Условное предложение (2) UNREAL CONDITIONALS 2-й тип условных предложений (hypothetical conditionals).
10.55
Базовая форма такой конструкции – простое прошедшее в if-предложении и + инфинитив в главной части. Форма прошедшего времени выражает здесь не прошлое, а «сослагательность». If it rained tomorrow we’d stay at home. 1. Этот тип предложений употребляется для возможных событий в настоящем или будущем, которые говорящий считает маловероятными (или даже невозможными). Разница между, например, if I come и if I came состоит в том, что if I came относится к невозможному, воображаемому или маловероятному событию. If I become President, I’ll… (слова кандидата)
If I became President, I’d… (слова школьника) If I win this race, I’ll… (слова фаворита)
If I won this race, I’d… (слова аутсайдера) 2. Таким образом можно сделать свое предложение более вежливым: Will it be all right if I bring a friend? (прямой вопрос)
Would it be all right if I brought a friend? (более вежливый вопрос) It would be nice if you helped me a bit with the housework.
Would it be all right if I came round about seven tomorrow? 3. Предложения 2-го типа могут быть иногда близки по смыслу к предложениями 1-го типа (т.е. выражать то, что вполне возможно): If you went by train, you would get there earlier
If you didn’t stay up so late every evening, you wouldn’t feel so sleepy in the morning Эти предложения достаточно близки по смыслу к следующим: If you go by train, you will get there earlier
If you don’t stay up so late every evening, you won’t feel so sleepy
in the morning Но часто с помощью 2-го типа условных предложений выражаются совершенно нереальные предположения: If I had longer legs, I’d be able to run faster 4. С первым лицом в британском английском может употребляться should: If I knew her name, I should tell you.
If I married you, we should both be unhappy. 5. В качестве сокращения употребляется ‘d: We’d get up earlier if there was a good reason to. 6. В if–части предложения могут быть следующие вариации: a) were (специальная форма сослагательного наклонения глагола be ) вместо was If I were you, I would keep quiet.
If John were here now (but he isn’t), we could play tennis.
Не wouldn’t be in difficulties if he were not so foolish.
If I were asked to define my condition, l’d say bored.
If I was/were better qualified, I’d apply for the job
If I were rich, I would spend all my time travelling.
If your mother were here, I’m sure she wouldn’t let you eat all those chocolates. Употребление were считается несколько более «правильным», особенно для чисто воображаемых условий: If I were the Queen of Sheba, you’d be King Solomon.
If I were a guy, I would look like my dad.
If my nose were a little shorter I’d be quite pretty. Употребление were желательно в обороте If I were you. If I were you, I’d take it back to the shop. It’s got a hole in it. (лучше, чем If I was you. ) Оператор может ставится в начало предложения (союз при этом опускается): Were I in your place, I would be very worried Но такая конструкция значительно более формальна, чем if I were in your place и т.п. (при этом предложении не может начинаться с Was, Wasn’t or Weren’t ¬, а только с Were). □ Were необходимо употреблять в выражениях с ‘If I were you/If I were in your position’ и ‘If it were not for/Were it not for’ (так объясняется почему что-либо не произошло) If I were you/in your position, I’d accept their offer
If I were Jane/in Jane’s position, I’d walk out on him If it wasn’t for your help, I would still be homeless
If it weren’t for your help, I would still be homeless
Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless (здесь недопустимо сокращение: Weren’t it)
Were it not for the fact that you helped me, I would be homeless (were it not звучит очень формально). If it wasn’t /If it weren’t/Were it not for the fact that Greentown is 20 miles away, I would walk there. If it wasn’t/weren’t for Vivian, the conference wouldn’t be going ahead.
If it wasn’t/weren’t for the fact that Chloe would be offended, I wouldn’t go to the party. b) прошедшее продолженное It is ranining right now, so I will not go for a walk.
If it were not raining right now, I would go for a walk. c) If + were to/was to Такая конструкция выражает предположение о будущем (were можно заменять на was).: Оператор можно переносит в начало предложения, но это звучит формально и старомодно (и в такой конструкции уже нельзя заменять were на was ): Were this enterprise to fail, it would be a disaster for us all.
Were the government to cut Value Added Tax, prices would fall.
