At last the visitor that it money on the stock exchange
At last the visitor that it money on the stock exchange
Прокачка артиклей в английском языке
Освойте артикли в английском языке.
Поставьте нужный артикль. Сверьтесь с ответами.
1. Let’s walk ___ little.
2. ___ book I was telling you about is by Ray Bradbury.
3. I’m going to ___ supermarket. Do you want anything?
4. “What make is your car?” — ” ___ Volkswagen.”
5. On Sundays I usually have ___ late breakfast.
6. ___ Queen visited a new hospital this morning.
7. ___ Government resigned last week.
8. ___ Prime Minister made a speech on TV.
9. My bus arrives in ___ couple of minutes.
10. I am ___ sales representative of a Swedish company.
11. He made money working at ___ stock exchange.
12. What are you doing at ___ weekend?
13. We have ___ cat called Tom.
14. Sherlock Holmes lived in ___ Baker Street.
15. She can’t go with me now. What ___ pity!
16. You must speak with ___ Managing Director about it.
17. She is at ___ hospital now.
18. It costs ___ thousand dollars.
19. I met him at ___ Grand Hotel.
20. I’m on ___ vegetable diet.
21. In many places throughout Britain, ___ public protested against using animals for scientific experiments.
22. I like ___ potatoes fried in sunflower oil.
23. Sam and Jane will make ___ nice couple, I’m sure.
24. We started at ___ sunrise and reached the camp before dark.
25. Let’s have ___ drink somewhere.
26. “___ Independent” is one of ___ UK’s most popular newspapers.
27. I’d like to clear out ___ few items in ___ contract.
28. Where’s ___ money? I left it on ___ table over here.
29. “How much are ___ shoes?” – ” ___ thousand roubles.”
30. Hurry up! We may be late. Just ___ few minutes left.
31. ___ shoes are ___ wrong size. I’ll have to take them back.
32. ___ English proverb says: “___ Life is not ___ bed of roses.”
33. “___ hobby is ___ great consolation to ___ man,” said Holmes.
34. “___ Tempest” is ___ play by Shakespeare.
35. ___ Arctic is the large area of ___ land surrounding ___ North Pole.
1. Let’s walk a little. – Давай немного прогуляемся.
2. The book I was telling you about is by Ray Bradbury. – Книгу, о которой я тебе говорю, написал Рей Бредбери.
3. I’m going to the supermarket. Do you want anything? – Я иду в супермаркет. Ты хочешь что-нибудь?
4. “What make is your car?” — “A Volkswagen.” – Какая марка у твоей машины? – Фольксваген.
5. On Sundays I usually have (-) late breakfast. – По воскресеньям у нам обычно поздний завтрак.
6. The Queen visited a new hospital this morning. – Этим утром Королева посетила новую больницу.
7. The Government resigned last week. – Правительство ушло в отставку на прошлой неделе.
8. The Prime Minister made a speech on TV. – Премьер-министр выступил по ТВ.
9. My bus arrives in a couple of minutes. – Мой автобус прибывает через пару минут.
10. I am a sales representative of a Swedish company. – Я торговый представитель шведской компании.
11. He made money working at a stock exchange. – Он заработал деньги на фондовой бирже (на какой-то, одной из фондовых бирж).
12. What are you doing at the weekend? – Что ты делаешь на этих выходных?
13. We have a cat called Tom. – У нас есть кот по имени Том.
14. Sherlock Holmes lived in (-) Baker Street. – Шерлок Холмс жил на Бейкер Стрит.
15. She can’t go with me now. What a pity! – Теперь она не может пойти со мной. Какая жалость!
16. You must speak with the Managing Director about it. – Ты должен поговорить об этом с исполнительным директором.
17. She is at (-) hospital now. – Она сейчас в больнице (на лечении).
18. It costs a thousand dollars. – Это стоит тысячу долларов.
19. I met him at the Grand Hotel. – Я встретил его в Гранд Отель.
20. I’m on a vegetable diet. – Я на овощной диете.
21. In many places throughout Britain, the public protested against using animals for scientific experiments. – Во многих местах по всей Британии общественность протестовала против использования животных для научных экспериментов.
22. I like (-) potatoes fried in sunflower oil. – Я люблю картофель, поджаренный на подсолнечном масле.
23. Sam and Jane will make a nice couple, I’m sure. – Я уверен, что Сэм и Джейн составят великолепную пару.
24. We started at (-) sunrise and reached the camp before dark. – Мы выступили на восходе солнца и достигли лагеря до темноты.
25. Let’s have a drink somewhere. – Давай выпьем где-нибудь.
26. “The Independent” is one of the UK’s most popular newspapers. – «Индепендент» – это одно из самых популярных газет Объединенного Королевства.
27. I’d like to clear out a few items in the contract. – Я бы хотел прояснить несколько пунктов в контракте.
28. Where’s the money? I left it on the table over here. – А где деньги? Я оставил их на столе вон там.
29. “How much are the shoes?” – “A thousand roubles.” – Сколько стоят эти розы? – Тысячу рублей.
30. Hurry up! We may be late. Just a few minutes left. – Поторопись! Мы можем опоздать. Осталось только несколько минут.
31. The shoes are the wrong size. I’ll have to take them back. – Эти туфли не того размера. Мне придется из вернуть.
32. An English proverb says: “ (-) Life is not a bed of roses.” – Одна английская пословица гласит: “Жизнь – это не клумба из роз”.
