrella in the bus. 2. Perhaps he went to the cafe to wait for us. 3. Perhaps it was Helen who rang you up. 4. Perhaps they came by plane. 5.Perhaps she had a very good English teacher. 6. Perhaps it was too cold for the children to go out. 7. It is possible that he took his children to the zoo. 8. Possibly they did not see us in the crowd. 9. Perhaps Robert used a dictionary. 10. Possibly Mary misunderstood you. 11. Perhaps Henry waited for us there. 12. Possibly Ann returned very late last night. 13. Possibly they have seen the new play. 14. Perhaps Nick has left his exercise-book at home.

5.16 This time you have to talk about possible happenings. Use the word(s) in brackets.

e.g. Do you think it will rain this afternoon? (may). => It may rain this afternoon.

Do you think Ann will come to the party? (might not). => She might not come to the party.

5.17 Express supposition (предположение) using the verbs in brackets.

e.g. She didn’t come. => She may have forgotten about the meeting.

5.18 Transform the sentences using can or may.

e.g. Perhaps he is joking. =>He may be joking.

Is it possible that he is angry? => Can he be angry?

5.19 Paraphrase the sentences using may.

1.Perhaps he is at home, but I am not sure he is. 2. It is possible that we studied at the same school, but I don’t remember her. 3. Perhaps she was proud of her knowledge, but she never showed it to her classmates. 4. Perhaps there was a chance for him to win the match. 5.Perhaps Peter was as capable as the old workers, but he was given no chance to show his skill. 6. It is possible that your brother has never heard about this singer. 7. Perhaps she tried to enter the university, but failed. 8. It is possible that you asked the wrong people, that’s why you didn’t get the right answer. 9. Perhaps our friends will arrive here tomorrow. 10. Perhaps they will come home very soon: be ready. 11. Perhaps the question was too difficult for her.

5.20 In this exercise you have to make sentences with may or might. The first four sentences are present.

e.g. ‘Do you know if Jack is in his office? ‘ => ‘I’m not sure. He may be in his office. ‘

‘Do you know if Ann likes ice-cream? ‘ => ‘I’m not sure. She might like ice-cream. ‘

1. ‘Do you know if they are married?’ ‘I’m not sure. They…………. ‘

2. ‘Do you know if she wants to go?’ ‘I’m not sure ……………. …..’

3. ‘Do you know if he’s telling the truth?’ ‘I’m ………………. ……..’

4. ‘Do you know if the has a car? ‘ ‘I …………………………………’

The next three sentences are past.

e.g.‘Do you know if he was serious?‘ => ‘I’m not sure. He might have been serious. ‘

‘Do you know if they were looking?’ => ‘I’m not sure. They may have been looking.

5. ‘Do you know if she was ill?’ ‘I’m not sure. She…………………. ‘

6. ‘Do you know if she told anybody?’ ‘I…………………. ………. ‘

7.’Do you know if they were listening?’I…………………………….’

And now you have to use may not or might not.

e.g.‘Is Jack in his office?‘ => ‘I’m not sure. He might not be in his office. ‘

8. ‘Does she want to go?’ ‘……………………..’ 9. ‘Is he telling the truth?’ ‘………. ‘. 10 ‘Are they ready’ ‘…………….’

5.21 This time you have to write sentences to explain each situation. Use the words in brackets to make your sentences.

e.g. I can’t find George anywhere. I wonder where he is.

a) (he might / go / shopping) He might have gone shopping.

b) (he could / play / tennis) He could be playing tennis.

1. Look! Sue’s going out. I wonder where she’s going.

a) (she may / go / to the theatre)………………………………….

b) (she could / go / to a party)…………………………………….

2. Why didn’t Tom answer the doorbell? I’m sure he was in the house at the time.

a) (he may / go / to bed early)……………………………………

b) (he might not / hear /the bell)…………………………………

c) (he could /be/ in the bath)…………………………………….

