He seemed to think over what he wanted to say

Functions of the Infinitives

Table 3

Функция и место в аглийском предложении	Пример	Перевод на русский язык
1. Подлежащее стоит перед сказуемым	To walk is useful. To master this speciality is not an easy thing	Гулять полезно. Овладеть этой специальностью – нелегкое дело
2. Смысловая часть составного сказуемого – стоит после глагола – связки	Our aim is to master English. To live is to learn.	Наша цель – овладеть английским языком. Жить – значит учиться.
3.Дополнение стоит после сказуемого	She likes to sing. He forgot to translate this text yesterday.	Она любит петь. Он забыл перевести этот текст вчера.
4. Определение – стоит полсе определяемого существительного	The method to be used is not new. He was the first to prove it.	Метод, который должен будет использоваться, не нов. Он был первым, кто доказал это.
5. Обстоятельство – стоит в начале или в конце предложения	He went there to study. (In order) to know English well you have to work hard. This problem is too difficult to be solved at once.	Он поехал туда учиться. Для того, чтобы знать английский язык хорошо, вы должны усердно работать. Эта проблема слишком трудная, чтобы решить её сразу.

I. Define forms of the infinitive.

to have bought, to be producing, to have been finished,

to have been working, to have been carried out, to divide,

to be given, to be reading, to have made, to be moving,

to have been adopted, to be written, to be studying, to

II. Give the forms of the following verbs.

_Perfect Active: to make, to reach, to find, to stop, to

_Continuous Active: to walk, to move, to go, to study, to

_Perfect Passive: to understand, to set up, to consider,

to say, to suppose, to believe.

III. Make all possible forms of the infinitive.

to study, to read, to know, to speak, to get, to meet,

to help, to receive, to support, to finish, to begin.

IV. Comment on the forms of the infinitive.

1. I want to know how long we are expected to wait.

2. He seemed to be weighing something in his mind.

3. You know how I hate to interfere in other people’s business.

4. First I considered myself to be standing high and lean, very fair, with a straight wide mouth.

5. Was the object attached to anything? No wires or anything? I mean, someone couldn’t have

1. been having a joke or something?

6. He seemed to have taken his defeat quietly.

2. 7.I rang the bell of the dependable family, and the man answered with remarkable promptness;

3. he seemed to have been waiting for it to ring.

7. You must be careful with Dinny.

8. You must have noticed her there.

9. The whole thing must have been going on under her eyes.

V. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to the functions of the infinitive.

1. To read English books is useful.

2. To live is to learn.

3. To see him was pleasant.

4. It is important to learn foreign languages.

5. It is difficult to translate this text without a dictionary.

6. It is necessary to help your friends.

b) the part of the predicate

1. You must improve your methods of work.

2. We are to study the main laws of market.

3. Our aim is to fulfil this work in time.

4. His work is to design machines.

5. All you have to do is to attend lessons.

1. We hope to get new data in a week or two.

2. He wants to become an economist.

3. They plan to increase the output of consumer goods.

4. She liked to read books aloud.

5. I wanted to see this film.

d) the attribute

1. The man to deliver this lecture is our dean.

2. There are many problems to be solved.

3. Leonov was the first to step out into the open space.

4. He is always the first to come.

5. She was the last to join the group.

6. Automation is one of the ways to increase production.

e) the adverbial modifier

1. To fulfil the task the students must work hard.

2. In order to translate this text I need a dictionary.

3. This problem is too difficult to be solved at once.

4. The workers of that plant work much to finish the task in time.

5. He is experienced enough to settle the problem.

VI. Translate the sentences into Russian, using the infinitive from the following list as:

a) the subject: to repair, to hear, to speak, to wait, to search

b) the part of a predicate: to go on, to try, to tell, to return, to keep.

c) the object: to air, to see, to show, to join, to be surprised

d) the attribute: to do,to say,to waste,to make,to arrive

e) adverbial modifier of result: to give, to believe, to go, to shut, to waste.

f) adverbial modifier of purpose: to spend, to see, to keep, to fetch, to have

VII. Insert the infinitive with the particle «to» before it where necessary.

1. She began (to talk) of Moscow.

2. It was a command from her mother,and there was nothing for her (to do) but (to obey) it.

3. You must (to take) care not (to offend) her.

4. I’d rather not (to do) home that way.

5. «I think we’d better (to go) and (to get) dry», he said.

6. It heartened Mary (to hear) him (to speak) so lightly.

7. I want (to begin) (to earn) my corn.

9. Could you (to ask) him (to come) as soon as he can?

10. Well, I think we ought (to be) starting?

VIII. Compose sentences using the given words.

1. To play, like, I, tennis.

2. to be, he, the,to take part,glad,is,excursion,invited.

3. he, lesson, sorry, the, is, missed, to have.

4. serve, let, party, the, him.

5. my, felt, hand, shoulder, his, touch.

6. necessary, the, time, it, to be, is,in, Institute, in

IX. Use the required form of the infinitive in brackets. Translate the sentences.

1. I want (to go) to the Far East.

2. That was the last thing she expected (to hear) him (to say).

3. She could not let herself (to cry).

4. He seemed (to think) over what he wanted (to say).

5. He wants (to congratulate) you in person.

6. The question is, what had I better (to do) with this house.

7. Wrap up my lunch, child. I must (to go) now.

8. I don’t like (to see) men (to cry). I don’t even like (to see) women or babies (to cry).

9. They do nothing but (to talk) it all day long.

10. Let’s (to go) and (to find) him, he’s sure (to be) in front of his picture.

11. Some important decisions must (to make) soon.

12. But there is something else (to do).

13. There was nothing (to do) but (to knit) all day long.

14. I decided (to make) a fuss, and went (to look) for him.

15. We walked to the door and I saw her (to go) in and down the hall.

X. Define forms amd functions of the infinitive. Translate the sentences.

1. It is difficult to follow you.

2. His next step was to learn the truth.

3. He hate to hurt somebody’s feelings.

4. She has got a family to be proud of.

5. He will have to work hard to catch up with the group.

6. Popov was the first to invent the radio.

7. It is late to give advice.

8. My job was to let her know how things are

9. He is too young to walk there.

10. She had nothing to help her with her work.

11. It was not easy to explain his behaviour.

12. They are glad to have obtained such results.

13. Our plan was to get information about it.

14. He left for Kiev to enter the University.

15. It was hard to believe his words.

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Use the infinitive in brackets in the required form.
1.Architecture appeared (to exhaust) his regularity. (Galsw.) 2. After the two years at the front and a wound that had taken longer (to heal) that it should he was glad (to settle) down quietly at Apia. (S. M.) 3. I suppose you’re not going (to be) down here very long? (A. Chr.) 4. He appeared (to do) business with them. (D. Rob.) 5. Poirot rubbed his hands together and smiled cheerfully. He seemed (to enjoy) himself. (A. Chr.) 6. Natural thing would be for them (to stay) at the Ritz or Claridge’s or some other big hotel somewhere. (A. Chr.) 7. I’m deeply sorry (to involve) you in this. (I. M.) 8. At home Mrs. Goff would not have kept my supper. You had (to be) on the dot if you wanted (to feed), so I usually went with one or the other (to have) cheese rolls and beer. (M. D.) 9. Don’t expect comfort. You’ve just got (to be) thankful if we get a bed (to sleep) on and a roof over our heads. (S. M.) 10. I seemed (to be) all right there and went on (to learn) that one should never sit in the presence of superiors. (M. D.) 11. Ten years before she would have lain down and slept, but now she had a feeling that things needed watching; there were sure (to be) grocery-men that had (to talk) to. (F. F.) 12. «Perhaps,» suggested Rollock, «the man didn’t want (to see) turning into the house from the road.» (A. Chr.) 13. At last Мог allowed himself (to persuade). (I. M.) 14. «What about (to come) in and (to wash) up?» he asked suddenly. «No, thanks,» said John. «I ought (to go) home—my wife’11 be worried.» (F. F.) 15. I began (to walk) very slowly. (J. Rh.) 16. «Now I must (to go),» said the man, «and you young ladies walk off home.» (White) 17. He ought perhaps (to put) a spoke in the wheel of their marriage. (Galsw.) 18. He seemed (to be) in a brown study and I thought he hardly heard what we were saying. (S. M.)

1.Architecture appeared (to have exhausted ) his regularity. (Galsw.) 2. After the two years at the front and a wound that had taken longer (to heal) that it should he was glad (to settle) down quietly at Apia. (S. M.) 3. I suppose you’re not going (to be) down here very long? (A. Chr.) 4. He appeared (to be doing business with them. (D. Rob.) 5. Poirot rubbed his hands together and smiled cheerfully. He seemed (to be enjoying himself. (A. Chr.) 6. Natural thing would be for them (to stay) at the Ritz or Claridge’s or some other big hotel somewhere. (A. Chr.) 7. I’m deeply sorry (to have involved ) you in this. (I. M.) 8. At home Mrs. Goff would not have kept my supper. You had (to be) on the dot if you wanted (to be fed), so I usually went with one or the other (to have) cheese rolls and beer. (M. D.) 9. Don’t expect comfort. You’ve just got (to be) thankful if we get a bed (to sleep) on and a roof over our heads. (S. M.) 10. I seemed (to have been ) all right there and went on (to learn) that one should never sit in the presence of superiors. (M. D.) 11. Ten years before she would have lain down and slept, but now she had a feeling that things needed watching; there were sure (to be) grocery-men that had (to be talked) to. (F. F.) 12. «Perhaps,» suggested Rollock, «the man didn’t want (to be seen) turning into the house from the road.» (A. Chr.) 13. At last Мог allowed himself (to be persuaded). (I. M.) 14. «What about (to come) in and (to wash) up?» he asked suddenly. «No, thanks,» said John. «I ought (to go) home—my wife’11 be worried.» (F. F.) 15. I began (to walk) very slowly. (J. Rh.) 16. «Now I must ( go),» said the man, «and you young ladies walk off home.» (White) 17. He ought perhaps (to put) a spoke in the wheel of their marriage. (Galsw.) 18. He seemed (to have been) in a brown study and I thought he hardly heard what we were saying. (S. M.)

Zoothera (Thrush)

Materi Structure (1)

Simple Present or Present Continuous?

Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present or the present continuous tense.

1 Cuckoos (not build) nests. They (use) the nests of other birds.
2 You can’t see Tom now: he (have) a bath.
3 He usually (drink) coffee but today he (drink) tea.
4 What she (do) in the evenings?

I usually (go) by bus but tomorrow I (go) in Tom’s car.
17 Why you (put) on your coat?

I (go) for a walk. You (come) with me?-
Yes, I’d love to come. You (mind) if I bring my dog?
18 How much you (owe) him?-
I (owe) him Ј5.

You (intend) to pay him?
19 You (belong) to your local library? –
Yes, I do. –
You (read) a lot?-
Yes, quite a lot. –
How often you (change) your books? —
I (change) one every day.
20 Mary usually (learn) languages very quickly but she (not seem) able
to learn modern Greek.
21 I always (buy) lottery tickets but I never (win) anything.
22 You (like) this necklace? I (give) it to my daughter for her birthday
tomorrow.
23 I won’t tell you my secret unless you (promise) not to tell anyone. –
I (promise).
24 You always (write) with your left hand?
25 You (love) him?-
No, I (like) him very much but I (not love) him.
26 You (dream) at night?-
Yes, I always (dream) and if I (eat) too much supper I (have)
nightmares.
27 The milk (smell) sour. You (keep) milk a long time?
28 These workmen are never satisfied; they always (complain).
29 We (use) this room today because the window in the other room is
broken.
30 He always (say) that he will mend the window but he never (do) it.
31 You (know) why an apple (fall) down and not up?
32 You (write) to him tonight? –
Yes, I always (write) to him on his birthday. You (want) to send any
message?
33 Tom and Mr Pitt (have) a long conversation. I (wonder) what they
(talk) about.
34 You (believe) all that the newspapers say?-
No, I (not believe) any of it.

Then why you (read) newspapers?
35 This car (make) a very strange noise. You (think) it is all right?-
Oh, that noise (not matter). It always (make) a noise like that.
36 The fire (smoke) horribly. I can’t see across the room. –
I (expect) that birds (build) a nest in the chimney. –
Why you (not put) wire across the tops of your chimneys? –
Tom (do) that sometimes but it (not seem) to make any difference.

