A related science that involves the growing and tending of trees and forests is
A related science that involves the growing and tending of trees and forests is
forestry
Смотреть что такое «forestry» в других словарях:
Forestry — is the art and science of managing forests, tree plantations, and related natural resources. Silviculture, a related science, involves the growing and tending of trees and forests. Modern forestry generally concerns itself with: assisting forests … Wikipedia
Forestry — For est*ry, n. [Cf. OF. foresterie.] The art of forming or of cultivating forests; the management of growing timber … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
forestry — See regalia minora. Collins dictionary of law. W. J. Stewart. 2001 … Law dictionary
forestry — (n.) 1690s, privilege of a royal forest, from O.Fr. foresterie, from forest (see FOREST (Cf. forest)). Meaning science of managing forests is from 1859 … Etymology dictionary
forestry — ► NOUN 1) the science or practice of planting, managing, and caring for forests. 2) forests … English terms dictionary
forestry — [fôr′is trē, fär′is trē] n. 1. Rare wooded land; forest land 2. the science of planting and taking care of forests 3. systematic forest management for the production of timber, conservation, etc … English World dictionary
forestry — /fawr euh stree, for /, n. 1. the science of planting and taking care of trees and forests. 2. the process of establishing and managing forests; forestation. 3. forestland. [1685 95; Universalium
forestry — /ˈfɒrəstri / (say foruhstree) noun 1. the science and practice of planting and taking care of forests. –adjective 2. of or relating to or used for forestry: a forestry commission; a forestry area … Australian-English dictionary
forestry — noun ADJECTIVE ▪ commercial ▪ community (AmE) ▪ sustainable FORESTRY + NOUN ▪ plantation (BrE) ▪ … Collocations dictionary
forestry — [[t]fɒ̱rɪstri, AM fɔ͟ːr [/t]] N UNCOUNT Forestry is the science or skill of growing and taking care of trees in forests, especially in order to obtain wood … English dictionary
Read the text to find out the main concerns of a professional forester and complete the diagram.
1.Forestry is an art, science and practice of studying and managing forests, tree plantations, and related natural resources. Silviculture, a related science, involves the growing and tending of trees and forests.
2.Forest ecosystems have come to be seen as the most important component of the biosphere, and forestry has emerged as a vital field of applied science, art and technology. Modern forestry generally concerns itself with: assisting forests to provide timber as raw materialfor woodproducts, preservation of wildlife habitat, natural water quality management, outdoor recreation, landscape and community protection, employment, aesthetically appealing landscapes, biodiversitymanagement, watershed management, erosion control, and preserving forests as ‘sinks’ foratmosphericcarbon dioxide.
3.A professional practitioner of forestry is known as a forester. Foresters engage in a broad range of activities including timber harvesting, ecological restoration and management of protected areas. Urban foresters work within town and city environments to manage the trees in urban green space. Some work in tree nurseries growing seedlings for woodland creation or regeneration projects. Others are involved with tree genetics or developing new building systems as forest engineers. The profession has expanded to include a wide diversity of jobs, typically requiring an honors degree or college bachelor’s degree up to the PhD level for highly specialized areas of work.
4.Today a strong body of research exists regarding the management of forest ecosystemsand genetic improvementof tree species and varieties. Forestry also includes the development of better methods for the planting, protecting, thinning, controlled burning, felling, extracting, and processing of timber. One of the applications of modern forestry is reforestation, in which trees are planted and tended in a given area.
5.In topographically severe forested terrain, proper forestry is important for the prevention or minimization of serious soil erosion or even landslides. In areas with a high potential for landslides, forests can stabilize soils and prevent property damage or loss, human injury, or loss of life.
6.Other duties of foresters may include preventing and combating insect infestation, disease, forest and grassland wildfire; weed control, fertilization, measuring and modeling the growth of trees (forest mensuration).
In many regions the forest industry is of major ecological, economic, and social importance.
Practice 1.Summarise the text by listing:
— traditional concerns of forestry;
— concerns of urban forestry.
Practice 2.Re-read the text to find out which of its paragraphs deals with:
1) the qualification of modern foresters;
2) a broad range of concerns of modern forestry;
3) forests as an important component of the biosphere;
4) soil erosion and landslides.
Practice 3.Re-read the text again to find out which of the following statements are true and which are false:
1. Forestry concerns itself only with providing timber as raw material.
2. Silviculture is a related science.
3. To provide preservation of wildlife habitat is one of the goals of forestry.
4.The qualification of modern foresters is not very high.
5.Forest engineers work in tree nurseries.
6.Forestry can’t prevent serious soil erosion and landslides.
7.One of the applications of modern forestry is reforestation.
Practice 4.The answers to the following questions are the summary of the text. Answer these questions and give the summary of the text.