3. How do you think the fire started?

a) (someone may / drop / a cigarette)……………………………..

b) (it could / be/an electrical fault)………………. …………….

4. I wonder were Tom was going when you saw him.

5. George didn’t come to the party. I wonder why not.

a) (he might / have / to go somewhere else)………………………

b) the may not / know / about it)………………………………….

5.22 Answer the following questions with suitable suggestions, using may(or might) and the words in brackets.

5.23 Translate the sentences using may / might.

1. Можно задать вам вопрос? 2. Если у тебя отпуск, ты можешь поехать в Австралию. 3. Мог бы и купить цветы вчера. 4. Могла бы вставать пораньше. 5. Можете оставить багаж здесь. 6. Здесь нельзя громко разговаривать. 7. Могу я подождать Ника в офисе? 8. Можете держать книгу до вторника. 9. Мог бы и предупредить меня заранее. 10. Могла бы делать это побыстрее. 11. Когда приедете в Лондон, можете остановиться у нас. 12. Мог бы предложить нам войти.

1. Возможно, он уже купил новые часы. 2. Может быть, она делает покупки все это время. 3. Наверное, она нашла новую работу. 4. Возможно ли, чтобы они переехали? 5. Возможно, дети купаются. 6. Может быть, он потерял сумку. 7. Возможно, она не хочет вас видеть. 8. Наверное, он не знает, куда идти. 9. Могло ли что-нибудь случиться? 10. Возможно, учитель сейчас проверяет работы. 11. Возможно, он не объяснил ей, что делать.

12. Возможно ли, чтобы он не объяснил ей, что делать?

5.24 Translate the sentences using may, can, must or their equivalents.

1. Возможно, муж твоей подруги переводит книги. 2. Возможно, у нашего учителя двое детей.

You should have told him that you were in love with him

Английские модальные глаголы shall и will употребляются только в двух формах: в настоящем времени — shall, will и в прошедшем времени — should, would.

Инфинитив, стоящий после этих глаголов, употребляется без частицы to:

I shall be busy on Monday. Я буду занят в понедельник.
He will come soon. Он придет скоро.
I said that I should be busy on Monday. Я сказал, что буду занят в понедельник.
He said that he would come soon. Он сказал, что скоро придет.

В разговорной речи употребляются следующие сокращения:
I will = I’ll
I would = I’d
he will = he’ll
he would = he’d
she will = she’ll
she would = she’d
we will = we’ll
we would = we’d
you will = you’ll
you would = you’d
they will = they’ll
they would = they’d
shall not = shan’t
will not = won’t
would not = wouldn’t
should not = shouldn’t

Shall

Глагол shall употребляется в качестве вспомогательного глагола в сочетании с инфинитивом для образования форм будущего времени с 1-м лицом единственного и множественного числа:

I shall be free tonight. Я буду свободен сегодня вечером.
Shall I see you tomorrow? Я увижу тебя завтра?
We shall not have an English lesson tomorrow. Завтра у нас не будет урока английского языка.

В современном английском вместо shall с первым лицом обычно употребляется will: I will be free tonight. We will not have an English lesson tomorrow.

Shall употребляется в вопросительном предложении при обращении к собеседнику за распоряжением, указанием. Shall в этом случае имеет модальное значение, придавая действию оттенок долженствования. В соответствующем русском предложении глагол употребляется в форме инфинитива:

Shall I close the window? Закрыть окно?
Where shall we wait for you? Где нам ждать тебя?
Shall he wait for you at the hotel? Ждать ему тебя в гостинице?

Shall употребляется со 2-м и 3-м лицом единственного и множественного числа в утвердительном и отрицательном предложении. В этом случае shall имеет модальное значение, придавая действию в будущем времени оттенок обещания, приказания, угрозы, предостережения со стороны говорящего. На русский язык модальное значение shall передается соответствующей интонацией:

Tell her that she shall have the books tomorrow. Скажите ей, что она получит книги завтра (обещание).
You shall write your exercises at once. Ты напишешь упражнения немедленно (приказание).