33. “A hobby is a great consolation to a man,” said Holmes. – “Хобби – это большое утешение для мужчины,” – сказал Холмс.
34. “The Tempest” is a play by Shakespeare. – “Буря” – это пьеса Шекспира.
35. The Arctic is the large area of (-) land surrounding the North Pole. – Арктика – это большая территория, окружающая Северный Полюс.
Financing the new project as a sure means to improve
34 The money … to him on condition that he … in due time.
is given … will return the amount
are given … will return the sum
is given … returns it
will be given … returns them
Have agreed to their proposal
agreed to the proposal of their
had agreed to the proposal in question
will agree to such proposal
36 You … the small print – all the details – before you … contract.
should always read … sign any
always should read … signing the
should always read … will sign a
always read attentively… will have signed
37 It is … knowledge that the Great Wall of China is the … tourist attraction.
a common … world’s largest
the common … largest world’s
common … largest world’s
common … world’s largest
hundreds people … who suffer damages
two thousands of clients… which suffer a loss
thousands of people … who suffer damage
thousands of people … who suffers a damage
Any organisation … before they … the meeting.
generally sends the Annual Report to them … will come to
as usually sends them the Director’s Report … arrive to
generally sends them some financial reports … come to
sends to them the Annual Report as usual … attend
34 Our staff … charges to an account without production of this card.
are not permitted issuing room keys or making
do not advise to issue the keys of the rooms or add
forbid to issue keys to the rooms or make
Are not allowed to issue room keys or make
35 In the 30s the US economy, … great losses.
One of the world’s strongest economies, sustained
one of the strongest world’s economies, suffered a
the strongest world’s economy, was suffering
one of the world’s and the strongest economy, was sustaining
advised going to Europe … climbing the Alps
recommended to go to Switzerland … climb Mont Blanc
made to go to Switzerland … climb Alps
allowed going to mountains … climbing Mont Blanc
has been writing … won’t still be finished
is writing … won’t be yet finished
will have been writing … still won’t be finished
will be writing … won’t be finished yet
38 By the time Mr. Grant …, he … at the University for more than twenty years.
retires …’ll be working
retires …’ll have been teaching
will retire … will have taught
retired … has already worked
The number … is startling
The number … are startling
A number … is startled
The amount … startling
40 A broker at a large stock exchange has lost … in disastrous trades.
a hundred and fifty of millions dollars
one hundred fifty millions of dollars
A hundred and fifty million dollars
hundreds of millions dollar
41 This year a research survey of 3,500 customers … of them prefer … the telephone or the internet.
has shown that 61 percents … using a bank branch to using
has shown that 45 percent … to use a bank branch rather than
showed that 35 percent … to use a bank branch rather then to use
had shown that 51 percents … using a bank branch than using
42 … increase in … part-time work.
There has been a remarkable … the number of
It has been a striking … the quantity of
Economists record an impressive … the volume of a
There has been a dramatic … the amount of
43 At last Alfred decided … instead of shares, as … safer.
to buy a 10,000 dollars bond … probably it is
44 The most powerful person in … is the president, while … it is not so.
the United States … in the most of the rest world
the USA … in most of the rest of the world
USA … in other countries
the US … in most of the rest political systems
had worked in a factory for twelve hours a day at nine shilling in a week
worked twelve hours in a day for nine shillings a week at a factory
Worked in a factory twelve hours a day for nine shillings a week
has worked twelve hours a day per nine shilling a week in a factory
46 … five minutes past six. … office to the bank?
It’s … How far is it from your
There is … How far is it from your’s
Its … How far is there from yours
There are … How far it is from your
47 It’s a well-known fact that we charge … at first, because we want … units of the product as possible.
really a low price … sell a lot of
a quite low price … to sell as much
a really low price … to sell as many
rather a low price … selling so many
to them the news which was to be read in “Financial Times”
us the news that were read in “The Financial Times”
to all of us the news what was read in “The Financial Times”
them the news which was to be read in “The Financial Times”
49 It is … that … differs from Modern English.
quite obvious … the English language of the fourteenth century
absolutely obviously … the English language of fourteenth century
quiet obvious … English language of the fourteen century
obviously … the English of the fourteenth century
terms, which … surprising
offer, what … surprising
proposal, which … surprised
conditions, that … a surprise
51 In case a firm … demand for its products than it’s able to supply, it … its prices.
will have a higher … will rise
has the highest … probably will raise
has a higher … can raise
is having a higher … is rising
52 In accordance with our terms and conditions there … account charges as long as you … in credit.
are no any … remain
will be no any … will remain
won’t be any … will have remained
are no … remain
53 A little break … have … all these years.
as this is what the employees … been expecting for
like this is what the employees … been expecting
like this is that the employee … to be expecting during
as this is what the employee … expected
arrive to … will already start
arrive at … will already have started
will arrive in … already will start
will get to … will have already started
55 … for the company to survive.
The bigger the losses will be, the harder it will be
The biggest the losses are, the hardest it is
The bigger the damage will be, the harder it will be
B. Read the text below and find answers to the following questions.
1) What does the term “exchange” mean? What types of exchanges do you know?