1 don’t build, use 2 is having 3 drinks, is drinking 4 does she do, plays, watches 5 is raining, haven’t 6 leaves 7 speaks, don’t understand 8 is making, makes
9 wears 10 don’t like 11 am wearing 12 is reading 13 am redecorating 14 is boiling 15 are you enjoying, am enjoying, want 16 do you get, go, am going 17 are you putting, am going, are you coming, do you mind 18 do you owe, I owe, do you intend 19 do you belong, do you read, do you change, I change 20 learns, doesn’t seem 21 always buy/am always buying, win 22 do you like, am giving 23 promise, promise 24 do you always write 25 do you love, like, don’t love 26 do you dream, dream, eat, have 27 smells, do you
keep 28 are always complaining/always complain 29 are using 30 is always saying/always says, does 31 do you know, falls 32 are you writing, write, do you want 33 are having, wonder, are talking 34 do you believe, don’t believe, do you read 35 is making, do you
think, doesn’t matter, makes 36 is smoking, expect, are building, does, doesn’t seem, don’t you put

Simple Present or Present Continuous?

Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present or present continuous tense.

1 What Tom (think) of the Budget? –
He (think) it most unfair.

I (agree) with him.
2 What this one (cost)?-
It (cost) forty pence.
3 You (hear) the wind? It (blow) very strongly tonight.
4 You (see) my car keys anywhere? –
No, I (look) for them but I (not see) them.
5 He never (listen) to what you say. He always (think) about something else.
6 This book is about a man who (desert) his family and (go) to live on a Pacific island.
7 You (understand) what the lecturer is saying?

No, I (not understand) him at all.
8 What you (have) for breakfast usually?

I usually (eat) a carrot and (drink) a glass of cold water.
9 When the curtain (rise) we (see) a group of workers. They (picket) factory gate.
10 Why you (walk) so fast today? You usually (walk) quite slowly.

I (hurry) because I (meet) my mother at 4 o’clock and she (not like) to be kept waiting.
11 I (wish) that dog would lie down. He (keep) jumping up on my lap.

I (think) he (want) to go for a walk.
12 You (recognize) that man?

I (think) that I have seen him before but I (not remember) his name
13 Look at that crowd. I (wonder) what they (wait) for.
14 This message has just arrived and the man (wait) in case you (want) to send a reply.
15 Stop! You (not see) the notice?

I (see) it but I can’t read it because I (not wear) my glasses. What it (say)?

It (say) ‘These premises are patrolled by guard dogs’.
16 She always (borrow) from me and she never (remember) to pay me back.
17 You (need) another blanket or you (feel) warm enough?
18 It (save) time if you (take) the path through the wood?

No, it (not matter) which path you take.
19 I (save) up because I (go) abroad in July.
20 I (think) it is a pity you don’t take more exercise. You (get) fat.
21 The plane that you (look) at now just (take) off for Paris,
22 Tom never (do) any work in the garden; he always (work) on his car.
23 What he (do) to his car now?

I (think) he (polish) it.
24 That film (come) to the local cinema next week. You (want) to see it?
25 How Peter (get) on at school?

Very well. He (seem) to like the life.
26 Why Mrs Pitt (look) so angry?

Mr Pitt (smoke) a cigarette and (drop) the ash on the carpet.
27 This is our itinerary. We (leave) home on the 8th, (arrive) in Paris on the 9th, (spend) the day in Paris, and (set) out that night for Venice.

That (sound) most interesting. You must tell me all about it when you (get) back.
28 This story is about a boy who (make) friends with a snake which he (find) in his garden. Then he (go) away but he (not forget) the snake and some years later he (return) and (look) for it.
29 He (find) the snake who (recognize) its old friend and (coil) round him affectionately. But, unfortunately, the snake is by now a full-grown boa-constrictor and its embrace (kill) the poor boy.
30 The snake (feel) sorry about this?-
I (not know). The story (end) there.
31 How you (end) a letter that (begin), ‘Dear Sir’?

I always (put), ‘Yours truly’, but Tom (prefer) ‘Yours faithfully’.
32 What the word ‘catastrophe’ (mean)?

It (mean) ‘disaster’.
33 What you (wait) for?-
I (wait) for the shop to open. –
But it (not open) till 9.00. –
I (know) but I (want) to be early, as their sale (start) today.
34 Why you (smoke) a cigar, Mrs Pitt? You (not smoke) cigars as a rule.

I (smoke) it because I (want) the ash. This book (say) that cigar ash mixed with oil
(remove) heat stains from wood.
35 Who (own) this umbrella?

I (not know). Everybody (use) it but nobody (know) who (own) it.
36 You (mind) if I (ask) you a question?

That (depend) on the question.

It (concern) your brother.

I (refuse) to answer any question about my brother.

1 does Tom think, thinks, agree 2 does this one cost, it costs 3 do you hear, is blowing 4 do you see, am looking, don’t see 5 listens, is always thinking 6 deserts, goes
7 do you understand, don’t understand 8 do you have, eat, drink 9 rises, see, are picketing 10 are you walking, walk, am hurrying, am meeting, doesn’t like II wish, keeps, think, wants 12 do you recognize, think, don’t remember 13 wonder, waiting for 14 is waiting, want 15 don’t you see, see, am not wearing, does it say, says 16 is always borrowing/always borrows, remembers 17 do you need, do you feel 18 does it save, take, doesn’t matter 19 am saving, am going 20 think, are getting 21 are looking, is just taking 22 does, is always working 23 is he doing, think, is polishing 24 is coming, do you want 25 is Peter getting on, seems 26 is Mrs Pitt looking/does Mrs Pitt look, is smoking, and (is) dropping 27 leave, arrive, spend, set, sounds, get 28 makes, finds, goes, does not forget, returns, looks 29 finds, recognizes, coils, kills 30 does the snake feel, don’t
know, ends 31 do you end, begins, put, prefers 32 does the word ‘catastrophe’ mean, means 33 are you waiting, am waiting, doesn’t open, know, want, starts/is starting 34 are you smoking, don’t smoke, am smoking, want, says, removes 35 owns, don’t know, uses,
knows, owns 36 do you mind, ask, depends, concerns, refuse

Be going to or Present Continuous?

Planned future actions can be expressed by the present continuous tense with a time expression or by the be going to form with or without a time expression. The present continuous is mainly used for very definite arrangements in the near future. The be going to form can be used more widely.
Use the present continuous where possible in the following sentences and put the remaining verbs into the be going to form.

1 I (play) bridge tonight with Tom and Ann.
2 He (have) an operation next week.
3 It’s very cold. I (light) a fire.
4 We (have) some friends to lunch tomorrow.
5 I’ve bought a piano; it (be) delivered this afternoon.

Where you (put) it?

I (put) it in the dining room.
6 You (go) to the auction tomorrow?

Yes, I (go) but I (not buy) anything.
7 I’ve reminded you once; I (not do) it again.
8 I (have) my hair cut this afternoon.
9 My nephew (come) to stay with me next weekend.

Where you (put) him?

I (put) him in the room in the tower.
10 Our class (start) German next term.
11 I (spend) a few days in London next week.
12 The Town Council (build) a new school here.
13 What you (tell) the police?

I (tell) them the truth.
14 He (start) tomorrow.
15 The Queen (open) Parliament next month.
16 The Prime Minister (speak) on TV tonight.
17 This shop (close) down next week.
18 When you (have) your next lesson?

I (have) it on Monday.
19 I (collect) my new dress this afternoon.
20 We (take) the children to the seaside this summer.
21 I (give) him a football for his next birthday.
22 She (sing) in her first big concert next month.
He (go) to Spain for his holidays.

No, he (go) by boat.
24 She (see) a specialist next week.
25 He (wash) the car?
26 He (ring) me up tonight.
27 The inspector (ask) you a few questions.
28 Her parents (give) a party for her next month. They (invite) sixty guests.
29 Have you got a ticket for the big match on Saturday?

No, I don’t even know who (play).

France (play) England.
30 They (launch) a ship this afternoon. You (come) to see it?
31 What you (do) with the money?
32 I (pick) you up at 6.30; don’t forget.
33 Where you (go) tonight?

I (go) out with Peter. He (call) for me at eight.
34 I (compete) in the bicycle race tomorrow.
35 Mr Pitt has just phoned to say that he (not come) back till Wednesday night.
36 I (read) you his answer to my letter of complaint.

be going to is possible in all these sentences, but where the present continuous tense is given in the key, that is the better one to use.)

1 am playing 2 is having 3 am going to light 4 are having 5 is being, are you putting, am putting 6 are you going, am going, am not buying/am not going to buy 7 am not going to do Sam having 9 is coming, are you putting, am putting 10 is starting II am spending
12 is going to build 13 are you going to tell, am going to tell 14 is starting 15 is opening 16 is speaking 17 is closing 18 are you having, am having 19 am collecting 20 are taking 21 am giving 22 is singing 23 is going, is he flying, is going 24 is seeing 25 is he going to wash 26 is ringing 27 is going to ask 28 are giving, are inviting 29 is playing, is playing
30 are launching, are you coming 31 are you going to do 32 am picking 33 are you going, am going, is calling 34 am competing 35 isn’t coming 36 am going to read

Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous?

Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the present perfect continuous tense.
(In some cases either could be used.)
1 We (walk) ten kilometres.
2 We (walk) for three hours.
3 You (walk) too fast. That’s why you are tired.
4 I (make) sausage rolls for the party all the morning.
5 How many you (make)?

I (make) 200.
6 That boy (eat) seven ice-creams.
7 He (not stop) eating since he arrived.
8 The driver (drink). I think someone else ought to drive.
9 I (pull) up 100 dandelions.
10 I (pull) up dandelions all day.
11 What you (do)?

We (pick) apples.
12 How many you (pick)?

We (pick) ten basketfuls.
13 I (sleep) on every bed in this house and I don’t like any of them.
14 He (sleep) since ten o’clock. It’s time he woke up.
15 He (ride); that’s why he is wearing breeches.
16 I (ride) all the horses in this stable.
17 What a lovely smell!

Mary (make) jam.
18 The students (work) very well this term.
19 I only (hear) from him twice since he went away.
20 I (hear) from her regularly. She is a very good correspondent.
21 I (grease) my car. That’s why my hands are so dirty.
22 I (polish) this table all the morning and she isn’t satisfied with it yet.
23 I (work) for him for ten years and he never once (say) ‘Good morning’ to me.
24 He (teach) in this school for five years.
25 I (teach) hundreds of students but I never (meet) such a hopeless class as this.
26 Why you (be) so long in the garage?

The tyres were flat; I (pump) them up.
27 I (pump) up three tyres. Would you like to do the fourth?
28 I (look) for mushrooms but I (not find) any.
29 He (cough) a lot lately. He ought to give up smoking.
30 You (hear) the news? Tom and Ann are engaged!

That’s not new; I (know) it for ages!
31 I (try) to finish this letter for the last half-hour. I wish you’d go away or stop talking.

I hardly (say) anything.
32 The driver of that car (sound) his horn for the last ten minutes.
33 It (rain) for two hours and the ground is too wet to play on, so the match (be) postponed.
34 He (hope) for a rise in salary for six months but he (not dare) to ask for it yet.
35 Mr Smith, you (whisper) to the student on your right for the last five minutes. You (help) him with his exam paper or he (help) you?
36 Why you (make) such a horrible noise?

I (lose) my key and I (try) to wake my wife by throwing stones at he window.

You (throw) stones at the wrong window. You live next door.

1 have walked 2 have been walking/have walked 3 have been walking/have walked 4 have been making 5 have you made, have made 6 has eaten 7 hasn’t stopped
8 has been drinking 9 have pulled 10 have been pulling 11 have you been doing, have been picking 12 have you picked, have picked 13 have slept 14 has been sleeping/has slept
15 has been riding 16 have ridden 17 has been making 18 have been working/have worked
19 have heard 20 have been hearing/have heard 21 have been greasing 22 have been polishing 23 have been working/have worked, has never said 24 has been teaching/has taught 25 have taught, have never met 26 have you been, have been pumping/have
pumped 27 have pumped 28 have been looking/have looked, haven’t found 29 has been coughing/has coughed 30 have you heard, have known 31 have been trying, have said
32 has been sounding 33 has been raining/has rained, has been postponed 34 has been hoping, hasn’t dared 35 have been whispering, have you been helping, has he been helping 36 have you been making, have lost, have been trying, have been throwing

Future, Present or Present Perfect?

The future perfect tense is not used in time clauses, the present perfect being used instead.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, using the future, present, or present perfect.