Were the election to be held today, the Liberals would win easily (или If the election was/ were held today. ).
Were I not in my 70s and rather unfit, I might consider taking up squash (или If I wasn’t/ weren’t in my 70s and rather unfit. ). При отрицании нельзя употреблять ‘lf he were not to’ и возможен только следующий вид: There’d be a clear case for legal action over this matter were it not likely to make life difficult for all of us (не ‘weren’t if’). □ В главной части могут употребляться другие модальные глаголы: If you were to start early tomorrow morning, you would (could, might, ought to, should) be at your destination by evening. d) Вместо were to в британском английском может употребляться should, но надо учитывать, что для носителей американского диалекта это выглядит достаточно неестественно: If he should (were to) hear of your marriage, he would be surprised.
If you should be passing my house, you might return the book you borrowed from me. Конструкция were to обычно не употребляется с такими глаголами как belong, doubt, enjoy, know, like, remember и understand (которые выражают состояние): If I knew they were honest, I’d gladly lend them the money (не If I were to know. ) e) С помощью этой конструкции можно сделать предложение более вежливым: f) В главной части возможны не только would и should, но и другие модальные глаголы: If you were to ask him, he might help you
If Sue were to make an effort, she could do better В очень разговорной устной речи в американском английском употребляется would в обоих частях условного предложения: It would be good if we’d get some rain.
How would we feel if this would happen to our family? 7. В главной части условных предложений этого типа могут употребляться модальные глаголы: If he were here he could help us (ability).
If he were here he might help us (possibility).
If he failed, he ought to/should try again (duty). Возможно употребление продолженного инфинитива после модальных глаголов: If she were here now she could be helping us.
If he was in New York, he could have met my sister.
If they were in the army they would have been fighting in the jungle most of the time. 3-й тип условных предложений (counterfactual conditionals)
10.56 1. Базовая форма таких предложений – предпрошедшее в if–предложении и would + совершенная форма инфинитива (или другими словами – форма совершенного будущего в прошедшем) – в главной его части. 2. Этот тип предложений употребляется, когда речь идет о уже совершившихся в прошлом событиях (а значит, и условие и следствие уже физически невыполнимы). If I had worked harder at school, I d have got a better job
If I hadn’t been wearing a raincoat, I would have got wet (referring to something possible often expressing regret)
If I had won the pools, life would have been much easier (referring to an imaginary hoped for situation in the past)
If I had lived in the Stone Age, I would have been a hunter (referring to a completely impossible situation)
Perhaps if he had realized that, he would have run away while there was still time.
If she had not been ill, she would probably have won that race.
If you had worked harder, you would have passed your exam.
I’d have been in bad trouble if Jane hadn’t helped me.
If you had parked your car there (but you didn’t), they would have towed it away.
If he had heard of your marriage he would have been surprised.
I should never have got here in time (I should not be here now) if you had not given me a lift in your car.
If you had been at the meeting I should have seen you. 3. В формальном стиле оператор может ставиться в начало предложения: 4. ‘If I had been you/in your position’ Такие обороты употребляются, чтобы выразить, что мы бы сделали на месте другого человека: if I had been you/in your position, I d have accepted their offer (= You should have accepted their offer).
If I had been Jane, I d have walked out on him years ago. 5. ‘If it hadn’t been for’ Таким образом объясняется, почему что-либо не произошло в прошлом: It hadn’t been for the rain, we would have had a good harvest. 6. Говоря о прошлом, можно использовать оборот if it had not been for: If it hadn’t been for Dad, I wouldn’t have gone to college (или If it wasn’t/weren’t for. )
If it hadn’t been for your help, I don’t know what I’d have done. But for так же может употребляться со значением ‘if it were not for’ или ‘if it had not been for’: But for your help, I don’t know what I’d have done. 10.57
A. Возможные изменения в if–части: 1) Продолженное совершенное время: If it had been raining this morning we would have stayed at home.
If I had been trying harder, I would have succeeded. If I could have stopped, there wouldn’t have been an accident (Would have и should have в if-части не употребляются) 3) В американском английском в if-части предложения иногда используется простое прошедшее время вместо прошедшего совершенного: If I knew you were coming I’d have baked a cake.
If I had the money with me I would have bought you one.