2) Do Commodity Exchanges deal in all kinds of commodities? How are the goods bought and sold at Commodity Exchanges?
3) What are the main factors governing prices at the exchanges?
4) What is the main purpose of the stock market?
5) What kind of products are traded on Stock Exchanges?
6) Who are the participants of the Stock Exchange?
7) What is necessary for a company to be admitted to the Stock Exchange?
8) What basic types of securities are listed and traded on the Stock Exchange?
Exchange is the marketplace for buying and selling both the securities and commodities. The way in which an exchange is organized and operates is determined by the type of dealings that take place every trading day. According to this there are two main types of exchanges: the Commodity Exchange and the Stock Exchange.
Commodity Exchangeis the marketplace where goods are bought and sold according to grades or standards and on the basis of standard contract terms. Commodity Exchanges usually deal in raw materials and some items of produce, such as cotton, wheat, vegetable oils etc., as these goods can be accurately graded and the grades practically remain unchanged every year. And Commodity Exchanges are called accordingly: the Wheat Exchange, the Metal Exchange and so on. Prices at these exchanges are determined by a complex interaction of factors. It may be said that the main factors governing prices are the interaction of supply and demand, the quality of the goods offered, the terms of contracts.
Stock Exchangeis the marketplace where listed securities can be traded efficiently. Most free economies have stock markets which provide companies with a means of raising capital from investors in order to finance their businesses. They provide a wide variety of investment products to meet the varying needs and goals of the investing public.
Stock Exchange brings together those wanting to raise capital (whether industry or government) with those who wish to invest. It is made up of a broad spectrum of participants including listed companies, individual investors, institutional investors, securities firms and dealers with assigned responsibility.
The most famous and oldest Stock Exchanges that have a long history are the London Stock Exchange, the NYSE (New York Stock Exchange) and the Tokyo Stock Exchange. Each year many domestic and overseas companies turn to them to raise capital for their businesses or to have their shares more widely traded. The stocks of the largest and best-known companies are listed on these Stock Exchanges.
Companies raise money through the issue of shares on the Exchange market. To be admitted to the exchange, they apply for a place on the «Official List». To do this, a company must give as complete picture of itself as possible: its trading history and financial record, management and business prospects.
Stock market prices in a particular country are affected by stock market prices elsewhere in the world. They are determined by the constant interplay of supply and demand.
C. Find pairs of synonyms.
| 1) stocks | diversity |
| 2) to fund | to authorize |
| 3) variety | full |
| to deal in | to define |
| to determine | to influence |
| overseas | foreign |
| to entitle | to finance |
| shortfall | securities |
| to affect | to trade in |
| complete | deficit |
D. Match the terms given in the box with the correct definitions below.
| blue chips OTC vitality listed company RR market price share index bears bulls shareholder |
1) Number indicating how prices of shares have fluctuated.
2) An employee of a stock exchange who accepts to buy and sell orders from customers.
3) Stock of a large, national company with a solid record of stable earnings and/or dividend growth and a reputation for high quality management and/or products.
4) A name for investors who buy shares because they expect their price to rise.
5) A name for shareholders who sell because they expect the price to fall.
6) Financial organizations that own a lot of shares.
7) A company whose securities are traded on an organized exchange.
8) The indicator of a good market.
9) Last reported price at which a security was sold on an exchange.
Reading 2: Stocks and Shares
A. Read the following information on stocks and shares.
A share is a part of a company, offered for sale to the public. The company is able to raise cash for expansion and new ventures by selling shares in itself to investors. The first time it “goes public” (also known as flotation), a company will often announce its intentions with advertisements in the press. This is called an offer for sale.
As a shareholder, you are an owner of the company and are entitled to take part in its decisions. You are sent an annual company report, you can vote on company issues, and you have the right to attend shareholders’ meetings.
A share’s value is not fixed. Its price is determined by many things: the company’s recent performance; the state of the sector of the economy the company trades in; national and international economic and political changes; the level of consumer demand; and the peculiarly unpredictable human factors of confidence and pessimism. So, if you buy a share at one price and sell it at a higher price, you make a profit; if you sell it at a lower price, you make a loss. Shares can provide an income through the payment of dividends. However, a company can choose not to pay a dividend at all, investing any profits back into the company.
Students to work out rules for themselves and check their
working out rules for students and check theirs
students work out rules themselves and checking required
29 … realise how much tax they … if they studied the tax law in detail.
As usually only few firms … could avoid to pay
Usually just few people … are allowed avoiding to pay
As usual just few enterprise … could have avoid paying
As a rule few companies … could avoid paying
30 At yesterday’s seminar … that … the trade deficit.
I was explained … the higher the demand will be, the greater
it was explained to me … the higher the demand, the greater
it was explained me … the highest the demand, the greatest
I have been explained … as higher the demand is, as greater
31 … personal taxation is … low.