1 When we (take) our exam we’ll have a holiday.
2 When I (finish) the book I’ll lend it to you.
3 When we (have) our injections I expect we’ll feel awful.
4 When I (be) here for a year I’ll ask for a rise.
5 When Tom (go) I’ll tell you a secret.
6 By the time he (get) back from his holiday the milkman will have left twenty-one bottles of milk outside his door.
7 Don’t drive at more than 50 k.p.h. till your car (do) 4,000 kilometres.
8 When you (do) 4,000 kilometres you can drive it at 70 k.p.h.
9 When you open the safe you (see) a small black box.
10 When we (have) lunch we’ll go for a walk.
11 When the bell rings I (take) the meat out of the oven.
12 I’ll bolt all the doors before I (go) to bed.
13 When we (see) the cathedral we’ll go to the museum.
14 We’ll have to stay up this tree till the bull (go) away.
15 He (not let) you out till you have finished your homework.
16 As soon as I hear from him I (let) you know.
17 My father will be furious when he (see) what you have done.
18 You (not hear) the sound of the explosion till after you have seen the flash.
19 These gates will remain shut until the train (pass).
20 When he (sell) all his newspapers he’ll go home.
21 We can’t have a fire here until we (sweep) the chimney.
22 You (get) a shock when you open that box.
23 When you are eighteen your father (give) you a latchkey.
24 Don’t jump out of the aeroplane until the pilot (say) ‘Go!’
25 I can’t leave the country till the police (return) my passport.
26 When a bottle of champagne (be) opened for twenty-four hours the wine is not fit
to drink.
27 Hotel receptionist: When you (sign) the hotel register the porter will show you
your room.
28 You (not know) how good oysters are till you have tasted one.
29 That road will not be safe till the floods (subside).
30 When everybody (leave) the park the park-keeper will lock the gates.
31 When we have seen the Chamber of Horrors we (have) a cup of tea.
32 When you (have) something to eat you’ll feel better.
33 I (stay) in court till the jury returns.
34 You cannot become a member of this club until you (make) a parachute descent.
35 When the boa constrictor (eat) the goat he will become very lethargic.
36 As soon as everybody has gone to bed the mice (come) out of their holes.

(Contractions may be used.)
1 have taken 2 have finished/finish 3 have had 4 have been 5 goes/has gone 6 gets/has got 7 has done 8 have done 9 will see 10 have had 11 shall/will take 12 go 13 have seen
14 goes/has gone 15 won’t let 16 shall/will let 17 sees 18 won’t hear 19 has passed/passes 20 has sold 21 have swept/sweep 22 will get 23 will give 24 says 25 have returned/return 26 has been 27 have signed 28 won’t know 29 have subsided/subside 30 has left
31 shall/will have 32 have had 33 shall/will stay 34 have made 35 has eaten 36 will come/come

Present or Future?

The future simple is not used in time clauses, the simple present tense being used instead.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense (present or future).

(will and shall may be contracted.)
1 returns 2 are 3 strikes 4 hears 5 shall/will have 6 comes 7 turn 8 gets 9 won’t start
10 goes 11 will see 12 will be 13 shall/will lend 14 will wake 15 will he ring 16 goes 17 is
18 shall/will give, comes 19 see 20 get 21 shall/will go 22 have 23 will fall 24 goes
25 arrives 26 lifts 27 will go on 28 will become 29 won’t move 30 will goon 31 learns 32 leap 33 shall/will have 34 get 35 begins 36 arrives

Present Perfect or Simple Past?

(a) Fill the spaces by repeating the auxiliary used in the question, putting it into the negative where necessary.
(b) Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or the simple past tense.

1 have, wound 2 haven’t, ate 3 has, fed 4 haven’t, have only repaired 5 have done, did 6 haven’t, haven’t found 7 have, made 8 haven’t, have been 9 haven’t, haven’t seen 10 have, went 11 have driven, drove 12 hasn’t, has, went 13 have, was 14 has, spoke 15 have only spent, have 16 haven’t saved, have saved 17 hasn’t, went 18 haven’t seen, saw, didn’t see 19 have, paid 20 haven’t, flew 21 bit, has bitten 22 planted, haven’t 23 has, wrote 24 haven’t, drank, haven’t drunk

Present Perfect or Simple Past?
Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the simple past tense. In some sentences the present perfect continuous (PEG 190) is also possible.

1 This is my house.

How long you (live) here?

I (live) here since 1970.
2 He (live) in London for two years and then (go) to Edinburgh.
3 You (wear) your hair long when you were at school?

Yes, my mother (insist) on it.
4 But when I (leave) school I (cut) my hair and (wear) it short ever since.
5 Shakespeare (write) a lot of plays.
6 My brother (write) several plays. He just (finish) his second tragedy.
7 I (fly) over Loch Ness last week.

You (see) the Loch Ness monster?
8 I (not see) him for three years. I wonder where he is.
9 He (not smoke) for two weeks. He is trying to give it up.
10 Chopin (compose) some of his music in Majorca.
11 When he (arrive)?

He (arrive) at 2.00.
12 You (lock) the door before you left the house?
13 I (read) his books when I was at school. I (enjoy) them very much.
14 I can’t go out because I (not finish) my work.
15 I never (drink) whisky.

Well, have some now.
16 I (write) the letter but I can’t find a stamp.
17 The clock is slow.

It isn’t slow, it (stop).
18 Here are your shoes; I just (clean) them.
19 I (leave) home at 8.00 and (get) here at twelve.
20 I (do) this sort of work when I (be) an apprentice.
21 He just (go) out.
22 He (go) out ten minutes ago.
23 You (have) breakfast yet?

Yes, I (have) it at 8.00.
24 I (meet) him last June.
25 You (see) the moon last night?
26 The concert (begin) at 2.30 and (last) for two hours. Everyone (enjoy) it very much.
27 The play just (begin). You are a little late.
28 The newspaper (come)?

Yes, Ann is reading it.
29 The actors (arrive) yesterday and (start) rehearsals early this morning.
30 It (be) very cold this year. I wonder when it is going to get warmer.
31 Cervantes (write) Don Quixote.
32 We (miss) the bus. Now we’ll have to walk.
33 He (break) his leg in a skiing accident last year.
34 Mr Pound is the bank manager. He (be) here for five years.
35 Mr Count (work) as a cashier for twenty-five years. Then he (retire) and (go) to live in the country.
36 You (be) here before?

Yes, I (spend) my holidays here last year.

You (have) a good time?

No, it never (stop) raining.

Cevap: Present Perfect or Simple Past?
1 have you lived/have you been living, have lived/have been living 2 lived, went 3 did you wear, insisted 4 left, cut, have worn 5 wrote 6 has written, has just finished 7 flew, did you see 8 haven’t seen 9 hasn’t smoked 10 composed II did he arrive, arrived 12 did you lock 13 read, enjoyed 14 haven’t finished 15 have never drunk 16 have written 17 has stopped 18 have just cleaned 19 left, got 20 did, was 21 has just gone 22 went
23 have you had, had 24 met 25 did you see 26 began, lasted, enjoyed 27 has just begun 28 has the newspaper come 29 arrived, started 30 has been 31 wrote 32 have missed
33 broke 34 has been 35 worked, retired, went 36 have you been, spent, did you have, stopped

Present Perfect or Simple Past?
Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or simple past tense. Fill the spaces by repeating the auxiliary used in the preceding verb.
You (see) Mary on Monday?

Yes, I…
Did you see Mary on Monday?’
Yes, I did.

1 Where is Tom?-
I (not see) him today, but he (tell) Mary that he’d be in for dinner.
2 I (buy) this in Bond Street.

How much you (pay) for it?

I (pay) Ј100.
3 Where you (find) this knife?

I (find) it in the garden.

Why you (not leave) it there?
4 I (lose) my black gloves. You (see) them anywhere?

No, I’m afraid 1…. When you last (wear) them?

I (wear) them at the theatre last night.

Perhaps you (leave) them at the theatre.
5 Do you know that lady who just (leave) the shop?

Yes, that is Miss Thrift. Is she a customer of yours?

Not exactly. She (be) in here several times but she never (buy) anything.
6 He (leave) the house at 8.00.

I (not see) where he (go).
7 He (serve) in the First World War.

When that war (begin)?

It (begin) in 1914 and (last) for four years.
8 Who you (vote) for at the last election?

I (vote) for Mr Pitt.

He (not be) elected, (be) he?

No, he (lose) his deposit.
9 You (like) your last job?

I (like) it at first but then I (quarrel) with my employer and he (dismiss) me.

How long you (be) there?

I (be) there for two weeks.
10 I (not know) that you (know) Mrs Pitt. How long you (know) her?

I (know) her for ten years.
11 That is Mr Minus, who teaches me mathematics, but he (not have) time to teach me much. I only (be) in his class for a week.
12 You (hear) his speech on the radio last night?

What you (think) of it?
13 I (not know) that you (be) here. You (be) here long?

Yes, I (be) here two months.

You (be) to the Cathedral?

Yes, I (go) there last Sunday.
14 You ever (try) to give up smoking?

Yes, I (try) last year, but then I (find) that I was getting fat so I (start) again.
15 You (see) today’s paper?

No, anything interesting (happen)?
Yes, two convicted murderers (escape) from the prison down the road.
16 Mary (feed) the cat?

Yes, she (feed) him before lunch.

What she (give) him?

She (give) him some fish.
17 How long you (know) your new assistant?

I (know) him for two years.

What he (do) before he (come) here?

I think he (be) in prison.
18 I (not see) your aunt recently.

No. She (not be) out of her house since she (buy) her colour TV.
19 The plumber(be)here yet?

Yes, but he only (stay) for an hour.

What he (do) in that time?

He (turn) off the water and (empty) the tank.
20 Where you (be)?
I (be) out in a yacht.

Yes, very much. We (take) part in a race.

No, we (come) in last.
21 How long that horrible monument (be) there?

It (be) there six months. Lots of people (write) to the Town Council asking them to take it away but so far nothing (be) done.
22 I just (be) to the film War and Peace. You (see) it?

No, 1…. Is it like the book?

I (not read) the book.

I (read) it when I (be) at school.

When Tolstoy (write) it?

He (write) it in 1868.

He (write) anything else?
23 Hannibal (bring) elephants across the Alps.

He (want) to use them in battle.
24 Where you (be)?

I (be) to the dentist.

He (take) out your bad tooth?

It (hurt)?-
Yes, horribly.
25 She (say) that she’d phone me this morning, but it is now 12.30 and she (not phone)
yet.
26 I just (receive) a letter saying that we (not pay) this quarter’s electricity bill. I (not give) you the money for that last week?

I’m not out of work now. I just (start) a new job.

How you (find) the job?

I (answer) an advertisement in the paper.
28 You (finish) checking the accounts?

No, not quite. I (do) about half so far.
29 I (cut) my hand rather badly. Have you a bandage?

I’ll get you one. How it (happen)?

I was chopping some wood and the axe (slip).
30 How you (get) that scar?

I (get) it in a car accident a year ago.
31 You (meet) my brother at the lecture yesterday?

Why he (lose) his job?

He (be) very rude to Mr Pitt.
33 What are all those people looking at?

There (be) an accident.

You (see) what (happen)?

Yes, a motor cycle (run) into a lorry.
34 I (phone) you twice yesterday and (get) no answer.
35 Originally horses used in bull fights (not wear) any protection, but
for some time now they (wear) special padding,
36 That house (be) empty for a year. But they just (take) down the ‘For Sale’ sign, so I suppose someone (buy) it.

Cevap: Present Perfect or Simple Past?
1 haven’t seen, told 2 bought, did you pay, paid 3 did you find, found, didn’t you leave 4 have lost, have you seen, haven’t, did you last wear, wore, left 5 has just left, has been, has never bought 6 left, did he go, didn’t see, went 7 served, did that war
begin, began, lasted 8 did you vote, voted, wasn’t, was, lost 9 did you like, liked, quarrelled, dismissed, were, was 10 didn’t know, knew, have you known, have known
11 hasn’t had, have been 12 did you hear, did, did you think 13 didn’t know, were, have you been, have been, have you been, went 14 have you tried, tried, found, started 15 have you seen, has anything happened, have escaped 16 has Mary fed, fed, did she give, gave 17 have you known, have known, did he do, came, was 18 have you seen, hasn’t been bought 19 has the plumber been, stayed, did he do, turned, emptied 20 have you been, have been, did you enjoy, took, did you win, came 21 has that been, has been, have written, has been 22 have just been, have you seen, haven’t, haven’t read, read, was, did Tolstoy write, wrote, did he write 23 brought, did he do, wanted 24 have you been, have been, did he take, did, did it hurt 25 said, hasn’t phoned 26 have just received, haven’t paid, didn’t I give, did, spent/have spent 27 have you been, have just started, did you find, answered 28 have you finished, have done 29 have cut, did it happen, slipped 30 did you get, got 31 did you meet, did, had 32 lost, has been, did he lose, was 33 has been, did you see, happened, ran 34 phoned, got 35 did not wear, have worn 36 has been, have just taken, has bought

Simple Past or Past Continuous?

Put the verbs in brackets into the simple past or the past continuous tense.

1 I lit the fire at 6.00 and it (bum) brightly when Tom came in at 7.00.
2 When I arrived the lecture had already started and the professor (write) on the overhead projector.
3 I (make) a cake when the light went out. I had to finish it in the dark.
4 I didn’t want to meet Paul so when he entered the room I (leave).
5 Unfortunately when I arrived Ann just (leave), so we only had time for a few words.
6 He (watch) TV when the phone rang. Very unwillingly he (turn) down the sound and (go) to answer it.
7 He was very polite. Whenever his wife entered the room he (stand) up.
8 The admiral (play) bowls when he received news of the invasion. He (insist) on finishing the game.
9 My dog (walk) along quietly when Mr Pitt’s Pekinese attacked him.
10 When I arrived she (have) lunch. She apologized for starting without me but said that she always (lunch) at 12.30.
11 He always (wear) a raincoat and (carry) an umbrella when he walked to the office.
12 What you (think) of his last book?