Shall употребляется со 2-м и 3-м лицом единственного и множественного числа в договорах, контрактах и других документах. В этом случае shall имеет модальное значение, придавая действию в будущем времени оттенок долженствования. В соответствующем русском предложении употребляется будущее время или чаще «должен» с инфинитивом:

The Buyers shall have the right to inspect the goods during their manufacture. Покупатели должны иметь право (будут иметь право) осмотреть товар в процессе его производства.

Should

Should (форма прошедшего времени от shall) употребляется в качестве вспомогательного глагола:

1. с 1-м лицом единственного и множественного числа для образования форм Future in the Past изъявительного наклонения:
I said that I should be glad to see him. Я сказал, что буду рад его видеть.

2. с 1-м лицом единственного и множественного числа для образования форм сослагательного наклонения, употребляющихся в главной части условных предложений второго и третьего типа:
I should go there if I had time. Я пошел бы туда, если бы у меня было время.

В настоящее время вместо should с 1-м лицом обычно употребляется would (как в формах Future in the Past, так и формах сослагательного наклонения).

3. сo всеми лицами единственного и множественного числа для образования форм сослагательного наклонения, употребляющихся в следующих видах предложений:

б) в дополнительных придаточных предложениях, когда глагол-сказуемое главного предложения выражает решимость, требование, предложение, договоренность, приказание (в сочетании с Simple Infinitive):
He ordered that the work should be done at once. Он приказал, чтобы работа была сделана немедленно.

в) в дополнительных придаточных предложениях, когда глагол-скзуемое главного предложения выражает чувство сожаления, удивления, негодования, радости и т.п. (в сочетании с Simple и Perfect Infinitive):
It is a pity that it should be so. Жаль, что это так.

г) в придаточных предложениях цели (в сочетании с Simple Infinitive):
I’ll ring him up at once so that he shouldn’t wait for me. Я ему позвоню немедленно, чтобы он не ждал меня.

д) в придаточных предложениях условия (в сочетании с Simple Infinitive):
If they should come, I shall speak to them about it. Если они придут, я поговорю с ними об этом.

е) в прямых и косвенных вопросах, начинающихся с why, для выражения сильного удивления, недоумения (в сочетании с Simple и Perfect Infinitive):
Why should you have behaved so? Почему ты так себя вел?

Should употребляется как глагол с самостоятельным модальным значением для выражения морального долга или совета со всеми лицами единственного и множественного числа. Should в сочетании с Simple Infinitive употребляется в том случае, когда речь идет о настоящем или будущем и переводится на русский язык «должен, должен бы, следует, следовало бы»:

Не should help them. Он должен (должен бы, ему следует, следовало бы) помочь им.

Should в сочетаний с Perfect Infinitive употребляется по отношению к прошедшему, выражает порицание или упрек и переводится на русский язык «должен был, должен был бы, следовало, следовало бы»:

Не should have helped them. Он должен был (должен был бы, ему следовало, следовало бы) помочь им.

Should в сочетании с Infinitive Passive переводится на русский язык «должен, должен бы, должен был, должен был бы» с инфинитивом страдательного залога или «следует, следовало, следовало бы» с инфинитивом действительного залога:

This letter should be sent off at once. Это письмо должно (должно бы) быть отправлено немедленно. Это письмо следует (следовало бы) отправить немедленно.

В русском языке «следовало бы, должен был бы» могут употребляться как по отношению к настоящему или будущему, так и по отношению к прошедшему. Когда «следовало бы, должен был бы» употреблены по отношению к настоящему или будущему, им соответствует сочетание should с инфинитивом в форме Simple. Когда же «следовало бы, должен был бы» употреблены по отношению к прошедшему, им соответствует сочетание should с инфинитивом в форме Perfect:

Should также употребляется с модальным значением в косвенной речи, зависящей от глагола в прошедшем времени, когда в соответствующей прямой речи следовало бы употребить shall с модальным значением. Should в этом случае употребляется согласно правилу согласования времен:

I asked him where I should wait for him. Я спросил его, где мне его ждать.