If I didn’t have my walking boots on I think I would have really hurt my foot. 4) Условие может подразумеваться: I would have gone with you, but I had to study.
I never would have succeeded without your help.
She ran; otherwise, she would have missed her bus. 5) В разговорной речи в if-части условного предложения 3-го типа могут употребляться would или had + перфектный инфинитив (грамматически это неправильно). If I’d have known she was ill I’d have sent her some flowers
If I’d have known, I’d have told you.
It would have been funny if she’d have recognised him. 10.58
B. В главной части возможны следующие варианты: 1) Продолженное совершенное время If I had not got married, I would still have been living abroad. 2) настоящее время в главной части You could have done it if you had tried.
If he had known the facts he could have told us what to do.
If he’d run a bit faster, he could have won.
If I hadn’t been so tired, I might have realised what was happening.
If you had parked your car there (but you didn’t), we could have kept an eye on it. If he had been here yesterday he could have told us (ability).
If he had been here yesterday he might have told us (possibility).
If he had received a present he should have thanked her (duty). Возможны совершенные инфинитивы после модальных глаголов: If he had been here he could have been helping us in the shop.
If she had been here she could have met my sister. If you had not told me about it I should (might) never have known (I should still be unaware of) the facts.
If he had taken his doctor’s advice he might not have died (he might still be alive). Смешанный тип предложений
10.59 Обычно предположения в обоих частях условных предложений относятся к одному и тому же физическому времени: Будущее:
If I won the prize, I would take you shopping.
I would be happy if Tom asked me to the dance. Прошлое:
Bob would have known what to get only if he had asked his father. If I had put air in the tires, I wouldn’t have had a flat tire last night. Но иногда могут употребляться и другие сочетания из частей второго и третьего типов, относящиеся к разному физическому времени. If I had won the lottery, I would be rich.
(но я не выиграл тогда и сейчас не богат) If I had taken French in high school, I would have more job opportunities.
If she had been born in the United States, she wouldn’t need a visa to work here.
If I had taken an aspirin, I wouldn’t have a headache now.
If I had studied in school, I would have a diploma now.
If Nick had turned in his application, he would be working here now.
If you had recorded the show last night, we could watch it. If she had signed up for the ski trip last week, she would be joining us tomorrow.
(но она тогда не записалась и завтра к нам не присоединится) If Mark had gotten the job instead of Joe, he would be moving to Shanghai.
If Darren hadn’t wasted his Christmas bonus gambling in Las Vegas, he would go to Mexico with us next month.
If I had known that you are going to come by tomorrow, I would be in then.
If Rose had not called him, they wouldn’t be going to the party together tomorrow.
If Nathan and Lisa had finished their chores, they would receive their allowance tonight.
If the television had not broken, we would watch the game this weekend. If I were rich, I would have bought that Ferrari we saw yesterday.
(но я в данное время не богат, поэтому вчера Феррари не купил)
If Sam spoke Russian, he would have translated the letter for you.
If I didn’t have to work so much, I would have gone to the party last night. If she had enough money, she could have done this trip to Hawaii.
If he were a good student, he would have studied for the test yesterday. If I were you, I would have bought the red dress.
If the teacher were here, she would have turned on the heater this morning.
If the students had more time, they would have finished their work yesterday. If I didn’t have so much vacation time, I wouldn’t go with you on the cruise to Alaska next week.
(но у меня есть время и поэтому я поеду в путешествие) If Cindy were more creative, the company would send her to New York to work on the new advertising campaign.
If Dan weren’t so nice, he wouldn’t be tutoring you in math tonight.
If I were you, I would be spending my vacation in Seattle.
If I were you, I would call Tom and apologize.
If Bob had more time, he would attend the cooking class next week.
If Fred were here, he would go with us to Colorado on Thursday. If my parents weren’t coming this weekend, I would have planned a nice trip just for the two of us to Napa Valley.
(но мои родители приезжают и поэтому я не запланировал поездку)
If I weren’t going on my business trip next week, I would have accepted that new assignment at work.
If Donna weren’t making us a big dinner tonight, I would have suggested that we go to that nice Italian restaurant.
If I weren’t flying to Detroit, I would have planned a trip to Vancouver. If they weren’t traveling to France on Thursday, they would have planned to attend your birthday party.