It is announced that in Great Britain … both simple and relatively
People are announced that in the US … both simple as well as relative
We were explained that in the Eastern Europe … not only simple but relatively
It is declared that in USA … either simple or relative
32 Professor Martin … that besides the two papers I had to prepare for geography,
wrote me … history of Middle Ages
said me … history of the Far East
told me …the history of the Middle Ages
explained me … the history of South America
33 At last the visitor … that it … money on the Stock Exchange.
was said … was much harder to rise
was told … was much harder to raise
has been explained … would be much more harder raising
had been announced … will be much more hardly arising
34 You … some sound advice concerning the amount of money that … Bank of Philadelphia.
would better come up with … is missed from the
had better to come up to … are missing from
had better come up with … is missing from the
would rather come up at … are missed from
35 Excuse me. Would you mind … your bank … the payment dates?
to explain to me if… intends to change
telling me whether … intends to change
saying me whether … insists on changing
to make it clear if … refuses reducing
36 Did you have any idea … fifty … to pay all the debts off?
how will your company receive … thousand pounds sterlings
where your company will get … thousands pound of sterlings
how your company could raise …thousand pounds sterling
when your company could rise … thousands pounds of sterling
37 There were the two magazines … her table. He could ask … of them.
lying on … permission to read either
laying on … permission to read any
lying at … a permission to read all
laying near … a permission to read both
38 At the meeting they … whether … at the present moment.
wanted him to explain them … his company had got any financial trouble
made us to answer … our firm was having financial problems
suggested me to discuss … I have got financial troubles
urged him to answer … he had any financial problems
39 The telegram … delivered by eight o’clock, provided you … immediately.
probably won’t be … don’t send it to him
won’t probably be … don’t send to him it
will probably not be … won’t send it to him
won’t be probably … don’t send him it
40 … a report about the problems … organisation?
Have you any difficulty writing … that facing the above
Had you much difficulty to write … confronting this
Do you have difficulty writing … facing the above-mentioned
Did you have a difficulty to make… which face that
always is speaking … does he
’s always worrying … doesn’t he
’s always talking … does he
has been always talking … does not he
haven’t we … such a good equipment
do we not … these modern equipments
don’t we … some of the equipment
do we … this up-to-date tools
43 It was announced that … some financial companies bought shares… economic analysts.
the other day … falsely recommended by one of
one of these days …recommended wrongly by one
lately … advised hardly by well-known
up to now … as usually recommended by some
44 I have much less luggage than the passengers are … a plane so I … extra.
allowed having on board … haven’t to pay
allowed to have on board … don’t have to pay
permitted having on board of … haven’t paid
permitted to have at the board of …won’t have pay
26 Economic analysts in large banks … different companies, and they are always ready… capital.
learn much concerning … to provide a good advice about getting
know a great deal about … to give them advice about raising
read a lot of about … to give some advices to them about rising
study a great many about … to supply them valuable advice about accumulating
Английский для студентов-экономистов. Часть 2 (стр. 10 )
 | Из за большого объема этот материал размещен на нескольких страницах: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 |
Справедливость, как ее понимает большинство людей, предполагает, что люди, находящиеся в сходной ситуации, должны платить одинаковые налоги («горизонтальная справедливость»), а более состоятельные налогоплательщики платить и большие налоги («вертикальная справедливость»). Проблема, однако, состоит в том, как определить, в сходной ли ситуации находятся двое людей. Например, один налогоплательщик может получать доход от своей работы, в то время как другой — от унаследованного имущества. И даже если один из налогоплательщиков действительно более состоятелен, чем другой, существует мало единодушия в том, что касается того, насколько больше должен платить более состоятельный налогоплательщик.
Прочитать и перевести текст.
In most economies government revenues come mainly from direct taxes on personal incomes and company profits as well as indirect taxes levied on purchase of goods and services such as value added tax (VAT) and sales tax. Since state provision of retirement pensions is included in government expenditure, pension contributions to state-run social security funds are included in revenue, too. Some small component of government spending is financed through government borrowing.
Government spending comprises spending on goods and services and transfer payments.
In most countries there are campaigns for cutting government spending. The reason for it is that high levels of government spending are believed to exhaust resources that can be used productively in the private sector. Lower incentives to work are also believed to result from social security payments and unemployment benefits.
Whereas spending on goods and services directly exhausts resources that can be used elsewhere, transfer payments do not reduce society’s resources. They transfer purchasing power from one group of consumers, those paying taxes, to another group of consumers, those receiving transfer payments and subsidies.
Another reason for reducing government spending is to make room for tax cuts.
Government intervention manifests itself in tax policy which is different in different countries. In the United Kingdom the government takes nearly 40 percent of national income in taxes. Some governments take a larger share, others a smaller share.
The most widely used progressive tax structure is the one in which the average tax rate rises with a person’s income level. As a result of progressive tax and transfer system most is taken from the rich and most is given to the poor.
Rising tax rates initially increase tax revenue but eventually result in such large falls in the equilibrium quantity of the taxed commodity or activity that revenue starts to fall again. High tax rates are said to reduce the incentive to work. If half of all we earn goes to the government, we may prefer to work fewer hours a week and spend more time in the garden or watching television.
Cuts in tax rates will usually reduce the deadweight tax burden and reduce the amount of taxes raised but might increase eventual revenue.
If governments wish to reduce the deadweight tax burden and balance spending and revenue, they are supposed to reduce government spending in order to cut taxes.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Taxes of the firm to central government (corporation tax) plus taxes to local government (tax on the property the firm owned) were expected to come to £25,000 that year.
2. Part of the income of households is taxed by the government, which reduces the income share to be allocated to consumption expenditure.