Will

Глагол will употребляется в качестве вспомогательного глагола в сочетании с инфинитивом для образования форм будущего времени со 2-м и 3-м лицом единственного и множественного числа:

Не will come to Moscow soon. Он скоро приедет в Москву.

Will употребляется с 1-м лицом единственного и множественного числа с модальным значением, придавая действию в будущем времени оттенок желания, намерения, согласия или обещания:

I will call on you tomorrow. Я зайду к тебе завтра.
We will help him. Мы поможем ему.

Would

Would (форма прошедшего времени от will) употребляется в качестве вспомогательного глагола:

1. со 2-м и 3-м лицом единственного и множественного числа для образования форм Future in the Past изъявительного наклонения:
Не said that he would come soon. Он сказал, что скоро придет.

2. со 2-м и 3-м лицом единственного и множественного числа для образования форм сослагательного наклонения, употребляющихся в главной части условных предложений второго и третьего типа:
Не would go there if he had time. Он пошел бы туда, если бы у него было время.

Would часто употребляется и с 1-м лицом вместо should.

Would употребляется с модальным значением со всеми лицами единственного и множественного числа в отрицательных предложениях для выражения упорного нежелания совершить действие в прошлом и в этом случае переводится на русский язык «не хотел(а)»:

Не tried to persuade me, but I wouldn’t listen to him. Он старался убедить меня, но я не хотел его слушать. I asked him several times to give up smoking, but he wouldn’t. Я несколько раз просил его бросить курить, но он не хотел.

Would употребляется для выражения просьбы:

Would you mind passing me the salt? Будьте добры передать мне соль.

Would употребляется со всеми лицами единственного и множественного числа для выражения повторяющегося действия в прошлом со значением «бывало»:

Не would sit for hours on the shore and (would) look at the sea. Он бывало сидел часами на берегу и смотрел на море.
Глагол would в этом случае приближается по значению к used (to). Следует иметь в виду, что в разговорной речи used (to) употребляется гораздо чаще, чем would.

Would употребляется в косвенной речи, зависящей от глагола в прошедшем времени, с 1-м лицом единственного и множественного числа с оттенком намерения, желания или согласия, когда в соответствующей прямой речи следовало бы употреблять will. Would в этом случае употребляется согласно правилу согласования времен:

I said that I would help him. Я сказал, что помогу ему.

Must have told vs should have told [duplicate]

The answer is » should have told » and I can understand why but there was another option on the test that » must have told «..I was just wondering is there any possibility we can use » «must have told» here on the blank to stress our emotions/feeling in order to make it clear that I detest to have been waited for..

3 Answers 3

You should have told me you weren’t coming to dinner. I waited for two hours.

As you noted, this construction indicates dissapointment that an act was not performed.

You must have told me you weren’t coming to dinner.

This construction is used to assert that something happened in the past when the evidence is incomplete.

Must have been here expresses logical necessity, not obligation.

Here’s an example of the use of must have been:

A: Why are you so mad?
B: «You must have been crazy for not coming to dinner. The food was delicious!
(Meaning: I believe that only a crazy person would’ve avoided such a delicious dinner)

A: Why are you so mad?
B: «You must have told me you weren’t coming to dinner, but I forgot this and waited for you for two hours like a fool.
(Meaning: I know that my memory is poor. This is why I believe that you had told me that you weren’t coming to dinner, but I forgot this.)

Sense the difference:

You must do as I tell you.
(Meaning: You are obligated to do as I tell you)

You must have done as I told you.
(Meaning: Judging by the available information, I believe you have done as I told you).