1. What is forestry?
2. What science is related to forestry?
3. What range of concerns does the modern forestry embrace?
4. What is the practitioner of forestry?
5. What are urban foresters busy with?
6. Why has forestry emerged as a vital field of science, applied art and technology?
7. What are other applications of modern forestry?
8. Is forest industry important today?
Practice 5.Does this text give you sufficient information about forestry? What questions would you like to ask the author of the text?
Text B
Механическое удерживание земляных масс: Механическое удерживание земляных масс на склоне обеспечивают контрфорсными сооружениями различных конструкций.
Общие условия выбора системы дренажа: Система дренажа выбирается в зависимости от характера защищаемого.
Exercise 1.Translate the sentences into Russian. Make up your own questions to the underlined words.
1. Silviculture involves the growing and tending of trees and forests.
2. A practitioner of forestry is known as a forester.
3.In many regions the forest industry is of major ecological, economic, and social importance.
4. Urban foresters work withintown and city environments.
5. One of the applications of modern forestry is reforestation, in which trees are planted and tended in a given area.
6. The Forestry Commission was set up on 1 September 1919.
Exercise 2. Match the words in the left-hand column with those in the right to make common collocations:
Exerecise3. Identify the root in the words and translate them into Russian. Mind the negative meaning of the prefixesun-,ir-, in-.
uncontrolled, irregular, unsteady, unreasonable, indirect, unlimited, irrelevant, unaesthetic, unrecognizable, indivisible, unrelated, irrational.
Exercise 4. Fill the gaps with suitable words from the table below.
1._________is a process of planting of trees in a given area.
2. Today a strong body of research exists regarding the management of forest ecosystems and ________ of tree species and varieties.
3. ________a related science to forestry.
4. Forestry also includes the development of better methods for the, protecting, thinning, controlled burning, felling, extracting, and processing of ______.
5. Forestry is important for the prevention or minimization of serious soil erosion or even __________.
6. In areas with a high potential for landslides, forests can stabilize __________.
| soil reforestation landslides wood products genetic improvement silviculture |
Exercise 5. Translate these sentences into Russian.
1. Вырубка лесов нарушает среду обитания многих животных.
2. Министерство лесного хозяйства заботится о лесонасаждениях на территории страны.
3. Леса поддерживают биологическое разнообразие в природе.
4.Почвоведение – смежная наука, занимающаяся исследованием различных видов почв.
5. Улучшение генетических характеристик некоторых видов деревьев входит в круг задач лесного дела.
TRICKYWORDS
сoncernn1) дело, фирма, предприятие;
2) отношение, касательство;
3) беспокойство, тревога, забота.
сoncernvкасаться, затрагивать, иметь отношение
heritagen—наследие, наследие, полученное при рождении.
Ср.: inheritancen–1)наследство, собственность, полученная наследником
2) наследственность (генетическая);
hereditaryadj–наследный, наследственный;
inheritv– наследовать, получать по наследству;
reckonv1)подсчитывать, вычислять(неточно);
2) считать, полагать (выражение мнения)
Reckoningвычисление, счет, подсчет
Exercise 6. Translate these word-combinations into English:
богатое фольклорное наследие; хорошая наследственность; наше наследие, оставить наследство; право наследования; она унаследовала красоту матери;
вызывать озабоченность; затрагивать многие аспекты; иметь отношение; заниматься этой проблемой; неточный подсчет.
Exercise 7. Complete the sentences using the words from Ex.6 in the appropriate form:
3. He took a course in … history.
4. Everyone who … …in the affair regrets it very much.
5. She … the land from her grandfather.
6. These problems … all of us.
7. This story … …with a Russian family in the 19 th century.
8. He spent all his …in less than a year.
9. He’s … his father’s nose.
III. Presentation
Find the information about the history of forestry in Great Britain and complete the chronological table.
Into the Green Wood
England was once covered in primeval forest but much of this is believed to have been cleared, regenerated and maintained by the time the Romans arrived in the first century AD. Space had been created for the grazing of animals and the growing of crops, and roads had been cut through the woods and forests.
Timber had also been used for building houses and ships, making of farm implements and tools and for repair work as well as domestic fuel.
Many village settlements were sited within clearings at this time.
These small monastic settlements began to be established.
Monks would cut down trees, root up bushes, tear up brambles and tangled thorns and soon convert a dense wood into an open clearing. By the time of the Norman Conquest when most English villages were in existence there were extensive forests.
Within some of these forests well protect hunting parks were established – large tracts of natural woodland and open country surrounded by a fence or a bank and a ditch. Such a park was Woodstock near Oxford which may date back to Alfred the Great.