3. Less efficient resource allocation is believed to result from raising the additional taxation revenue necessary to fund government programmes.
4. Aggressive US subsidization of production and exports of farm products was followed by that of other exporting countries, mainly the European Community and Canada, which resulted in competitive subsidization and price discrimination.
5. Levying taxes or borrowing, governments pay for the goods they buy and for the transfer payments they make.
6. In a mixed economy, the government is known to control a considerable share of output through taxation, transfer payments, and such services as defence and the police force.
7. Unemployment benefit systems are said to vary considerably from country to country.
8. The purpose of that book is to show that there are limitations in the economy that no person and no policy can overcome.
9. Both those who provide capital for a new business and those who run the business are known to bear the risk whereas workers of such businesses are not expected to bear any risk.
10. Social security programmes may comprise retirement pensions, invalidity benefits, child benefits paid for every child in a family, housing benefits for low income households, etc.
1. Доля налогов в цене товара не может зависеть от покупательной способности населения.
2. Считается, что дополнительный доход от государства является отрицательным стимулом для поисков работы с более высокой заработной платой.
3. Незначительная доля государственных расходов Японии обусловливается, как известно, чрезвычайно низким уровнем расходов на национальную оборону.
МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ТОРГОВЛЯ. ВАЛЮТНАЯ БИРЖА
Прочитать и перевести текст.
What is now called international trade has existed for thousands of years long before there were nations with specific boundaries. Foreign trade means the exchange of goods and services between nations, but speaking in strictly economic terms, international trade today is not between nations. It is between producers and consumers or between producers in different parts of the globe. Nations do not trade, only economic units such as agricultural, industrial, and service enterprises can participate in trade.
Goods can be defined as finished products, as intermediate goods used in producing other goods, or as agricultural products and foodstuffs. International trade enables a nation to specialize in those goods it can produce most cheaply and efficiently and it is one of the greatest advantages of trade. On the other hand, trade also enables a country to consume more than it can produce if it depends only on its own resources. Finally, trade expands the potential market for the goods of a particular economy. Trade has always been the major factor ensuring good economic relations among nations.
Different aspects of international trade and its role in the domestic economy are known to have been developed by many famous economists. International trade began to assume1 its present form with the establishment of nation-states in the 17th and 18th centuries, new theories of economics, in particular of international trade, having appeared during this period.
Haifa century later, having been modified by the English economist David Ricardo, the theory of international trade is still accepted by most modern economists. In line with the principle of comparative advantage, it is important that a country should gain from trading certain goods even though its trading partners can produce those goods more cheaply. The comparative advantage is supposed to be realized if each trading partner has a product that will bring a better price in another country than it will at home. If each country specializes in producing the goods in which it has a comparative advantage, more goods are produced, and the wealth of both the buying and the selling nations increases.
Trade based on comparative advantage still exists: France and Italy are known for their wines, and Switzerland maintains a reputation for fine watches. Alongside this kind of trade, an exchange based on a competitive advantage began late in the 19th century. Several countries in Europe and North America having reached rather an advanced stage of industrialization, competitive advantage began to play a more important role in trade. With relatively similar economies countries could start competing for customers in each other’s home markets. Whereas comparative advantage is based on location, competitive advantage must be earned by product quality and customer acceptance. For example, German manufacturers sell cars in the United States, and American automakers sell cars in Germany, both countries as well as Japanese automakers competing for customers throughout Europe and in Latin America.
Thus, international trade leads to more efficient and increased world production, allows countries to consume a larger and more diverse amount of goods, expands the number of potential markets in which a country can sell its goods. The increased international demand for goods results in greater production and more extensive use of raw materials and labour, which means the growth of domestic petition from international trade can also force domestic firms to become more efficient through modernization and innovation.
It is obvious that within each economy the importance of foreign trade varies. Some nations export only to expand their domestic market or to aid economically depressed sectors within the domestic economy. Other nations depend on trade for a large part of their national income and it is often important for them to develop import of manufactured goods in order to supply the ones for domestic consumption. In recent years foreign trade has also been considered as a means to promote growth within a nation’s economy. Developing countries and international organizations have increasingly emphasized such trade.
foreign trade — международная торговля syn international trade
wholesale trade — оптовая торговля syn wholesaling
wholesaler — оптовый торговец
retail trade — розничная торговля syn retailing
retailer — розничный торговец participate
to enable smb to do smth — давать кому-л. возможность или право что-л. сделать; позволить кому-л. сделать что-л.
expand расширять, увеличивать в объеме
major более важный, значительный
according to prep согласно, в соответствии с
in accordance with — в соответствии с чём-л., согласно чему-л. syn in line with
absolute advantage — абсолютное преимущество
to compare to smth — уподоблять чему-л.
in comparison with smth — в сравнении с чем-л.
gain выигрывать; получать; извлекать выгоду
gain прирост; прибыль; выигрыш
gains доходы; выручка; прибыль, заработок; увеличение, рост
competitive конкурентный, конкурентоспособный
competitive advantage — преимущество, основанное на конкуренции
competition соревнование; состязание; конкуренция
competitiveness конкурентная способность
compete соревноваться, конкурировать
to compete in smth — конкурировать в чем-л.
to compete with smb — конкурировать с кем-л.
to compete for smth — конкурировать ради чего-л.
relatively относительно, сравнительно
relative adj относительный
customer заказчик; покупатель; клиент
acceptance одобрение, принятие
Вставьте в предложения следующие слова:
development (2), developing (2 or 3), developed (3), less developed (1 or 2), to develop
1. Economists should clearly understand the difference between the economic growth and economic. of the country.
2. The. countries include Western Europe, North America, Japan, Australia and New Zealand, these rich countries contributing the largest share to world trade and world income.