One more example, from a song by Roxette:

It must have been love
But it’s over now

The meaning is: There was a feeling between us. I believe this feeling was love. But whatever it was, it no longer exists.

Let’s remodel using should have been:

It should have been love
But it’s over now

The meaning is: There was a feeling between us. It was definitely not love. I wish it were love. Anyway, it no longer exists.

You must have told me you weren’t coming to dinner.

As some of the other, very good, answers say, when we read this sentence we understand must differently. We think that the speaker is using must to show that they have a good reason to believe that you told me you weren’t coming to dinner is definitely true.

The Original Poster compares the must sentence with this should example:

You should have told me you weren’t coming to dinner.

I want to show why it is not possible to use must in the same way when we talk about the past. If you really understand how must works for obligations in the present and future, then you will understand why we can’t use it about the past.

If we change the original example so that it is present or future time, we can use either must or should:

The first sentence with should says that it is a good thing to tell them that you aren’t going for dinner. Who thinks it’s a good thing? The speaker does. When the person speaking says should they are telling you about what they or somebody else says is the right thing to do. The second example is different. The speaker is saying that it is necessary to tell them you aren’t going to dinner. Who says it’s necessary? The speaker does.

They are really saying:

It is not a suggestion. Really, it is an order. Because of this there are some things we can’t say with must, but we can say with should. For example, if you ask your boss, if you can come in late for work tomorrow, your boss might say:

Here they are saying that it is better to be here at 8.30, but you can be a bit late tomorrow. They cannot say:

This doesn’t make sense because You must be always be here by 8.30 means it is 100% necessary. It is like saying: Be here on time, but you can be late. It is contradictory. When you use the word must, you are saying it is 100% necessary. It means you don’t even have any idea that this thing won’t happen.

Now if we return the the Original Poster’s example, it is clear that the speaker cannot use must:

You should have told me you weren’t coming to dinner.

You must have told me you weren’t coming to dinner.

We can use the first sentence, because we are saying that it would have been good to «tell them you weren’t going to dinner». Who is saying it would have been a good idea? We are. But we can’t say sentence 2 because we can’t say «tell them in the past that you weren’t coming to dinner». We can’t say «I am telling you it is 100% necessary that you tell them». The situation is over, it happened in the past. We can’t change it!

Fill in the blanks with the verbs can, may, must, should, ought, need, have to, to be to.

1. Surely he should have stayed with her on her birthday!

3. You must not bother with these things here for you are almost friends.

4. That young American chap must have overheard smth too.

5. It may be a tiny path, or it may extend for miles.

6. I have to say that you should have shown more consideration.

8. Tell him I’d wait for him twenty years, if I have to.

Translate the sentences into English using modal verbs.

1. Наверное, он испугал вас.- He must have frightened you.

2. Не может быть, чтобы он придумал это сам.- He couldn’t have imagined it himself.

4. Я обещаю, что все будет сделано. Не нужно беспокоиться.- I promise that everything will be done. You needn’t worry.

5. Дети пытались открыть дверь, но она никак не открывалась.- Children tried to open the door, but it shouldn’t open.

6. Вся жизнь мальчика может быть искалечена, если вы не увезете его отсюда.- The boy’s life will surely be broken if you won’t take him away.

8. Замок никак не закрывается! Ты мог бы починить его в конце концов.- The lock will never close! You should have repaired it after all!

9. Боюсь, вам придется согласиться с ними.- I’m afraid you have to agree with them!

Translate the following into English using the appropriate verb forms in object clauses after the verb “to wish”.

1. Как бы я хотел, чтобы твоя дочь была похожа на тебя.- I wish your daughter took after you.

2. Он очень желал, чтобы этот вечер уже кончился.- He wished that evening ended.

3. О боже, как я жалею, что я сделал это.- I wish I hadn’t done it.

4. Я бы хотел, чтобы ты снова начал писать стихи.- I wish you to start writing poems again.