At this time the term forest meant more than just the trees as it derived from the Latin foris which meant outside and encompassed many different landscapes.
William I, when he came to power revealed his interest in protecting his favourite sport of hunting by creating the New Forest for which he destroyed a number of villages and smallholdings.
William also established the Forest Laws.
When Henry II came to the throne the 80 Royal forests covered a third of the whole country and imposing Forest Law became impractical.
The people felt that it was worth paying fines in return for the land. Sometimes new villages were created by cutting down the woodland and these were often given names indicative of their origins such as Woodhouse, Woodcotts, Woodmancotes, Woodhall, Dean.
By the end of the 17 th century it has been estimated that about 50 per cent of England and Wales was under cultivation as arable meadow or pasture.
From this date until the 20 th century woodland resources declined reaching an all time low after World War One, as stocks already low after the industrial revolution were further depleted to provide timber for trench warfare.
Механическое удерживание земляных масс: Механическое удерживание земляных масс на склоне обеспечивают контрфорсными сооружениями различных конструкций.
Общие условия выбора системы дренажа: Система дренажа выбирается в зависимости от характера защищаемого.
Организация стока поверхностных вод: Наибольшее количество влаги на земном шаре испаряется с поверхности морей и океанов (88‰).
forest mensuration
Смотреть что такое «forest mensuration» в других словарях:
Forest inventory — is the systematic collection of data and forest information for assessment or analysis. It is also commonly known as timber cruising. It is important for owners to cruise the timber to get an estimate of the value and possible uses of the timber … Wikipedia
Diameter at breast height — Diameter at breast height, or DBH, is a standard method of expressing the diameter of the trunk or bole of a standing tree. DBH is one of the most common dendrometric measurements. Tree trunks are measured at the height of an adult s breast,… … Wikipedia
forestry — /fawr euh stree, for /, n. 1. the science of planting and taking care of trees and forests. 2. the process of establishing and managing forests; forestation. 3. forestland. [1685 95; Universalium
Outline of forestry — See also: Index of forestry articles The following outline is provided as an overview of and guide to forestry: Forestry – the art and science of managing forests, tree plantations, and related natural resources. Forest ecosystems have come to be … Wikipedia
Forestry — is the art and science of managing forests, tree plantations, and related natural resources. Silviculture, a related science, involves the growing and tending of trees and forests. Modern forestry generally concerns itself with: assisting forests … Wikipedia
Tree — For other uses, see Tree (disambiguation). Trees on a mountain in northern Utah during early autumn … Wikipedia
Mean annual increment — The mean annual increment (MAI) or mean annual growth refers to the average growth per year a tree or stand of trees has exhibited/experienced to a specified age. For example, a 20 year old tree that has a diameter at breast height (dbh) of 10.0… … Wikipedia
Periodic annual increment — (PAI), is a forestry term that describes the change in the size of a tree between the beginning and ending of a growth period, divided by the number of years that was designated as the growing period (Avery, 339). [ Avery, T.E.,B.E. Harold. 2002… … Wikipedia
List of unusual units of measurement — For units of measure primarily used in countries where English is not the main language, see the article specific to that country, a list of which can be found in the systems of measurement article. An unusual unit of measurement is a unit of… … Wikipedia
Manfred Näslund — Hans Manfred Eugén Näslund (international manchmal auch Naeslund; * 28. Juni 1899 in Västernorrland; † 18. Juli 1988) war ein schwedischer Forstwissenschaftler. Er war von 1944 bis 1957 Direktor der Forstlichen Versuchsanstalt Schwedens (Statens… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Agathis australis — Conservation status Conservation Dependent ( … Wikipedia
Forestry
Activities
Foresters may be employed by industry, government agencies, conservation groups, urban parks boards, citizens’ associations, or private landowners. Industrial foresters are predominantly involved in planning the timber harvests and forest regeneration. Other foresters have the specific jobs which include a broad array of responsibilities. For example, urban foresters work within city environments to enhance urban trees with their unique needs. Some foresters work in tree nurseries growing seedling s for regeneration projects. Others are involved with tree genetics or developing new building systems as forest engineers. The profession has expanded to include a wide diversity of jobs, typically requiring a college bachelor’s degree up to the PhD level for highly specialized areas of work.
Traditionally, professional foresters develop and implement «forest management plans». These plans rely on tree inventories showing an area’s topographical features as well as its distribution of trees (by species) and other plant cover. They also include roads, culvert s, proximity to human habitation, hydrological conditions, and soil reports ecological sensitive areas. Finally, forest management plans include the projected use of the land and a timetable for that use.