3. To hold the leading role in the market it is important. new technologies and materials and introduce different innovations more widely.
4. The General Assembly of the United Nations called for international cooperation to reduce the growing gap (разрыв) between the. and the. countries.
5. Many countries have realized that the way to the economic. lies through the expansion of industries producing manufactured goods.
6. The. countries ranging from rather poor, such as Yemen and India, to nearly rich, such as Brazil and Mexico, want to make their own manufactured goods and export them throughout the world including the. countries.
7. Both. middle-income countries, such as Argentina and Chile, and very poor. countries of Africa and Asia belong to the countries of the Third World.
а) Образуйте существительные от данных глаголов и переведите их на русский язык.
ОБРАЗЕЦ: to deliver — delivery
to employ (2), to depend, to gain, to insure, to expand, to credit (2), to tend, to construct (2), to exchange, to measure (2), to decide, to cost, to value, to prepare, to increase, to promote
б) Назовите глаголы, имеющие один корень со следующими существительными:
manufacture, operation, consumer, report, cause, difference, competition, market, development, emphasis, fall, seller, force, comparison
в) Назовите прилагательные, образованные от данных глаголов и существительных:
to differ, advantage, to clean, to free, to market, to add, to depress (2), to rely, to close, diversity, alternative, to direct, to vary, to lower, to warm, majority, practice, finance, to accept
г) Укажите, какие слова в пунктах (а), (б), (в) образованы по правилу конверсии, и составьте предложения, в которых эти слова являются разными частями речи.
Раскройте скобки, используя глагол для образования соответствующей формы причастий.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Very low reported per capita GNP levels in less (to develop) countries underestimate true income as not all transactions (to record).
2. (To be) an important part of distribution process, wholesaling helps manufacturers and retailers to avoid the risk of a fall in demand, for example due to fashion changes.
3. Part of national spending includes the purchase of (to import) goods and services.
4. In the early 1950s the Indian government policy (to adopt) emphasized the state responsibility for setting up new industrial enterprises.
5. hold stocks of goods wholesalers perform a valuable economic function (to maintain) the necessary level of goods supply.
6. While some domestic income leaks abroad, foreigners buy domestically (to produce) goods and services, the country’s exports.
7. The LDCs (to allow) private sector to develop and expand will be able to enjoy significant gains from trade in the near future.
8. (To destroy) by the Great Depression of the 1930s and World War II, international trade reached its level of 1928 only by the 1960s.
9. At the end of the 19th century, (to apply) innovation of refrigeration, Argentina became the main supplier of frozen meat to the world market.
10. Production equipment (to include) in physical capital, the purchase of new equipment (to call) investment.
11. Even (to be limited) by import quotas and various export restrictions, the value of international commerce, that is exports plus imports, (to increase) steadily throughout the world.
12. (To design) by the British government in 1984, special changes in government policy made financial aid more available to service industries (to know) as more labour intensive and (to require) the job creation.
Вставьте предлоги, где это необходимо.
Wholesalers buy goods. large quantities and sell them. small quantities. retailers, thus they simplify the distribution process. Dealing directly. diverse producers and trading. a large assortment of items, wholesalers. the same time trade. numerous independent retailers, so wholesaling is. great importance both. manufacturers and retailers. Small businesses are known to participate. the field of wholesaling, about one-fourth. wholesaling units accounting. one-third of total sales.
Прочитать и перевести текст:
Разделить текст на три части и составить краткий пересказ каждой части:
A stock exchange is an entity that provides services for stock brokers and traders to trade stocks, bonds, and other securities. Stock exchanges also provide facilities for issue and redemption of securities and other financial instruments, and capital events including the payment of income and dividends. Securities traded on a stock exchange include shares issued by companies, unit trusts, derivatives, pooled investment products and bonds. To be able to trade a security on a certain stock exchange, it must be listed there. Usually, there is a central location at least for record keeping, but trade is increasingly less linked to such a physical place, as modern markets are electronic networks, which gives them advantages of increased speed and reduced cost of transactions. Trade on an exchange is by members only.
The initial offering of stocks and bonds to investors is by definition done in the primary market and subsequent trading is done in the secondary market. A stock exchange is often the most important component of a stock market. Supply and demand in stock markets is driven by various factors that, as in all free markets, affect the price of stocks (see stock valuation).
There is usually no compulsion to issue stock via the stock exchange itself, nor must stock be subsequently traded on the exchange. Such trading is said to be off exchange or over-the-counter. This is the usual way that derivatives and bonds are traded. Increasingly, stock exchanges are part of a global market for securities.
The role of stock exchanges Stock exchanges have multiple roles in the economy. This may include the following:
Raising capital for businesses The Stock Exchange provide companies with the facility to raise capital for expansion through selling shares to the investing public.