5. Я пожалела, что рассказала им о себе.- I wish I hadn’t told them about myself.

Translate into English using the appropriate verb forms in clauses of comparison and predicative clauses introduced by “as if” or “as though”.

1. Он сидел за столом, словно он писал, но он не писал и не читал.- He sat at the table as if he was writing, but he was neither writing nor reading.

2. Он смотрел на меня так, словно он не понимал.- He was looking at me as if he didn’t understand me.

3. Она чувствовала себя очень усталой, как будто она целый день работала.- She felt very tired as if she had worked all day long.

4. Морис сидел не шевелясь, словно он не расслышал Джека.- Morris was sitting without any motion as if he hadn’t heard Jack.

5. У меня такое чувство, как будто я знаю тебя годы.- I have a feeling as if I have known you for years.

Translate into English, using the appropriate verb forms in object clauses.

1. Затем он предложил, чтобы мы прекратили дискуссию и поговорить о чем- либо другом.- Then he suggested that we should stop the discussion and talk about anything else.

2. Отец хотел идти пешком, но мама настояла, чтобы мы поехали на машине.- Father wanted to walk but mum insisted that we should drive in a car.

3. Как только мы сели, он потребовал, чтобы свечи убрали.- As soon as we sat he demanded that we should take off the candles.

4. Чарльз порекомендовал, чтобы мы поели и потом пошли в театр.- Charles recommended that we should eat and then go to the theatre.

5. Он попросил, чтобы мы провели с ним весь вечер.- He suggested that we should spend the evening with him.

Supply the necessary forms for the verbs given in brackets in the following conditional sentences.

1. I’ll be grateful if you keep the news to yourself.

2. Philip says they’ll miss me if I leave before their wedding.

3. If the situation don’t change by Saturday I’ll be in trouble.

4. If I was a painter, I would choose an entirely different subject every time.

5. Well, I certainly would put a stop to it if I knew in time.

6. I’m glad I wasn’t at home. He wouldn’t get much help if he asked me.

7. If I had been there that day, of course, I would have done smth.

8. I believe yesterday you would make her stay if it was not so late.

9. If I realized it was to be like this, I wouldn’t come.

10. If he didn’t tell us that himself, I would never believe that

GRAMMAR TEST № 4

Compound and complex sentences.

I. Insert the right article.

1. Paul did not come till the afternoon.

2. It was a golden November day, an Indian summer day.

3. But next day after luncheon, which they had by themselves, Mr. Bradley brought the subject up again.

4. I arranged to give the luncheon for them.

5. I was back in the town late in the afternoon.

6. Ben was taken to the hospital with appendicitis.

7. Poor Mr. Bunbury is a dreadful invalid.

8. You are Mr. Murdstone who married the widow of my late nephew?

9. Drive me down to the East End.

10. The sightseeing came to an end at last, and so did our boys’ visit to the Hague.

11. If you want to see Lake Victoria and the Mount Kilimanjaro, go to Kenya.

12. The Low Countries include the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxemburg.

13. England of the 21 st century will be very different from England of our days.

14. In the morning she used to read the “Vogue” and he usually read the “Mirror”.

15. Maxim left the Ritz Hotel after their dinner at the Annabel’s and walked home crossing Piccadilly and heading through Half Moon Street into Mayfair.

II. State how the clauses of the following compound sentences are coordinated.

1. I put my hand in his, and we walked away.(synd. cop.)

2. Ted must have told him about our plan, or he may have guessed himself.(synd. disj.)

3. I’m lunching with somebody, but you can come along.(synd. adv.)

4. The dew fell and the flowers closed.(synd. caus.-cons.)

5. Stars were sparkling out there over the river; the sky frostly clear and black.(asyn.cop.)

6. Instead of shopping, the rain increased, some decided to set out for home right away.(synd. adv.)

7. I set meat and water beside him, but he paid no heed.(synd. adv.)

8. During a week he and Presley had been much together for the two were devoted friends.(synd. caus.-cons.)

9. He was neither going to apologize, nor was going to offer any explanation.(synd. cop.)

10. His face was rather ruddy, the cheeks rather thin.(asynd. cop.)

III. Connect two sentences into a compound sentence by using the coordinators “and”, “but”, “or”, “nor”, “neither”, “either”, “neither … nor”, “either … or”, “so”.