I (like) it very much.
13 I (share) a flat with him when we were students. He always (complain) about my untidiness.
14 He suddenly (realize) that he (travel) in the wrong direction.
15 He (play) the guitar outside her house when someone opened the window and (throw) out a bucket of water.
16 I just (open) the letter when the wind (blow) it out of my hand.
17 The burglar (open) the safe when he (hear) footsteps. He immediately (put) out his torch and (crawl) under the bed.
18 When I (look) for my passport I (find) this old photograph.
19 You looked very busy when I (see) you last night. What you (do)?
20 The boys (play) cards when they (hear) their father’s step. They immediately (hide)
the cards and (take) out their lesson books.
21 He (clean) his gun when it accidentally (go) off and (kill) him.
22 He (not allow) us to go out in the boat yesterday as a strong wind (blow).
23 As I (cross) the road I (step) on a banana skin and (fall) heavily.
24 I still (lie) on the road when I (see) a lorry approaching.
25 Luckily the driver (see) me and (stop) the lorry in time.
26 How you (damage) your car so badly?

I (run) into a lamp-post yesterday.

I suppose you (drive) too quickly or were not looking where you (go).
27 As he (get) into the bus it (start) suddenly and he (fall) backwards on to the road.
28 I (call) Paul at 7.00 but it wasn’t necessary because he already (get) up.
29 When he (mend) the fuse he (get) a very bad shock.
30 When I (hear) his knock I (go) to the door and (open) it, but I (not recognize) him at first because I (not wear) my glasses.
31 When I came in they (sit) round the fire. Mr Pitt (do) a crossword puzzle, Mrs Pitt (knit), the others (read). Mrs Pitt (smile) at me and (say), ‘Come and sit down.’
32 While the guests (dance) thieves (break) into the house and (steal) a lot of fur coats.
33 The next day, as they (know) that the police (look) for them, they (hide) the coats in
a wood and (go) off in different directions.
34 She was very extravagant. She always (buy) herself new clothes.
35 Her mother often (tell) her that she (spend) too much money but she never (listen).
36 Whenever the drummer (begin) practising, the people in the next flat (bang) on
the wall.

Cevap: Simple Past or Past Continuous?
I was burning 2 was writing 3 was making 4 left 5 was just leaving 6 was watching, turned, went 7 stood 8 was playing, insisted 9 was walking 10 was having, lunched 11 wore, carried 12 did you think, liked 13 shared, was always complaining/always complained 14 realized, was travelling 15 was playing, threw 16 was just opening, blew 17 was opening, heard, put, crawled 18 was looking, found 19 saw, were you doing 20 were playing, heard, hid, took 21 was cleaning, went, killed
22 didn’t allow, was blowing 23 was crossing/crossed, stepped, fell 24 was still lying, saw 25 saw, stopped 26 did you damage, ran, were driving, were going 27 was getting/got, started, fell 28 called, was already getting up 29 was mending/mended, got 30 heard,
went, opened, didn’t recognize, wasn’t wearing 31 were sitting, was doing, was knitting, were reading, smiled, said 32 were dancing, broke, stole 33 knew, were looking, hid, went 34 was always buying 35 told, was spending/spent, listened 36 began, banged

Simple Past or Past Continuous?
Put the verbs in brackets into the simple past or past continuous tense.

1 Mr Smith never (wake) up in time in the mornings and always (get) into trouble for being late; so one day he (go) to town and (buy) an alarm clock.
2 To get home he (have to) go through a field where a bad-tempered bull usually (graze).
3 This bull normally (not chase) people unless something (make) him angry. Unfortunately, as Mr Smith (cross) the field, his alarm clock (go) off.
4 This (annoy) the bull, who immediately (begin) to chase Mr Smith.
5 Mr Smith (carry) an open umbrella as it (rain) slightly. He (throw) the umbrella to the ground and (run) away as fast as he could.
6 The bull (stop) and (begin) to attack the umbrella. While he (do) this Mr Smith escaped.
7 When he (awake) she (sit) by the window. She (look) at something in the street, but when he (call) her she (turn) and (smile) at him.
8 Why you (interrupt) me just now? I (have) a very interesting conversation with Mr Pitt.
9 The murderer (carry) the corpse down the stairs when he (hear) a knock on the door.
10 When I (look) through your books I (notice) that you have a copy of Murder in the Cathedral.
11 As they (walk) along the road they (hear) a car coming from behind them. Tom (turn) round and (hold) up his hand. The car (stop).
12 When I (arrive) at the station Mary (wait) for me. She (wear) a blue dress and (look) very pretty. As soon as she (see) me she (wave) and (shout) something, but I couldn’t hear what she (say) because everybody (make) such a noise.
13 The prisoner (escape) by climbing the wall of the garden where he (work). He (wear) blue overalls and black shoes.
14 She said that the car (travel) at 40 k.p.h. when it (begin) to skid.
15 She said that she (not like) her present flat and (try) to find another.
16 While he (make) his speech the minister suddenly (feel) faint. But someone (bring) him a glass of water and after a few minutes he (be able) to continue.
17 When I (see) him he (paint) a portrait of his wife.

He only just (start) when I (see) it, so I couldn’t judge.
18 I (take) my friend to a murder trial the other day.

Who (be) tried?-
A man called Bill Sykes.

Was he acquitted? —
I don’t know. They still (listen) to the evidence when we (leave).
19 I (be) sorry that I (have to) leave the party early, because I (enjoy) myself.
20 As we (come) here a policeman (stop) us. He (say) that he (look) for some stolen property and (ask) if he could search the car.
21 I (see) you yesterday from the bus. Why you (use) a stick?

I (use) a stick because I had hurt my leg that morning falling off a horse.

Whose horse you (ride)?
22 The floor was covered with balls of wool. Obviously Mrs Pitt (knit) something.
23 Ann said that she (be) on holiday. I (say) that I (hope) that she (enjoy) herself.
24 While he (water) the flowers it (begin) to rain. He (put) up his umbrella and (go) on watering.
25 I just (write) a cheque when I (remember) that I (have) nothing in the bank.
26 I (find) this ring as I (dig) in the garden. It looks very old. I wonder who it (belong) to?
27 When I last (see) her she (hurry) along the road to the station. I (ask) her where she (go) and she (say), ‘London’, but I don’t think she (speak) the truth because there
(not be) any train for London at that time.
28 The tailor said, ‘Your suit will be ready on Monday.’ But when I (call) on Monday he still (work) on it.
29 The teacher (come) into the classroom unusually early and one of the boys, who (smoke) a cigarette, (have) no time to put it out. So he (throw) it into the desk and (hope) for the best.
30 A little later the teacher (notice) that smoke (rise) from this desk.
‘You (smoke) when I (come) in?’ he (ask).
31 While I (swim) someone (steal) my clothes and I (have to) walk home in my swimsuit.
32 The men (say) that they (work) on the road outside my house and that they (want) some water to make tea.
33 He (say) that he (build) himself a house and that he (think) it would be ready in two years.
34 At 3 a.m. Mrs Pitt (wake) her husband and (say) that she (think) that someone (try) to get into the house.
35 Why you (lend) him that book? I still (read) it.

I’m sorry. I (not know) that you still (read) it.
36 I (come) in very late last night and unfortunately the dog (wake) up and (start) to bark. This (wake) my mother who (come) to the top of the stairs and (say), ‘Who is there?’
I (say). It is me,’ but she (not hear) me because the dog (bark) so loudly, so she (go)
back to her room and (telephone) the police.

Cevap: Simple Past or Past Continuous?
1 woke, was always getting/always got, went, bought 2 had to, usually grazed/was usually grazing 3 didn’t normally chase, made, was crossing, went 4 annoyed, began 5 was carrying, was raining, threw, ran 6 stopped, began, was doing 7 awoke, was
sitting, was looking, called, turned, smiled 8 did you interrupt, was having 9 was carrying, heard 10 was looking, noticed 11 were walking/walked, heard, turned, held, stopped
12 arrived, was waiting, was wearing, (was) looking/looked, saw, waved, shouted, was
saying/said, was making 13 escaped, was working, was wearing 14 was travelling, began 15 didn’t like, was trying 16 was making, felt, brought, was able 17 saw, was painting, did you like, was only just starting, saw 18 took, was being, were still listening, left/were
leaving 19 was, had to, was enjoying 20 were coming, stopped, said, was looking, asked 21 saw, were you using, was using, were you riding 22 was knitting 23 was, said, hoped, was enjoying 24 was watering, began, put, went 25 was just writing, remembered,
had 26 found, was digging, belonged 27 saw, was hurrying, asked, was going, said, was speaking, wasn’t 28 called, was still working 29 came, was smoking, had, threw, hoped
30 noticed, was rising, were you smoking, came, asked 31 was swimming, stole, had to
32 said, were working, wanted 33 said, was building, thought 34 woke, said, thought, was trying 35 did you lend, was still reading, didn’t know, were still reading 36 came, woke, started, woke, came, said, said, didn’t hear, was barking, went, telephoned

The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction

This construction consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the infinitive (mostly Indefinite or Passive). It is always an object in the sentence.

To see to hear to feel to watch (or any lexical equivalent of the verb of sense perception)	smb. do smth.
to let to make to have to get	smb. do smth.
to order to allow to forbid	smb. to do smth. smth. to be done
to like to prefer to want to know to like to expect (or any lexical equivalent of the verb of mental activity, wish or intention)	smb. to do smth

E.g. I believe it to have been a mistake.

They reported the enemy to be ten miles away.

I want you to come along with us.

I hate you to be troubled.

I saw him get on the bus this morning.

What makes you think it was me?

Let him sit here if he wants.

The Subjective Infinitive Construction

The construction consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case and any of the six forms of the infinitive. The construction is considered to be the subject of the sentence.

to do smth to be done to be doing smth to have done smth to have been done to have been doing smthsmbto do smth to be done to be doing smth to have done smth to have been done to have been doing smth

seems, seemed, will seem

appears, appeared, will appear

happens, happened, will happen

proved, will prove

turned out, will turn out

to be doing smth

to have done smth

to have been done

to have been doing smth

E.g. She was heard to laugh heartily.

He is supposed to have left.

He is said to be a good doctor.

He seems to notice nothing unusual.

The girl appeared to be everybody’s attention.

He is sure to come.

He was not likely to have made a mistake.

The for-to-Infinitive Construction

This construction consists of three elements: the preposition for, a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and an infinitive, mostly in its Indefinite, Passive or Continuous form. The construction has different syntactical functions in the sentence.

The Subject

It

is was will be would be

hard easy good bad important impossible not

for smb for smth

to do smth to be doing smth to be done

E.g. It will be best for her to go back home.

It’s easier for me to go out and buy a new pair.

It’s silly for you to be asking me questions.

It is not for me to say so.

It

is was will be

nice kind sensible silly stupid tactless

of smb

to do smth

E.g. It was silly of you to ask that question.

It is kind of you to say so.

It will be very sensible of you to go there at once.

The Object

E.g. I’m anxious for you to succeed.

I have arranged for you to have a private room.

He did not mean for you to stay here.

Your attitude made it difficult for him to tell you the truth.

He thinks it best for you to stay here.

The Attribute

somebody nothing anyone	for smb	to do smth
man thing time place	for smb	to do smth

E.g. There is no one for the children to play with.

There is nothing for me to say.

It is not the right time for us to speak about it.

It was the only thing for me to do.

The Adverbial Modifier of Purpose

to do smth

for smb

to do smth

E.g. He stood aside for us to pass in.

I left the notice on the table for everybody to see.

The Adverbial Modifier of Result

(too)

easy difficult young old

(enough)

for smb

to do smth

E.g. The rain can last long enough for us to miss the train.

The day was much too cold and rainy for anyone to have a good time.

The water is warm enough for the children to bathe.

Exercises

Exercise 1

State the function of infinitives in the following sentences.

1. He came into the room to shut the windows.

2. He seemed to know all about the influenza and said there was nothing to worry about.

3. Do you want me to read to you?

4. They said the boy had refused to let anyone come into the room.

5. Don’t make me laugh.

6. The British Museum is much too big to be seen in an hour or so.

7. She was sitting near enough to see his face.

8. I think the best way to get a general idea of a country is to study the map.

9. You may fail in your English if you go on like that.

10. Thank you for your very kind invitation to visit you and stay with you.

11. To achieve your purpose you should work hard.

12. Her dream was to become an actress.

13. It is difficult to study two foreign languages.

14. They began to walk fast.

15. He continued to speak to the audience.

16. I want to call on you tomorrow.

17. We’ll start to work at once.

18. He was too tired to work.

19. I saw them enter the building.

20. I want you to listen to the text.

21. We came here to help you.

22. He was the first to arrive.

23. What makes you think it was true to life?

24. They are said to have been writing a test.

25. She seems to have finished her story.

Exercise 2

Read the following extract and comment on the usage of the infinitive.