Plans for harvest and subsequent site treatment are influenced by the objectives of the land’s owner or leaseholder (for instance, a timber company that holds cutting rights to a given tract of land, or the government in the case of state-owned forests). There is an increasing trend to consider the needs of other stakeholders (e.g., nearby communities or neighborhoods, or rural residents living within or adjacent to the forest tract). Plans are developed with the prevailing forest harvest laws and regulations in mind. They ultimately result in a prescription for the harvest of trees, and indicate whether road building or other forest engineering operations are required.
Traditional forest management plans are chiefly aimed at providing logs as raw material for timber, veneer, plywood, paper, wood fuel or other industries. Hence, considerations of product quality and quantity, employment, and profit have been of central, though not always exclusive, importance.
While other duties of foresters may include preventing and combatting insect infestation, disease, forest and grassland fires, there is an increasing movement towards allowing these natural aspects of forest ecosystems to run their course, where possible, usually excepting epidemic s or risk of life or property. Foresters are specialists in measuring and modelling the growth of forests (forest mensuration). Increasingly, foresters may be involved in wildlife conservation planning and watershed protection.
History
The enactment and evolution of forestry laws and binding regulations occurred in most Western nations in the 20th century in response to growing conservation concerns and the increasing technological capacity of logging companies.
Today
In many regions the forest industry is of major ecological, economic, and social importance. Third-party certification systems that provide independent verification of sound forest stewardship and sustainable forestry have become commonplace in many areas since the 1990s. These certification systems were developed as a response to criticism of some forestry practices, particularly deforestation in less developed regions along with concerns over resource management in the developed world. Some certification systems are criticised for primarily acting as marketing tools and lacking in their claimed independence.
In topographically severe forested terrain, proper forestry is important for the prevention or minimization of serious soil erosion or even landsliding. In areas with a high potential for landsliding, good forestry can act to prevent property damage or loss, human injury, or loss of life.
Public perception of forest management has become controversial, with growing public concern over perceived mismanagement of the forest and increasing demands that forest land be managed for uses other than pure timber production, for example, indigenous rights, recreation, watershed protection and preservation of wilderness and wildlife habitat. Sharp disagreements over the role of forest fires, logging, motorized recreation and others drives debate while the public demand for wood products continues to increase.
Education
An interesting scope of work opens up for foresters interested in international politics. Organizations such as the [http://www.forestpolicy.net Forest Policy Education Network (FPEN)] are dedicated to facilitate the way into forest politics and to exchange information on the subject.
In India the Forestry Education is imparted in the Agricultural Universities and In Forest Research Institute (Deemed University), Dehradun.Dr.Y.S.Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan (HP) is dedicated for imparting the Forestry education and is the only University of its kind in Asia. Four year Degree programme is conducted in these universities at Undergraduate level. Post Graduation and Doctorate degree facility is also available in these universities
[http://www.eyeontherainforest.org/bluemahoe.php Tropic Ventures Rainforest Enrichment and Sustainable Forestry Project] is registered under the Auxiliary Forest Program of Puerto Rico, and is a demonstration project for students and foresters interested in the sustainable management and preservation of tropical rainforest land.
ee also
* Conservation biology
* Deforestation
* Dendrology
* Forest farming
* Forest management
* Logging
* Timber
* Silviculture
References
External links
Look at other dictionaries:
Forestry — For est*ry, n. [Cf. OF. foresterie.] The art of forming or of cultivating forests; the management of growing timber … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
forestry — See regalia minora. Collins dictionary of law. W. J. Stewart. 2001 … Law dictionary
forestry — (n.) 1690s, privilege of a royal forest, from O.Fr. foresterie, from forest (see FOREST (Cf. forest)). Meaning science of managing forests is from 1859 … Etymology dictionary
forestry — ► NOUN 1) the science or practice of planting, managing, and caring for forests. 2) forests … English terms dictionary
forestry — [fôr′is trē, fär′is trē] n. 1. Rare wooded land; forest land 2. the science of planting and taking care of forests 3. systematic forest management for the production of timber, conservation, etc … English World dictionary
forestry — /fawr euh stree, for /, n. 1. the science of planting and taking care of trees and forests. 2. the process of establishing and managing forests; forestation. 3. forestland. [1685 95; Universalium
forestry — /ˈfɒrəstri / (say foruhstree) noun 1. the science and practice of planting and taking care of forests. –adjective 2. of or relating to or used for forestry: a forestry commission; a forestry area … Australian-English dictionary
forestry — noun ADJECTIVE ▪ commercial ▪ community (AmE) ▪ sustainable FORESTRY + NOUN ▪ plantation (BrE) ▪ … Collocations dictionary
forestry — [[t]fɒ̱rɪstri, AM fɔ͟ːr [/t]] N UNCOUNT Forestry is the science or skill of growing and taking care of trees in forests, especially in order to obtain wood … English dictionary