1. The patient’s temperature rose, so the patient breathed with difficulty.

2. Don’t give up your effort or you will be sorry for giving up your effort.

3. His manners were pleasing, but I did not like him.

4. Neither my mother-in-law nor my wife love light music.

5. Either he met with an accident or he forgot the date.

6. I’ve got something else to think of, but I’m leaving.

7. Either the phone or the doorbell is ringing.

8. You must be polite or nobody will love you.

9. He went across to the telephone, but the telephone stopped ringing.

10. Leo stopped the car and the little man scrambled out of the car.

Модальные глаголы в английском языке. Упражнения (на все уровни)

Это заключительные упражнения по теме «Модальные глаголы в английском языке». Упражнения с ответами на все уровни от beginner до advanced помогут вам повторить эту тему и подготовиться к экзамену или тесту по английскому языку.

Модальные глаголы в английском языке. Упражнения

Содержание:

Модальные глаголы в английском языке. Упражнения (повторение)

На уровне beginner изучения темы «Модальные глаголы» нужно знать основные значения английских модальных глаголов и правила их использования.

На уровне advanced нужно уметь использовать модальные глаголы в значении предположения.

Упражнение 1. Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол (can, must, may, should) в предложение.

Упражнение 2. Выберите правильный вариант перевода модального глагола.

1. Врач должен быть хорошим специалистом, так как последствия его ошибок особенно серьезны. (should, must, has to, need to)

2. Случай был настолько запутанный, что ему пришлось обратиться за советом к юристу. (had to, could, might, should)

3. Можно мне брать книги из вашей библиотеки? (can, may, should, am)

4. Она сможет ходить только после длительного лечения. (can, will be able, will be allowed, may)

5. Ей следует немедленно обратиться к врачу. (must, should, has to, can)

Упражнение 3. Выберите правильный вариант.

1. What time do you think……go home? (we should, should we, we ought, ought we)
2. There was no bus, so we ……to walk home. (have, had, must, should)
3. In this office you ……………. wear a tie, it’s not necessary. (can’t, don’t have to, mustn’t)
4. How much money….…. bring? (I need, do I need, shall I, I must)
5. Kate likes to relax in the evenings, but sometimes she has a meeting she…………. to go to. (should, must, has, need)
6. I……………go to London tomorrow, but I’m not sure. (can, may, will, would)
7. You ………. take an umbrella today. The sun is shining. (needn’t, mustn’t, can’t)
8. Where are my gloves? – I … put them on because it’s cold today. (can, must, have to)

Упражнение 4. Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол (can, must, may, should) в предложение.

1. You _______________ park here. (нельзя)

2. You __________think about the future and not about the past. (следует)

3. Tell them they _______________ get a visa to go to Germany. (нужно)

4. You have done your homework and _______________ play games now. (можешь)

5. Don’t argue with me, son! You _______________ do it right now! (должен)

6. I’m sorry, I _______________ talk to you right now. (не могу)

7. Listen to me, boys! You _______________ touch it, it’s very hot! (нельзя)

8. We __________ always be on time for our lessons. (должны)

9. Well, you____________ tell me anything if you don’t want to. (не нужно)

10. It’s none of your business. You__________ get involved in his affairs. (не следует)

Упражнение 5. Выберите правильный вариант.