It was on the morning of the party that things really started to happen. To begin with, Mother discovered that Dodo (Durrell’s dog) had chosen this day, of all days, to come into season. One of the peasant girls had to be detailed to stand outside the backdoor with a broom to repel suitors so that Mother could cook interruptedly, but even with this precaution there were occasional moments of panic when one of the bolder Romeos found a way into the kitchen via the front of the house.

After breakfast I hurried out to see my goldfish and discovered, to my horror, that two of them had been killed and partially eaten. In my delight at getting the fish, I had forgotten that both terrapins and the water-snakes were partial to a plump fish occasionally. So I was forced to move the reptiles into kerosene tins until I could think of a solution to the problem. By the time I had cleaned and fed the Magenpies (magpie) and Alecko (the name of a sea-gull) I had still thought of no way of being able to keep the fish and reptiles together, and it was nearing lunchtime. The arrival of the first guests was imminent. Moodily I wandered round to my carefully arranged pond, to discover, to my horror, that someone had moved the water-snakes’ tin into the full glare of the sun. They lay on the surface of the water so limp and hot that for a moment I thought they were dead; it was obvious that only immediate first aid could save them, and picking up the tin I rushed into the house. Mother was in the kitchen, harassed and absent-minded, trying to divide her attention between the cooking and Dodo’s followers.

(From My Family and Other Animals by G. Durrell)

Exercise 3

Define the syntactical functions of the infinitive in the following sentences. Translate them into Ukrainian.

1. To drive fast in such weather is pretty dangerous.

2. What is more pleasant: to love or to be loved?

3. Her habit is to put five lumps of sugar in her tea.

4. Sociable people are easy to deal with.

5. I asked her to explain everything.

6. It’s a funny thing about life: if you refuse to accept anything but the best, you very often get it.

7. It necessary to be patient when you get in a traffic jam.

8. To take money from him was like robbing a child.

9. The only way to get best of an argument is to avoid it.

10. Everything comes to him who knows how to wait.

11. To let his friends down is not characteristic of him.

12. Man’s true vocation is to cultivate the ground.

13. The dentist recommended the patient to have the tooth out.

14. Her method is to make a child think and find his own solution.

15. It is very pleasant to look after a baby.

Exercise 4

Use the appropriate form of the infinitives in brackets.

1. I’m so dreadfully sorry (to bother) you in this stupid way.

2. He kept late hours last night, he may still (to sleep).

3. “She must (to be) very beautiful years ago,” he thought.

4. It’s a secret, and no one else must (to tell).

5. He’s a talented engineer. He’s supposed (to work) at a new invention.

6. She seems (to work) at her course paper since spring and says she has still a lot (to do).

7. I’ve just seen him passing the entrance door, so he can’t (to work) at the laboratory as you say.

8. The next morning he seemed (to forget) it all.

9. She seemed at times (to seize) with an uncontrolled irritation and would say sharp things.

10. You probably think that I must (to live) a very gay life in France, but it wasn’t so.

Exercise 5

Put “to” where necessary before the infinitives.

1. The teacher made me ______ repeat it all over again.

2. You needn’t ____ ask for permission, I let you ___ take my books whenever you like.

3. Will you help me ___ move the table?

4. He is expected ____ arrive in a few days.

5. You seem ___ know these places very well.

6. You had better ___ make a note of it.

7. I heard the door ___ open and saw a shadow ___ move across the floor.

8. He told me ___ try ___ do it once again.

9. I’d rather ___ walk a little before going to bed.

10. There‘s nothing ___ do but ___ wait till somebody comes ___ let us out.

11. Why not ___ wait a little longer?

12. I felt her ___ shiver with cold.

13. You are not ___ mention this to anyone.

14. We got Mother ___ cut up some sandwiches.

15. Rose wanted them ____ stop laughing, wanted the curtain ___ come down.

16. I’ll have ___ go there.

17. There doesn’t seem _____ be anything wrong with you.

18. She helped me ___ get over my fear.

19. He was seen ___ make a note of it.

20. What made you ___ deceive me?

Exercise 6

Use the required form of the infinitive in brackets. Insert the particle ‘to’ where necessary.

1. That was the last thing she expected (to hear) him (to say).

2. At that hour she was unaccustomed (to disturb) by anyone.

3. She could not let herself (to cry).

4. He wished (to make) the most of his opportunity.

5. He seemed (to think) over what he wanted (to say).

6. I watched the shore (to come) close, then (to swing) away, then (to come) closer.

7. He wants (to congratulate) you in person.

8. He doesn’t like (to keep) waiting.

9. I don’t like (to see) men (to cry).

10. There was nothing (to do) but (to knit) all day long.

11. His face showed grief and how upset he was, and his eyes seemed (to ask) for consolation.

12. But he dared not (to ask) what was in her mind.

13. I decided (to make) a fuss, and went (to look) for him.

14. We walked to the door and I saw her (to go) in and down the hall.

15. It’s very interesting (to hear) you (to say) that.

16. Let’s (to go) and (to find) him, he’s sure (to be) in front of his picture.

17. Some important decisions must (to make) soon.

18. You must (to dream) of it long.

19. Do you want (to make) something (to happen)?

20. There was one more announcement (to make).

Exercise 7

Insert ‘to’ where necessary before the infinitives in brackets (in some of the sentences Participle I could be used instead of an infinitive). Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. He made me (to do) it all over again.

2. He made her (to repeat) the message.

3. If you want us (to get) there before dark you should let us (to start) at once.

4. Would you like me (to go) now?

5. They won’t let us (to leave) the Customs till our luggage has been examined.

6. He wouldn’t let my baby (to play) with his gold watch.

7. Please let me (to know) your decision as soon as possible.

8. He made us (to wait) for hours.

9. I let him (to go) early as he wanted to meet his wife.

10. I’d like him (to go) to a university but I can’t make him (to go).

11. I want her (to learn) English; I think everybody must know it.

12. He tried to make me (to believe) that he was my stepbrother.

13. I felt the house (to shake) with the explosion.

14. Before he let us (to go) he made us (to promise) not to tell anybody what we had seen.

15. I advised him (to ask) the bus-conductor to tell him where to get off.

16. She expects her husband (to pay) all the household expenses although she has a good job, too.

17. What do you want me (to tell) him?

18. I saw the driver (to open) his window and (to throw) a box into the bushes.

19. That is too heavy for one person to carry; let me (to help) you.

20. I saw the plane (to crash) into the hill and (to burst) into flames.

21. The teacher advised us (to use) dictionaries.

22. Her father doesn’t allow her (to go) to the cinema alone.

23. Who told the nurse (to give) the sick man this medicine?

24. All mothers want their children (to be) strong and healthy.

25. I shouted, but I couldn’t make the deaf man (to hear) me.

Exercise 8

Use the correct form of the infinitive of the verb in brackets.

1. Robert hopes (select) to play in the next week’s football match.

2. Sue and Richard are always arguing. They seem (have) a few problems.

3. I sent my suit (dry-clean).

4. I’m sorry (disturb) you, but could you tell me time?

5. Is it ever so kind of you (send) all those lovely flowers when I was ill.

6. If he is seriously ill, his wife wants (tell) immediately.

7. The money for charity is suppose (raise) by the organizers of the party.

8. The police are looking for a missing boy. He is believed (wear) a white pullover and blue jeans.

9. Everything is just the way it used (be). Nothing seems (change).

10. When we got to the airport, we found all the flights (cancel) that day.

11. I meant (telephone), but I forgot.

12. You were silly (not lock) your car.

13. Why is she so late? – She can still (work).

14. You should (tell) you were coming.

15. I’m sorry (not come) last Thursday.

16. If you go out like that you’re certain (recognize) sooner or later.

17. We hope (finish) the project by next Saturday.

18. I would (go) to university if my parents had had more money.

19. Well, I am not sorry (miss) that train. I shouldn’t have met you otherwise.

20. There were always four little boys (pick up) balls and at least three dozen balls (pick up).

Exercise 9

Paraphrase the following sentences using the infinitive active or passive.

1. She was sorry that she had missed so many classes before the exams.

2. Emma was surprised when she heard of his sudden arrival.

3. She was extremely happy when she found her children safe and sound.

4. She was lucky enough that she’d been given another chance to admire the masterpiece.

5. The girl was out of breath. It seemed that she had been running.

6. When she felt worse, she was sorry that she hadn’t consulted the doctor before.

7. You should give this matter top priority.

8. We expect they will invite us to the meeting with the management.

9. It is nice when someone is waiting for you at home.

10. I hope they will interview me for this job.

11. Go and talk with George. He believes that we have unfairly treated him.

Exercise 10

Complete the following, using the infinitive

1. _______ would be unjust.

2. _______ was very pleasant.

3. ______ is the only thing to do.

4. _______ would be much more useful.

5. _______ is not an easy matter.

as adverbial modifier of purpose:

7. ________ you must work hard.

as adverbial modifier of result:

Exercise 11

Translate the sentences into Ukrainian, using the infinitive from the following list as:

to repair, to hear, to speak, to wait, to search

i. He went off. ________ for him now was a torture.

ii. It was impossible _______ the bicycle.

iii. It took us twelve days ________ the island.

iv. At this moment, ________ required more effort than she could make.

v. It is such a comfort _______ you say so, doctor.

to go on, to try, to tell, to return, to keep

a. My next plan was _________ to the house, avoiding Wells if possible.

b. My advice to you is ________ a coach tour.

c. The only thing she could do was ________ the truth.

d. The greatest thing is ________ our heads up.

e. There was no water nearby and the only things was _________ to find it somewhere.

to air, to see, to show, to join, to be surprised

a. He promised _______ us all of the island.

b. I must tell Ellen _______ the drawing-room very well tomorrow.

c. I was so relieved that I forgot _______ by her speaking.

d. He asked me __________ his party.

e. Philip was not sorry _______ him off.

to do, to say, to waste, to make, to arrive

c. There were no objections ________ that you could put your finger on.

5. adverbial modifier of result

to give, to believe, to go, to shut, to waste

a. You’re too young _______ the door on life.

b. She was well enough ________ to visit Henry in the sanatorium.

d. The very names of the chapters were enough ________ one a headache.

e. You’re too good __________ me.

6. adverbial modifier of purpose

to spend, to see, to keep, to fetch, to have

a. Jennie had driven off next day _______ the twins from a swimming-pool near by.

b. “Hallo, Mary,” I said. “Have you come ________ me company?”

c. I arrived on a Saturday afternoon ________ a week there.

d. He invited them to the flat one evening ________ coffee.

e. Sometimes people came from London especially __________ the Black Madonna.

Exercise 12

Make up sentences, using the following phrases with attributive infinitives:

A lot to do; no time to lose; a passage to translate; a man to trust; a rule to remember; the work to do; the distance to cover; a chance not to be missed; a nice town to live in; an easy person to live with; nobody to speak to; nothing to trouble about; mistakes to be corrected; nobody to rely on; nothing to be afraid of; a poem to learn; the first to break the silence.

Exercise 13

Point out infinitives of result and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. I intended to use the opportunity, it was too good to be missed.

2. When I left the Post Office I found that I was too late to catch the London train.

3. It was getting too hot to work and we decided to have a break.

4. He was clever enough to avoid talking on this subject with his wife.

5. She considered me to be too young to be drawn into their religious community.

6. She was woman enough not to forget to powder her nose even at that critical moment.

7. His case is such as not to be helped.

8. He heard a loud knock at the front door and opened it to see a stranger in a shabby raincoat.

9. She liked to be kind to people and used to give promises to forget them at once.

10. I wish I were strong enough to help you.

Exercise 14

Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use infinitives of result.

The storm was too strong (for me) to go out.

b. The text is so short that it can’t be translated in an hour.

The text is short enough to be translated in an hour.

i. It was so dark that he could see nothing before him.

ii. She was so excited that she couldn’t utter a word.

iii. He was so angry, he wouldn’t speak to me.

iv. His English vocabulary is very poor; he can’t make himself understood.

v. She knows English so well that she can read Somerset Maugham in the original.

vi. Mr. Smith was so cruel that he could send a man to death.

vii. The man was so down and out that he couldn’t get a decent job.

Exercise 15

Paraphrase the following sentences, making the object of the infinitive the subject of the sentence.

He is hard to please.

c. It is pleasant to look at her.