Mobilizing savings for investment
When people draw their savings and invest in shares (through a IPO or the issuance of new company shares of an already listed company), it usually leads to rational allocation of resources because funds, which could have been consumed, or kept in idle deposits with banks, are mobilized and redirected to help companies’ management boards finance their organizations. This may promote business activity with benefits for several economic sectors such as agriculture, commerce and industry, resulting in stronger economic growth and higher productivity levels of firms. Sometimes it is very difficult for the stock investor to determine whether or not the allocation of those funds is in good faith and will be able to generate long-term company growth, without examination of a company’s internal auditing.
Facilitating company growth
Companies view acquisitions as an opportunity to expand product lines, increase distribution channels, hedge against volatility, increase its market share, or acquire other necessary business assets. A takeover bid or a merger agreement through the stock market is one of the simplest and most common ways for a company to grow by acquisition or fusion.
Both casual and professional stock investors, as large as institutional investors or as small as an family, through dividends and stock price increases that may result in capital gains, share in the wealth of profitable businesses. Unprofitable and troubled businesses may result in capital losses for shareholders.
By having a wide and varied scope of owners, companies generally tend to improve management standards and efficiency to satisfy the demands of these shareholders, and the more stringent rules for public corporations imposed by public stock exchanges and the government. Consequently, it is alleged that public companies (companies that are owned by shareholders who are members of the general public and trade shares on public exchanges) tend to have better management records than privately held companies (those companies where shares are not publicly traded, often owned by the company founders and/or their families and heirs, or otherwise by a small group of investors).
Despite this claim, some well-documented cases are known where it is alleged that there has been considerable slippage in corporate governance on the part of some public companies. The dot-com bubble in the late 1990s, and the subprime mortgage crisis in 2007-08, are classical examples of corporate panies like (2000), Enron Corporation (2001), One. Tel (2001), Sunbeam (2001), Webvan (2001), Adelphia (2002), MCI WorldCom (2002), Parmalat (2003), American International Group (2008), Bear Stearns (2008), Lehman Brothers (2008), General Motors (2009) and Satyam Computer Services (2009) were among the most widely scrutinized by the media.
However, when poor financial, ethical or managerial records are known by the stock investors, the stock and the company tend to lose value. In the stock exchanges, shareholders of underperforming firms are often penalized by significant share price decline, and they tend as well to dismiss incompetent management teams.
Creating investment opportunities for small investors As opposed to other businesses that require huge capital outlay, investing in shares is open to both the large and small stock investors because a person buys the number of shares they can afford. Therefore the Stock Exchange provides the opportunity for small investors to own shares of the same companies as large investors.
Government capital-raising for development projects
Governments at various levels may decide to borrow money to finance infrastructure projects such as sewage and water treatment works or housing estates by selling another category of securities known as bonds. These bonds can be raised through the Stock Exchange whereby members of the public buy them, thus loaning money to the government. The issuance of such bonds can obviate the need, in the short term, to directly tax citizens to finance development—though by securing such bonds with the full faith and credit of the government instead of with collateral, the government must eventually tax citizens or otherwise raise additional funds to make any regular coupon payments and refund the principal when the bonds mature.
Barometer of the economy
At the stock exchange, share prices rise and fall depending, largely, on market forces. Share prices tend to rise or remain stable when companies and the economy in general show signs of stability and growth. An economic recession, depression, or financial crisis could eventually lead to a stock market crash. Therefore the movement of share prices and in general of the stock indexes can be an indicator of the general trend in the economy. The stock exchanges are also fashionable places for speculation, in a financial context, the terms «speculation» and «investment» are actually quite specific. For instance, although the word «investment» is typically used, in a general sense, to mean any act of placing money in a financial vehicle with the intent of producing returns over a period of time, most ventured money—including funds placed in the world’s stock markets—is actually not investment but speculation.
The London Stock Exchange is governed by a council of thirty-six people who are elected by its members. The council analyses applications by firms who wish their shares to be quoted on the exchange. Very stringent requirements have to be met before a quotation is given.
In addition to managing the Stock Exchange and ensuring the protection of the public against fraudulent or doubtful companies, the Stock Exchange Council has also done much to inform the public about the work of the Stock Exchange and remove the view that it exists only for the wealthy. The visitors’ gallery is open to the public and people may watch brokers and jobbers at work, while listening to an explanatory commentary. The Council provides lecturers, has made films which are available free of charge, and published many useful booklets and leaflets on the work of the exchange.
There are still relatively few direct investors in Britain. However, two out of every three adults in Britain are indirect investors on the Stock Exchange, since banks, insurance companies, pension funds, trade unions and other similar bodies invest part of their funds in stocks and shares, thereby enabling them to pay to their members a higher rate of interest or dividend than they would otherwise be able to give. Direct investors number only about 4,000,000 people.
The Wider Share Ownership Council formed for the specific purpose of familiarizing people with the functions and workings of the Stock Exchange, has done much to remove barriers of ignorance and fear.
ПОНЯТИЕ ЭКОНОМИКИ. БАНКИ.
Прочитать и перевести текст:
One of the things that people discover every day is that you can’t have everything. You are reminded of it every time you shop. Although you may see twenty or thirty items that you would really like to buy, you know that you will have to limit your selection to one or two. Everyone goes through life having to make choices.