1. Andrew ……… sing like an angel before his voice broke. (was able to, could, had to)

2. I …………… get two tickets for the Cup Final yesterday. (could, was able to, might)

3. In Russia you ………… to vote until you’re 18. (mustn’t, aren’t allowed, can’t)

4. You …………… cheat in the exam because it will be carefully supervised. (won’t be able, won’t have to, can’t)

5. He is very rich. He …………… work for a living. (mustn’t, doesn’t need, doesn’t have to)

6. She ………. get up early because she was on the sick-list. (mustn’t, didn’t have to, needn’t have)

7. Actors ………….… learn a lot of dialogue. (have to, may, are allowed to)

Упражнение 6. Вставьте в предложения Can или Be able to.
1. Mary ….. (read) when she was four. (умела)
2. I hope I will ….. (visit) my relatives in the Ukraine. (смогу)
3. He is an excellent swimmer, he ….. (swim) across the river two years ago. (смог)
4. When I was little, I …… (speak) English. (не мог)
5. … she …. (do) the work alone yesterday? (смогла)

Модальные глаголы в значении предположения (уровень Advanced)

Для начала давайте проверим, как вы поняли теоретическую часть. Для этого ответьте на вопрос «Как вы переведете модальный глагол MUST в предложении?»

Упражнение 7. Выберите самый подходящий вариант.

Упражнение 8. Вставьте в пропуски модальные глаголы в значении предположения:must, may, may not, might, might not, could, can’t.

1. She goes out every evening. She … have a family.
2. He looks depressed. He … be having some problems.
3. This woman looks like a politician. She … work for the government.
4. He’s got a very nice sun tan. He … be working in an office all day.
5. Her clothes are all very expensive. She … be earning a lot of money.

Упражнение 9. Перефразируйте предложения, используя модальный глагол.

1. I’m sure she’s relaxing in her room. She … in her room.
2. Perhaps the plane arrived late and that’s why they’re not here. The plane … late, and that’s why they’re not here.
3. I don’t believe you failed the exam. You … the exam.
4. It’s possible that Sam doesn’t like classical music. Sam … classical music.
5. I’m sure John is not forty-five yet. John … forty-five yet.
6. It’s possible that he’s living in Paris now. He … in Paris now.
7. It’s obvious they lied to me about their love affair. They … to me about their love affair.
8. It’s quite likely that Bill didn’t win the competition. Bill … the competition.

Упражнение 10. Переведите три диалога и выучите их наизусть. Составьте свой диалог.
Диалог 1.
A: Why didn’t John come to see us last night?
B: I’ve have no idea. He might have forgotten about it.
A: Or he might have gone to his parents.
B: He probably did.

Диалог 2.
A: Why didn’t Bill come to see us last night?
B: I’ve have no idea. He might have had some trouble with his car.
A: Or he might have worked in the garden.
B: He probably did.

Диалог 3.
A: Why didn’t Bob come to see us last night?
B: I’ve have no idea. He might have had a meeting.
A: Or he might have gone to the football match.
B: He probably did.

Упражнение 11. Выскажите предположения о фото. Используйте выражения: be in the sun, fall asleep, put any sun cream on.

Упражнение 12. Сделайте предположения по картинке.

Упражнение 13. Предположите о настоящем или прошлом. Используйте MUST, CAN, MAY.

1. They … (come from) London but I am not sure.
2. I can’t find my cat. She … (get out) through the window.
3. They … (miss) the train otherwise they would be here by now.
4. Bobby can’t find his pen at the lesson. He …………………… (leave) it at home.
5. Reggae ………..… (be) the only music that’s got its own country- Jamaica.

Упражнение 14. Make a prediction about Past, Present or Future. Use MUST, CAN, MAY, CAN’T.

1. We are always hopeful we……………..(win) something in the national lottery.
2. I knocked at the door but nobody answered. Everybody ………………………. (go) to the beach.
3. Tom is never late. He ……………………………………(miss) the train yesterday.
4. We ………… (have) some rain today.
5. He hasn’t eaten all day. He……..….(be) very hungry.

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