If I weren’t quitting my job in two weeks, I would have purchased you a gift for Christmas.
If Don’s sisters weren’t going to the theater, they would have agreed to babysit. If Sandy were giving a speech tomorrow, she would be very nervous.
(но она завтра не выступает и поэтому сейчас не нервничвает). If I were going to that concert tonight, I would be very excited.
If Seb didn’t come with us to the desert, everyone would be very disappointed.
If I were taking this exam next week, I would be high-strung.
If I were getting married tomorrow, I would be relaxing right now.
If Jenny and Eric were going to be here for the holidays, they would be making plans.
If Dan were traveling with us to Boston in March, he would be saving money. Кроме в условных предложениях употребляются другие союзы, имеющие похожий смысл. 1) even if употребляется, чтобы выразить, что одна ситуация не повлияла бы на другую: I would have married her even if she had been penniless.
Even if you don’t get the job this time, there will be many exciting opportunities in
the future.
Even if I become a millionaire, I shall always be a socialist. 2) if only употребляется, чтобы сказать о пожелании – близко по смыслу к ‘I wish…’. Придаточное предложение с if only может употребляться и отдельно, без главного предложения If only I knew more people!
If only I was better-looking!
If only your father were here! a) would + bare infinitive выражает пожелание о будущем: If only it would stop raining, we could go out.
If only somebody would smile! b) past perfect относится к прошлому: If only she hadn’t told the police, everything would have been all right. С похожим значением употребляется imagine (that): Imagine we could all fly. Wouldn’t that be fun! These activities can flourish only if agriculture and rural industry are flourishing. Only можно переносить в главное предложение: I will only come if he wants me. (=I will come only if he wants me.)
He told them that disarmament was only possible if Britain changed her foreign policy. ● If. not, а не unless употребляется если a) событие, описываемое в главном предложении, будет неожиданным: I’ll be amazed if Christie doesn’t win. b) обычно в вопросах: If you don’t pass the test, what will you do? c) когда не подходит по смыслу ‘only if’: If it wasn’t the best performance of Hamlet I’ve seen, it was certainly the strangest. If I weren’t so tired, I’d give you a hand.
She wouldn’t have gone to university unless her parents had insisted. ● unless, а не if. not употребляется когда a) выражается соображение, которое высказывается уже после первого предположения: b) после части предложения с условием идет еще и определительное предложение «возвращающее» нас к позитивному предположению в главной части: We can walk to the cinema unless it’s raining, in which case we’ll get a taxi. Whether you lock your car or not, the police will tow it away.
(в таком предложении нельзя заменить на if … or not) I will let you drive on condition (that)/ = provided (that)/ = providing (that) /= so/as long as you have a valid license. I’ll give you the day off on condition that you work on Saturday morning.
Не says he’ll accept the post provided (on condition that) the salary is satisfactory.
Ordering is quick and easy provided you have access to the internet.
Provided that it’s not too much money I’d love to come to Spain.
The oven bakes magnificent bread providing it is hot enough.
Provided the weather keeps like this, the farmers have no need to worry about the crops.
You can borrow my bike providing/provided you bring it back.
It doesn’t matter where you put it so long as you make a note of where it is.
They are happy for the world to stay as it is, as long as they are comfortable.
You’re welcome to stay with us as/so long as you share the expenses.
So long as you return the book by Saturday, I will lend it to you with pleasure. On condition (that) обычно употребляется с одушевленными существительными, с другими союзами этой группы это неважно: We’ll be all right so long as it doesn’t pour with rain. 7) Suppose/Supposing (that) С этими союзами можно сделать предположения о будущем и прошлом. Suppose/Supposing (that) I had/were to have an accident, who would pay? (future)
Suppose/ Supposing (that) I had had an accident who would have paid? (past) Supposing you’d missed the train. What would you have done?
Supposing my father saw me with you, what might he think?
Supposing the other team wins» the match, what will happen to us?
Suppose (supposing) your friends knew how you’re behaving here, what would they think? Make a note of my telephone number, in case you want to ring me up.
You’d better take an umbrella with you in case it rains.
I shall take an umbrella in case it rains. Источники информации: | 