She is pleasant to look at.

i. It is not difficult to remember the rule. It is simple.

ii. It’s comfortable to sit in this old armchair.

iii. She’s a kind person. It’s easy to deal with her.

iv. He’s very stubborn. It’s difficult to persuade him.

v. It’s not very easy to translate this passage. It contains some idiomatic expressions.

vi. It’s pleasant to look at the girl, but not at all pleasant to talk to her. She’s pretty, but not very clever.

vii. It was unpleasant to watch their quarrel.

viii. It’s always funny to listen to his stories.

ix. It would be useful to follow his advice.

x. It’s not very easy to answer this question.

Exercise 16

Make up sentences, using the following adjectives with infinitives (follow the examples of the previous exercise).

Easy to deal with; difficult to understand; pleasant to look at; hard to please; useful to remember; amusing to watch; easy to answer; easy to follow; difficult to avoid; pleasant to talk to; not far to seek; not easy to find.

Exercise 17

Replace the clauses in the following sentences with infinitive phrases.

1. I should be delighted if I could get acquainted with the captain of your team.

2. He was annoyed when he learnt that they hadn’t chosen him as a player for the All-Union match.

3. I was sorry that I had missed the beginning of the match.

4. We must wait till we hear the referee’s whistle, then we’ll see the teams coming out.

5. You would be foolish if you missed the chance

6. I’m pleased that I’ve been of some service to you.

7. She turned to me as if she was going to ask me something.

8. We are happy that we have won, it was a difficult match.

9. I’m sorry that I’ve been of so little assistance.

10. He pressed his finger to his lips as if he wanted to warn her.

Exercise 18

Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one sentence using ‘enough’ with infinitive.

Model: He is strong He can carry it. – He is strong enough to carry it.

1. The rope wasn’t strong. It couldn’t support the two men.

2. The fire isn’t very hot. It won’t boil a kettle.

3. The coffee isn’t strong. It won’t keep us awake.

4. I am quite old. I could be your father.

5. You aren’t very old. You can’t understand these things.

6. He was very curious. He opened the letter.

7. You are quite thin. You could slip between bars.

Exercise 19

Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one sentence using ‘so as / in order’ with infinitive.

Model: He turned out the light. He didn’t want to waste electricity. – He turned out the light so as / in order not to waste electricity.

1. I took off my shoes. I didn’t want to make any noise.

2. He was playing very softly. He didn’t want to disturb anyone.

3. I sent him out of the room. I wanted to discuss his progress with his headmaster.

4. I am learning Greek. I wish to read Homer.

5. He sent his children to their aunt’s house. He wanted to have some peace.

6. He read only for short periods each day. He didn’t want to strain his eyes.

7. They got up very early. They wanted to get to the top of the hill before sunrise.

8. We must keep our gloves on. We don’t want to get frostbitten.

Exercise 20

Read the following extract. Choose the correct forms of the verbs in brackets. Say if the writer finds his years of adolescence happy or not. If not, why?

My childhood was, on the whole, happy and straightforward, and I felt affection for most grown-ups with whom I was brought in contact. I remember a very definite change when I reached what in modern child psychology is called “the latency period”. At this stage I began (to enjoy) using slang, pretending (to have) no feelings, and being generally “manly”. I began (despise) my people, chiefly because of their extreme horror of slang and their absurd notion that it was dangerous (to climb) trees. So many things were forbidden that I acquired the habit of deceit, in which I persisted up to the age of 21. It became second nature to me (to think) that whatever I was doing had better (to keep) to myself, and I have never quite overcome the impulse to concealment which was thus generated. I still have an impulse (to hide) what I am reading when anybody comes into the room, and (to hold) my tongue as to where I have been and what I have done. It is only by a certain effort of will that I can (to overcome) the impulse of concealment which was thus generated by the years during which I had (to find) my way among a set of foolish prohibitions.

The years of adolescence were to me very lonely and very unhappy. Both in the life of the emotions and in the life of intellect, I was obliged (to preserve) an impenetrable secrecy towards my people.

(From Autobiography by B. Russell)

Exercise 21

Study the table below. Paraphrase the following so as to use a to-infinitive after nouns / pronouns.

There is / there are + noun / pronoun + to-infinitive. There are five letters to write /to be written. Note: The active to-infinitive has a passive meaning here.

Have / have got + noun / pronoun + to-infinitive She had nowhere to sleep. = She didn’t have a bedroom or bed. Note: You cannot use the passive infinitive here

Note the idioms: He is nowhere to be seen / to be found. Nobody’s to blame.

1. There are so many books that must be read.

2. I have no money which I can spend.

3. There is nothing that we might do now.

4. There was nothing that might keep him at home that night, and he gladly accepted the invitation.

5. She had no one who could take care of her.

6. We’ve got no time that we can lose.

7. I have three exercises that I must do.

8. There are still a lot of things that must be packed.

9. There is nothing that we can say.

10. She must type twenty letters.

11. You can’t blame anybody for this.

Exercise 22

Study the examples, then combine the statements into one sentence using so as to and negative so as not to. Use the infinitive in the syntactical function of the adverbial modifier of purpose.

Remember:

The infinitive in the syntactical function of the adverbial modifier of purpose cannot be used in the negative. The long form in order not to is rather too formal in speech. So as to and the negative so as not to are usual when the ideas of purpose and result are combined.

Jane and Sally work in different departments of the same large company. They are chatting casually about work.

Model: Jane: I left home at eight this morning. I didn’t want to arrive late again!

I left home at eight this morning so as not to arrive late again!

Sally: I drove into town earlier either, too. I wanted to avoid rush-hour traffic.

I drove into town earlier, too so as to avoid the rush-hour traffic.

A. Jane: I sometimes walk to work. It keeps my weight down.

B. Sally: I’m living on fruit juice and cheese this week. I don’t want to put weight before the film’s annual dinner!

C. Jane: I’m going on a diet, too. I don’t want to have to buy a new dress for the dinner!

D. Sally: I’ll go to bed early tonight. I want to be fresh for our foreign visitors tomorrow!

E. Jane: And I’m going to the hairdresser’s after work. I want to make a good impression on my new boss!

F. Sally: I came up to the office by the stairs. I didn’t want to bump into the marketing manager in the lift!

G. Jane: I’m taking the day off on Friday. I want to have an excuse for not attending another boring Board Meeting!

H. Sally: And I’m taking Friday off, too! I want to have enough time to prepare for our office party on Friday evening.

Exercise 23

Here are some set expressions with the to-infinitive. Match them with their meanings or explanations.

1. To tell you the truth, …/ to be frank with you, …	a) From what he / she says, …
2. To cut a long story short, …	b) The first thing is / was, …
3. To get to the point, …	c) I’m going to say what I really think, …
4. To begin with, …/ to start with, …	d) I’m going to say this in different words, …
5. To put it another way, …	e) Now I’m going to tell you the important thing.
6. To hear him / her talk, …	f) I’m going to try to shorten the whole thing.
7. Needless to say, …	g) It’s clear that …

Exercise 24

Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian, paying attention to the use of the particle “to”, which implies the verb already mentioned.

1. He hadn’t wanted to laugh then, nor did he want to now.

2. You needn’t say anything if you don’t want to.

3. Michael knew a lot, or seemed to.

4. Well, let’s forget it, shall we? – I’m glad to, thanks very much.

5. She always kept her mouth shut when told to.

6. It was my fault. I’m sorry. I didn’t want to, I didn’t mean to.

7. I know I should have come to you and told you about it, but I was afraid to.

8. I’d be glad to see you. Come any time you like. – Darling, you know I long to. But I can’t.

9. You can’t send this letter. – I’m certainly going to, by air-mail from Port Said.

10. I couldn’t do what I wanted to.

Exercise 25

In each of the following pairs of sentences the infinitive used in the first sentence is repeated in the second. Read the sentences, expressing this second infinitive by to only. Note that where the second infinitive has an object, this word / phrase must be omitted.

Model: Why didn’t you tell me the truth the first time? – I meant to tell you the truth but I was too frightened. – I meant to but I was too frightened.

1. Did you visit the Pyramids? – No, I wanted to visit them but there wasn’t time.

2. Why do you wear dark glasses? – I have to wear them; I have weak eyes.

3. Do you smoke? – No, I used to smoke but I don’t now.

4. Would you like to go to the theatre tonight? – Yes, I’d love to go to the theatre.

5. Why didn’t you pay the bill for him? – I offered to pay it but he refused.

6. Have you put the car in the garage? – No, but I’m going to put it there.

7. I want you two to apologize to each other. – Well, I’m willing to apologize if he apologizes first.

8. Did you reserve seats on the train? – No, I tried to reserve them but they had been booked already.

9. Did you answer the letter? – No, I intended to answer but I’m afraid I forgot.

10. Why didn’t you hit him? – I was afraid to hit him.

11. Why didn’t you ask your father for the money? – I didn’t like to ask him.

12. Did you get any chance to fly the plane yourself? – No, I wanted to fly it but the pilot wouldn’t let me.

14. Why didn’t he repair the car himself? – He wasn’t able to repair it.

15. Did you buy sausages? – No, I meant to buy them but I forgot.

16. You should visit the Prado when you are in Madrid. – Yes, I intend to visit it.

17. Why doesn’t he play games? – His mother doesn’t want him to play games.

18. You ought to stop work now. – Yes, I’m just going to stop.

20. You should have thanked her before you left. – I meant to thank her but when I was going I couldn’t find her anywhere.

21. Why did she put parsley in the soup? – I told her to put it in.

22. You used to like rice pudding. – Yes, I know I used to like it but I don’t now.

23. Why didn’t you buy the car? – I was advised not to buy it.

24. Why did you bring your mother-in-law? I particularly asked you not to bring her.

25. Why didn’t he call the police? – He wasn’t able to call them. His telephone line had been cut.

Exercise 26

Respond to the following questions or statements, using the phrases from the list in brackets.

1. They say you read a lot.

2. Why didn’t you invite them?

3. Will you write a letter to her?

4. Why can’t you go with us?

5. I’m afraid you can’t come.

6. I see you haven’t bought any oranges.

7. You must take care of it.

8. She says you are going to help her.

9. Why don’t you dance with him?

10. You didn’t sign your test paper.

( Not so much as I used to; I simply didn’t want to; Yes, if you wish me to; But I’ll try to; I’m not allowed to; I meant to, but I forgot; Yes, I ought to; I suppose I’ll have to; He didn’t ask me to; No, I forgot to. )

Exercise 27

Replace the group of words in bold type by an infinitive.

Model: He was the first man who arrived. – He was the first (man) to arrive.

1. The captain was the last who left the ship.

2. He got to the top and was very disappointed when he found that someone else had reached it first.

3. I was astonished when I heard that he had left his native town.

4. There was no place where he could sit.

5. He put his hand into his pocket and was astonished when he found that his wallet wasn’t there.

6. I can’t go to the party; I have nothing that I can wear.

7. He reached the station exhausted and was very disappointed when he learnt that the train had just left.

8. He was the first man who swam the channel.

9. He was the only one who realized the danger.

10. He took out his spare wheel and was very disappointed when he discovered that that tyre was also punctured.

Exercise 28

Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one sentence using an infinitive.

Model: They sent me to Spain, they wanted me to learn Spanish. – They sent me to Spain to learn Spanish.

1. I am buying paint. I want to paint my hall door.

2. He opened the lions’ cage. He intended to feed the lions.

3. He rushed into the burning house. He wanted to save the child.

4. He rang the bell. He wanted to tell us that the dinner was ready.

5. The farmer put a scarecrow up in the field. He wanted to frighten the birds.

6. He sent his children to his sister’s house. He wanted them to watch the television programme.

7. I am saving up. I want to buy a car.

8. I keep my hens in a field surrounded by wire netting. I want to protect them against the foxes.

9. You should take your holidays in June. In this way you would avoid the rush.

10. They evacuated everybody from the danger zone. They wanted to reduce the risk.

Exercise 29

Complete the following, using a suitable infinitive phrase.

1. Can you advise me ________?

2. I can’t make up my mind ________.

3. She hesitated__________.

4. I am at a loss ________.

5. The trouble is _________.

6. _________ is the first thing to decide.

7. His chief difficulty was _________.

8. I didn’t want __________.

9. Show me ___________.

Exercise 30

Some parents were asked what ‘rules’ they would apply to teenagers. The beginning and ends of their responses have been mixed up. Rewrite the sentences according to what you think they actually said. (In some cases various combinations are possible.)

1. We wouldn’t let them …

2. We’d expect them…

3. We’d make them …

4. We wouldn’t let them …

5. We’d tell them not …

6. We’d warn them not …

8. We’d make them …

9. We’d encourage them…

10. We’d ask them not …

11. We’d want them …

a. … keep their rooms tidy.

b. … smoke in the house.

c. … go out late at the weekend.

d. … take their studies seriously.

e. … to respect their elders.

g. … hitch-hike by themselves.

h. … to take drugs.

i. … to play their music too loud.

j. … to do well at school.

k. … to believe everything they hear.

Discuss your sentences with a partner. Do you agree with the parents ‘rules’?