Every business, even sports teams, must pick and choose from among the things they would like to have because they cannot have everything. Governments, too, cannot have everything. Every year the most important political debates concern questions about spending taxpayers’ money.
Neither individuals nor societies can have all the things they would like to have. There simply is not enough of everything. Economists note that there is no limit to the amount or kinds of things that people want. There is, however, a limit to the resources, things used to produce goods and services, available to satisfy those wants. Once that limit is reached, nothing else can be produced. In other words, when nation’s resources (all its workers, factories, farms, etc.) are fully employed, the only way it will be able to increase the production of one thing will be by reducing the production of something else.
To summarize: human wants are unlimited, but the resources necessary to satisfy those wants are limited. Thus, every society is faced with the identical problem, the problem of scarcity.
ECONOMICS: THE STUDY OF SCARCITY AND CHOICE
Since there is not enough of everything, everyone— individuals, business firms, and government— needs to make choices from among the things they want. In the process they will try to economize, to get the most from what they have. With this in mind, we can define economics as the social science that describes and analyzes how society chooses from among scarce resources to satisfy its wants.
The need to choose is imposed on us all by our income, wealth and ability to borrow. Individuals and families are limited by the size of their personal income, savings and ability to borrow. Similarly, business firms are limited by their profits, savings and borrowing power, and governments by their ability to tax and borrow.
Income, savings, profits and taxes enable people, institutions and government to purchase goods, products you can see or touch, and services, work performed for pay that benefits others. The problem that each must face, however, is that once the decision has been made to choose one set of alternatives, one loses the opportunity to choose the other. Economists describe these kinds of trade-offs as opportunity costs. The opportunity cost of something is its cost measured in terms of what you have to give up to get it.
Business is also faced with the problem of choices and opportunity costs.
WHAT DO ECONOMISTS DO?
Прочитать и перевести текст.
Economics deals with the problems of scarcity and choice that have faced societies and nations throughout history, but the development of modern economics began in the 17th century. Since that time economists have developed methods for studying and explaining how individuals, businesses and nations use their available economic resources. Large corporations use economists to study the ways they do business and to suggest methods for making more efficient use of their employees, equipment, factories, and other resources.
Answer the questions:
1. What is the problem of scarcity?
2. How can we define economics?
3. What is the opportunity cost of something?
4. What problems are dealt with by econon. ics?
5. What do economists do?
MICROECONOMICS VS. MACROECONOMICS
Economists have two ways of looking at economics and the economy. One is the macro approach, and the other is the micro. Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole; microeconomics is the study of individual consumers and the business firm.
Macroeconomics examines questions such as how fast the economy is running; how much overall output is being generated; how much total income. It also seeks solutions to macro-economic problems such as how employment can be increased, and what can be done to increase the output of goods and services. Microeconomics examines cause-and-effect relationships that influence choices of individuals, business firms and society.
It is concerned with things such as scarcity, choice and opportunity costs, and with production and consumption. Principal emphasis is given by micro economists to the study of prices and their relationship to units in the economy.
Factors of Production
The resources that go into the creation of goods and services are called the factors of production. The factors of production include natural resources, human resources, capital and entrepreneurship. Each factor of production has a place in economic system, and each has a particular function. People who own or use a factor of production are expecting a «return or reward.» This generates income which, as it is spent, becomes a kind of fuel that drives the economy.
Natural Resources or «Land»
Natural resources are the things provided by nature that go into the creation of goods and services. They include such things as minerals, wildlife and timber resources. Economists also use the term «land» when they speak of natural resources as a factor of production. The price paid for the use of land is called rent. Rent becomes income to the owner of the land.
Human Resources or «Labor»
Economists call the physical and mental effort that people put into the creation of goods and services labor. The price paid for the use of labor is called wages. Wages represent income to workers, who own their labor.
To the economist, physical capital (or «capital» as it is commonly called) is something created by people to produce other goods and services. A factory, tools and machines are capital resources because they can be used to produce other goods and services. The term capital is often used by business people to refer to money they can use to buy factories, machinery and other similar productive resources. Payment for the use of someone else’s money, or capital, is called interest.
Closely associated with labor is the concept of entrepreneurship, the managerial or organizational skills needed by most firms to produce goods and services. The entrepreneur brings together the other three factors of production. When they are successful, entrepreneurs earn profits. When they are not successful, they suffer losses. The reward to entrepreneurs for the risks, innovative ideas and efforts that they have put into the business, they obtain the money that remains after the owners of land, labor and capital have received their payments.
Ответить на вопросы по тексту.
The central problem of economics is to determine the most efficient ways to allocate the factors of production and solve the problem of scarcity created by society’s unlimited wants and limited resources. In doing so, every society must provide answers to the following three questions:
1. What goods and services are to be produced, and in what quantities are they to be produced?
2. How are those goods and services to be produced?
3. Who will receive and consume (get to use) those goods and services?
The solution of these questions depends on the economic system of each particular society.
Источники информации:
- http://studopedia.ru/28_59033_Financing-the-new-project-as-a-sure-means-to-improve.html
- http://studopedia.ru/14_65054_B-Read-the-text-below-and-find-answers-to-the-following-questions.html
- http://studopedia.ru/28_59036_Students-to-work-out-rules-for-themselves-and-check-their.html
- http://pandia.ru/text/78/188/63597-10.php