Exercise 31

Point out the Objective-with-the-Infinitive constructions. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. We expect her to come tomorrow.

2. Everyone consider him to be a clever man.

3. I wish John to come to our place at the weekend.

4. We ordered a huge bunch of flowers to be brought by seven o’clock.

5. I have never heard him play the piano.

6. Every spring we see the leaves on the trees come out again.

7. Usually English people don’t like the strangers to ask personal questions.

8. I will let you use my car if necessary.

9. The nurse felt him tremble with cold.

10. You could have heard a pin drop.

11. You mustn’t let it worry you.

12. What made you think so?

13. People know him to be an honest man.

14. He wished the specialist to cure him of his illness.

15. I know him to be working very hard.

16. What made you come so early?

17. I’ve never seen them talk together.

18. How can you let your son go there alone?

19. The borrowed the money, didn’t they? Let them pay it back.

Exercise 32

Change the following sentences so as to use the Objective-with-the-Infinitive construction with verbs to get, to have, to make.

1. My brother insisted that I should go and buy tickets for the football match.

2. His wife insisted that he should go in for weight lifting.

3. Judy’s parents insisted that she should go to Lock Willow for her summer holidays.

4. The supervisor on school practice insisted that Nick should take part in the discussion.

5. The referee insisted that the football player should leave the field as he was extremely rude.

6. The coach insisted that the team should train harder before the hockey match.

7. His mother insists that he should go to the dentist twice a year.

8. The teacher insisted that he should attend classes regularly.

9. Mother insisted that I should take the suit to the dry-cleaner’s.

10. My doctor insisted that I should spend my holidays in the mountains.

Exercise 33

Say what you were made, allowed, forbidden, let and forced when a child. Use the ideas from the box below.

Have parties Stay out late Bring friends home. Listen to loud music. Wear whatever clothes you want. Watch late films on TV.

Spend lots of money on records. Get up early on Sundays. Help at home. Buy your own clothes. Go on holiday with friends. Talk on the telephone for hours.

Exercise 34

Say what the warning advises / reminds / tells / warns you to do or not to do. Use sentences with the Objective-with-the-Infinitive construction.

Beach Safety

Hawaii’s beaches are breathtakingly beautiful, but they can be very dangerous for newcomers. The beaches are always open, even when there is no lifeguard protection. If you do not see a lifeguard on duty, swim on another beach. Remember:

Ever turn your back on the ocean.

Enter the water slowly and carefully.

Don’t be caught off your guard.

Never swim alone.

Always have someone you can call to.

Dive beneath breaking waves before they reach you.

Do not stand in the path of a large wave.

Do not swim over a large wave or turn your back against it.

Avoid beaches with rocky coasts.

Stay clear of areas with surfers.

Look out for runaway surfboards that wash in with the waves.

Model: It advises you to swim on another beach if you don’t see a lifeguard on duty.

Exercise 35

Paraphrase the sentences using the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction. Make all the necessary changes.

Model 1: People know that he is an honest man. – People know him to be an honest man.

1. I know that she has an interest in the company.

2. I believe that she isn’t guilty.

3. I found that the job was very challenging.

4. I imagine that he works very hard.

5. We didn’t expect that he would arrive by plane.

6. The patient wanted that the doctor examined him.

7. He wished that the specialist cured him of his illness.

8. Do you mean that he should bring his girlfriend to the party?

9. I didn’t mean that you should go there immediately.

10. Do you like when your guests leave your place late?

1. I felt that it was true this time.

2. I saw that the man pulled the door open.

3. I felt that his hand was trembling.

4. I noticed that the woman passed him by and gave him a quick and strange look.

5. We heard that the actor was singing.

6. They forced us to sit and wait (make).

7. I hope you will tell her to sell the car (have).

8. Her parents wouldn’t give her permission to go out with boys (let).

9. His parents didn’t allow him to leave the home-town (let).

10. She heard some strange sound and stepped aside (make).

11. The teacher told him to complete the task (have).

Exercise 36

Underline the word or phrase that is correct. Explain your choice.

1. She plans to move / that she should move to Hollywood to become a movie star.

2. All students of our university have been advised to arrive / arriving well in advance.

3. Can you help me to open / open this door?

4. We agreed to meet / meeting on Sunday.

5. The company management request that all mobile phones and pagers to be turned / be turned off at the premises.

6. She expected to complete / that she should complete her work in autumn.

7. They never knew her to play / play / that she should play the guitar.

8. Any talks about politics promise to be / being non-productive and boring.

9. You shouldn’t forget to send / sending a greeting card to her.

10. They could not afford to wait / wait any longer.

11. These clothes make him to look / look much older.

12. It took him a year to translate / translating the book.

13. “Let us to see / see our test papers”, the students asked.

14. They were surprised to see / seeing the test results so soon.

15. She is too young to think / that she should think of getting married.

Exercise 37

Make up sentences with the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction.

1. speak, I, have heard, of his boyhood, never, him.

2. swing, at once, open, the door, I, saw.

3. about something, I, quite different, me, you, want, to tell.

4. you, don’t, worry, that, let.

5. what, that, her, say, made?

6. without, her, let, my sister, go, a word.

7. young, her long hair, made, look, her.

Exercise 38

Express the same in another way using the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction instead of the subordinate clause.

1. I expect that you will join our excursion.

2. I heard that the door of the entrance hall opened.

3. She felt that her hands trembled.

4. He entered the inn and ordered that the supper should be brought to him.

5. I hate it when people speak so cynically.

6. I don’t like it when you repeat that nonsense.

7. We saw that he crossed the street looking to the left and to the right.

Exercise 39

Translate from Ukrainian into English.

1. Ми збираємося поїхати за місто влітку.

2. Здається, робота вже виконана.

3. Щоб бути здоровими, ви повинні виконувати фізичні вправи.

4. Ви знали, коли відбулась зустріч?

5. Ви чули, коли вони залишили будинок?

6. Він був надто хворий, щоб працювати.

7. Я бачив, як вони увійшли до крамниці.

8. Тут немає місця, щоб сісти.

9. Ми прийшли побажати вам щасливого Нового року.

10. Нехай він вам допоможе.

11. Я хочу, щоб ви прослухали цей текст.

12. Дуже легко давати поради.

13. Я можу вам допомогти?

14. Моя мрія – стати письменником.

15. Вони почали працювати разом.

16. Він допоміг другу перекласти статтю.

17. Чому б нам сьогодні не піти до друзів?

18. Вам краще залишитися вдома.

19. Дайте мені знати, коли він приїде.

20. Що змушує вас думати, що це правда?

Exercise 40

Identify the Subjective Infinitive Construction. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. She is extremely likely to succeed.

2. We are not allowed to go out.

3. He had been asked to remain to lunch.

4. Tell him that next time you happen to be alone together.

5. The girl was not likely to have taken an overdose of sleeping pills by mistake.

6. It was bound to happen.

7. They seem to be planning a new attempt.

8. The children are sure to be fighting again.

9. The facts are sure to become known next year.

10. She proved to know the subject.

11. It was silent in the room. Only the clock was heard to tick.

12. A young woman is supposed to have written the book.

13. She smiled broadly and waved her hand. She seemed to have recognized me.

14. Just look at his hands. He is sure to have been working in the garage.

Exercise 41

Change the sentences so as to use the Subjective Infinitive Construction.

Model: It is said that he knows several oriental languages. – He is said to know several oriental languages.

1. It seems that she has forgotten her promise.

2. It is reported that the expedition left in June.

3. It was considered that he is one of the best pilots in the country.

4. It appears that they understood this rule very well.

5. The teacher expects that you will read an article on this subject.

6. You signed the document without reading it, which was very stupid.

7. He rushed into the burning house, which was very brave of him.

8. Is it likely that he will arrive before six?

9. It isn’t likely that the captain will allow them to put these cases on deck.

10. They will certainly conclude this agreement in the nearest future.

11. It seems that nothing has changed.

12. You may miss the beginning of the performance if you don’t hurry.

13. It appeared that the charges at the hotel were reasonable.

14. He was the only person who believed in the results of the experiments.

15. He will be pleased when he learns the news.

Exercise 42

Point out the Objective-with-the-Infinitive construction and the Subjective Infinitive construction. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. The pills my doctor has given me make me feel rather odd.

2. I want you to say to yourself that he died a gallant death in the service of his country, and we must be proud of him.

3. I had seen my father leave the house that very morning.

4. Just as he was falling into unconsciousness he heard his door open and quickly shut.

5. My father was sure that fresh air and exercise would make us sleep well.

6. I thought it to be the signal to start.

7. We didn’t expect him to come back so soon and were wondering what had happened.

8. She felt somebody touch her gently by the hand.

9. I’d like it to be done as quietly as possible, without attracting anybody’s attention.

10. She didn’t seem to notice his unfriendly tone.

11. The number to which I had been directed turned out to be a house standing a little by itself, with its back to the river.

12. The boy was made to repeat his story twice.

13. He was heard to say that it would rain and ordered the door to the balcony to be shut.

14. I looked at the house with suspicious curiosity, and it seemed to be looking back at me.

15. He is said to be a sailor in his youth.

Exercise 43

Express the same in another way using the Subjective Infinitive Construction instead of the subordinate clause.

Model: It was known that he was a capable student. – He was known to be a capable student.

I heard him play the piano. – He was heard to play the piano.

1. It was known that she was an excellent doctor.

2. They saw him enter the house in the morning.

3. It was believed that he had returned to London.

4. It was expected that the conference would take place in May.

5. We heard him laugh heartily.

6. It is supposed that he has been working for two hours.

7. They often heard the girl sing that tune.

Exercise 44

Identify the for-to-Infinitive Construction in the following sentences. Translate them into Ukrainian.

1. It was easy for my brother to learn Spanish.

2. We are still waiting for him to come.

3. Have you bought something for me to read during the trip?

4. The day was much too cold and rainy for anyone to have a good time.

5. It’s not the right time for us to speak about it.

6. Your attitude made it difficult for him to tell you the truth.

7. It will be best for you to see the doctor about the tooth.

8. I’d like to put forward a few suggestions for you to think about.

9. Harriet was anxious for the party to be a success.

10. It might be possible for you to sign the paper today.

11. He didn’t mean for them to study in the library.

12. It was hard for the boy to read the book in the original.

Exercise 45

Comment on the infinitive phrases and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. 1. He held the door open for her to get in.

2. How nice of you to know my voice! Am I disturbing you?

3. It was kind of you to come, but you must go now.

4. “Three weeks and two days, my lady,” Leadbitter replied. “How nice of you to have counted the days!” said Lady Franklin.

5. It’s too late for the children to go out.

2. 1. I have something so important to tell you that I hardly know how to say it.

2. I’m not quite sure whether to join them or not.

3. When to start is to be decided yet.

4. He hesitated what to say next.

5. I didn’t know which book to choose.

6. Tell me who to invite.

7. The question is where to hide it.

3. 1. And to tell you the truth I’m glad to have a companion myself.

2. To be frank, no other house in the town was as popular as theirs.

3. He will be a little late, to be sure, and Ann will be grumbling.

4. To cut a long story short, everything ended to her delight.

Exercise 46

Practice the for-to-Infinitive Construction after the adjectives.

When Sue and Peter Dale visited the old house to see how far the workmen had progressed with the repairs, it was disappointing for them to see that several jobs had not been done to their satisfaction.

Study the examples, then rewrite the sentences.

Model: Peter was impatient. He wanted the pile of bricks in the kitchen to be removed. – Peter was impatient for the pile of bricks in the kitchen to be removed.

a) Sue was eager that the black tiles in the bathrooms should be replaced.

b) Peter thought it necessary that the missing panes should be put into the kitchen windows immediately.

c) They were anxious that the painter should remove the red splashes from the kitchen floor immediately.

d) Sue wasn’t happy that Peter should pay the bill for the faulty central heating.

e) Sue thought it would be wrong if Peter paid the builders. The garage wasn’t wide enough for the car.

f) Sue thought it would be too dangerous if Peter tried to repair the wiring system himself.

g) They were impatient. They wanted the gardener to start his work.

h) They were eager that the workmen should be out of the house before Christmas.

Exercise 47

Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one sentence using too / enough + for-to-Infinitive Construction.

Model: It is very cold. We can’t go out. – It’s too cold for us to go out.

1. You are very young. You can’t have a front-door key.

2. It’s very cold. We can’t bathe.

3. I am rather old. I can’t wear that kind of hat.

4. The ladder wasn’t very long. It didn’t reach the window.

5. He hadn’t much money. He couldn’t live on it.

6. He was furious. He couldn’t speak.

7. The fire wasn’t very hot. It won’t boil a kettle.

8. Tom was very foolish. He told lies to the police.

9. You are quite thin. You could slip between bars.

10. He is very ill. He can’t eat anything.

11. Our new car is very wide. It won’t get through those gates.

12. The floor wasn’t strong. We couldn’t dance on it.

13. I was terrified. I couldn’t move.

14. The coffee isn’t strong. It won’t keep us awake.

15. The river is deep. We can’t wade it.

16. He is lazy. He won’t get up early.

17. The ice is quite thick. We can walk on it.

18. He was very drunk. He couldn’t answer my questions.

19. It is very cold. We can’t have breakfast in the garden.

20. He was very snobbish. He wouldn’t talk to any of us.

21. The package is very thick. I can’t push it through the letter-box.

22. She was very mean. She never gave to charity.

23. He is very impatient. He never listens to anyone.

24. I was very tired. I couldn’t walk any further.

25. It was very hot. You could fry an egg on the pavement.

Exercise 48

Replace the group of words in italics by the infinitive or the infinitive construction.

Model: It is important that he should understand this. – It is important for him to understand this.

a) The captain was the last man who left the ship.

b) He got to the top and was very disappointed when he found that someone else had reached it first.

c) Would you be very kind and lend me your umbrella?

d) There are a lot of things that need mending.

e) I was astonished when I heard that he had left the country.

f) It is better that he should hear it from you.

g) I was rude to him, which was stupid. (It was stupid …)

h) If he had another child with whom he could play he would be happier.

i) It is necessary that everyone should know the truth.

j) There was no place where he could sit.

k) He put his hand into the pocket and was astonished when he found that his wallet wasn’t there.

l) He rushed into the burning house, which was very brave of him. (It was very brave …)

m) I can’t go to the party, I have nothing that I can wear.

n) It is expected that he will broadcast a statement tonight. (He is expected …)

o) He reached the station exhausted and was very disappointed when he learnt that the train had just left.

p) It seems that the crime was committed by a left-handed man.

q) Is it likely that he will arrive before six?

r) I was on the point of leaving the house when the phone rang.

s) This is the plan: someone will meet you at the station… (You … (be met) at the station)

t) She is anxious that they should have every possible advantage.

Exercise 49

Paraphrase the following, using the “for-phrases” with infinitives.

1. She held out the telegram so that I might see it.

2. It’s quite natural that you should think so.

3. The first thing he must do is to ring them up.

4. Let us wait till they settle this matter.

5. This is a problem you should solve by yourself.

6. I shall bring you the article that you may read.

7. I gave the umbrella to the children lest they should get wet through.

8. I’ve put on weight. I can’t wear this dress any longer.

9. He spoke loudly so that everyone might hear them.

10. There is nothing that I may add.

11. It is very unusual that he should have said such a thing.

12. It’s high time you know Grammar well.

Exercise 50

Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use the ‘for-to-Infinitive’ construction.

1. Sandy stood at the kitchen door waiting till Miss Brodie came for a walk by the sea.

2. It is time that you should go, Tom.

3. There was nobody who she could speak to.

4. A peasant was walking wearily towards us, and we waited till he came up to us in order to ask the way again.

5. Janet sat and waited till they went away.

6. She then sat down in his chair and waited till the kettle boiled.

7. Was it possible that she could forget him?

8. Then she made her way to the kitchen where the tray had been set by Mr. Anthony and waited till Mrs. Petti made the tea.

9. He waited till she spoke.

Exercise 51

Complete the sentences using the ‘for-to-Infinitive’ construction.

1. They waited at the door for (she) _________.

2. It is necessary for (he) __________.

3. There was no reason for (she) __________.

4. It was obligatory for (they) ________.

5. There were no friends for (he) _________.

6. There is nothing for (you) _________.

7. She played the violin for (they) __________.

8. It seemed strange for (they) __________.

9. It is desirable for (Pete) _________.

10. It is advisable for (they) __________.

Exercise 52

Change the sentences so that to use different constructions with the infinitive.

a) It is expected that the weather will improve.

b) It seemed that she was a very experienced teacher.

c) It appears that she likes her work very much.

d) It was very kind that you visited John in hospital.

e) Emma can’t reach the top shelf. It is very high.

f) The guests can take part in lots of activities. (there are …)

g) I knew that he was a very careful driver.

h) Don’t you find that the painting is a masterpiece?

i) I can’t go to the party; I have nothing that I can wear.

j) He may not be invited to official opening of the Good Will Games. (He is unlikely …)

k) She held me out the telegram so that I might see it.

l) It’s quite natural that you should think so.

m) Have you noticed how she flushed when you looked at her?

n) She called Peter names. I heard it.

o) He was the first person who came to the bar and the last who left it.

Exercise 53

Read the story of a girl, Vicky by name, who is learning Japanese. Identify constructions with the infinitive.

It is no uncommon thing today to go to evening classes to learn a foreign language. All members of my family did it. It was easy for my brother to learn Spanish and it was no trouble at all for my father to learn French at evening classes. But my mother found it quite difficult to learn German. As for me, it wasn’t an easy thing to learn Italian at evening classes two years ago. Grammar rules were so complicated for me to remember!

Now I’m learning Japanese and it appears to be very hard for me again. It seems quite easy for our teacher to pronounce Japanese well. But it would be foolish for us (students) to expect to acquire perfect pronunciation. It takes a lot of time.

Gradually I get to understand that it is impossible for evening class students to learn to speak Japanese fluently. It will be more reasonable for me to simplify aim at making myself understood. But it would have been wrong for me to give up the course half way through as it is unusual for me to get discouraged. But anyway I must admit it’ll be a relief for me to finish the course next summer! In fact, it would be best for me to go on holiday to Japan afterwards!

A: Answer the questions:

1. How do most people learn a foreign language today?

2. How difficult was it for Vicky’s family to learn foreign languages?

3. What problems did Vicky have when she was taking a course in Italian?

4. Vicky finds Japanese quite easy to pronounce, doesn’t she?

5. Does she expect to speak Japanese fluently after the end of the course?

B: Say what is quite easy / difficult / interesting / boring / useful / (un)necessary / helpful for you about your English studies.

C: Work in groups. Give some advice for students to improve their English. You may use the following:

It is important / useful / necessary /

It will be a good idea / the best thing / for you + to-infinitive

There are so many / different + noun /

Exercise 54

Provide a natural conversational context for the following statements.

1. To choose time is to save time (Francis Bacon (1561-1626) – an English politician, philosopher and writer. He is known especially because of the suggestion that he may have written some or all of Shakespeare’s plays).

2. To live long it is necessary to live slowly (Marcus Cicero (106-43 BC) – a Roman consul, who was a famous public speaker and writer).

3. To live by medicine is to live horribly (Carl Linnaeus (1707-78) – a Swedish scientist who studied animals and plants and invented the system (the Linnaean system) for putting them into classes).

4. The best way to make the children good, is to make them happy (Oscar Wilde (1854-1900) – an Irish writer best known for his play “The Importance of Being Earnest” and his novel “The Picture of Dorian Gray”).

Exercise 55

Learn the following proverbs. Comment upon them and illustrate their meanings by little stories of your own invention.

1. Every oak must be an acorn.

2. Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.

3. The fish will soon be caught that nibbles at every bait.

4. The bull must be taken by the horns.

5. Take not a musket to kill a butterfly.

6. Let bygones be bygones.

7. Through obedience learn to command.

8. It is useless to flog a dead horse.

9. It is easier to be wise after the event.

10. It is easy to bear the misfortunes of others.

11. It is easier to pull down than to build.

12. He that fights and runs away may live to fight another day.

13. Set a thief to catch a thief.

14. It is better to wear out than to rust out.

Exercise 56

Translate into English.

1. Хто дозволив вам взяти цю книгу?

2. Компанія найняла нового досвідченого бухгалтера, щоб привести справи до ладу.

3. Американка Джейн Браун вчить шимпанзе використовувати мову німих.

4. Врешті-решт продавець умовив нас взяти цю модель.

5. Я не винен, мене змусили зрадити вас.

6. Коли мені було 10 років, я присягнулася ніколи не брехати у своєму житті.

7. Хто дозволив дітям їсти морозиво до сніданку?

8. Президент закликав ворогуючі сторони сісти за стіл переговорів і знайти мирне вирішення цього конфлікту.

9. Я хочу, щоб ти зателефонував лікарю, коли повернешся.

10. Лікар наказав мені їсти більше фруктів.

11. Один із приятелів Джона зробив так, щоб його взяли на роботу.

12. Що змусило вас запізнитися на лекцію?

13. Кейт застерегла Джона, щоб він не докучав їй своїми дзвінками.

14. Ми плануємо завершити будівництво до кінця року.

15. На жаль, Сара схильна все перебільшувати, я не довіряю їй.

1. Раді бачити вас у нашому домі.

2. Братан неохоче приміряв нові джинси.

3. Ця сукня дуже дорога, щоб купити її, і занадто модна, щоб одягати її на роботу.

4. Президент призначив свого помічника представляти інтереси країни на переговорах.

5. Вона тільки й робить, що отримує незадовільні оцінки.

6. Йому знадобилася не одна година, щоб знайти троянди необхідного кольору.

7. Діти очікували, що батьки повернуться з вечірки раніше.

8. Для вас краще обрати шпалери та кахлі зараз.

9. Ти мрієш, тільки й того. Чому б не спробувати здійснити свою мрію?

10. Мері змусила чоловіка купити нову квартиру.

11. Джек найняв Пітера відремонтувати свій офіс.

12. Для туристів ліпше за все знайти недорогий готель.

13. Усі побажали мені одужати до понеділка.

14. Він прагне стати відомим за будь-яку ціну.

15. Ми прикинулися, що кулінарне мистецтво бабусі було нам до вподоби.

1. Бажано, щоб ти повернувся з роботи раніше.

2. Вчора їй було необхідно зустріти в аеропорту друга.

3. Дельфіни достатньо кмітливі, щоб виконувати прості команди.

4. Продавець порадила мені придбати ці парфуми.

5. Лікар порадив мені утриматися від паління.

6. Ми найняли вас, щоб навчити наших дітей малювати.

7. Пробач, але я забув виключити праску.

8. Він тільки й робить, що скаржиться на нестачу грошей.

9. Цей рецепт дуже простий, щоб здивувати тітку Поллі.

10. Так нерозумно з мого боку дозволяти обдурювати себе.

11. Добре знову опинитися вдома.

12. Вчора Джон врешті-решт погодився повести дітей до зоопарку.

13. Мене примусили погодитися на жорсткі вимоги.

14. У батьків Джима достатньо грошей, щоб послати його до Гарварду вчитися.

15. Наша компанія рада повідомити вам умови контракту.

16. Йому знадобилося кілька років, щоб вивчити японську мову.

17. Ситуація має тенденцію змінюватися кожні 4 місяці.

18. Уряд закликав громадян не панікувати.

19. Мого батька призначили виконувати обов’язки директора філії.

20. Ця тварина занадто незалежна, щоб тримати її в клітці.

THE GERUND

The Gerund is a non-finite form of the verb that has both noun and verb characteristics. Its noun characteristics are the following:

1. The Gerund can be the subject of the sentence, an object, a predicative (e.g. Reading is his favourite pastime. (subject) I’ve finished reading. (object) My worst habit is smoking. (predicative)

2. It can be preceded by a preposition (e.g. He insisted on coming in time).

3. It can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or a possessive pronoun (e.g. Excuse my interrupting you. I hate John’s coming late every day).

Its verb characteristics are the following:

1. It can be followed by a direct or an indirect object (e.g. Closing the factory means putting people out of work. He hates speaking to strangers.)

2. It can be modified by an adverb (e.g. A teacher of English must avoid speaking too quickly.)

3. The Gerund has voice and tense distinctions:

Objective verbs have four forms of the Gerund:

Indefinite	Passive
writing	being written
Perfect	Perfect Passive
having written	having been written

Subjective verbs have only two forms of the Gerund:

Indefinite	Passive
standing	—
Perfect	Perfect Passive
having stood	—

The Gerund can be easily confused with the verbal noun. In some cases it is impossible to tell whether you are dealing with a gerund or with a verbal noun and consequently impossible to translate the sentence with any degree of exactness. In most cases we can distinguish between the gerund and the verbal noun in the following way:

The gerund:

1. Has tense and voice forms; so the forms being done, having done etc. can not be nouns;

2. Can take a direct object; so “-ing” form followed by a direct object (reading a letter) can not be a noun;

3. Can be modified by an adverb; so “-ing” form modified b an adverb(reading fast) can not be a noun;

4. Can be part of a verbal aspect predicate; so “-ing” form following the verbs to begin, to stop, to go on, to keep, etc. are mostly gerunds.

The verbal noun:

1. Can be used in the plural (bright sayings of her children);

2. Can have an article (the banging of the lift);

3. Can be followed by a prepositional phrase in an attributive function (a faint glimmering of light);

4. Can be modified by an adjective, a demonstrative pronoun or an indefinite pronoun (the bright sayings).

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He seemed to think over what he wanted to say

1. The machine needs (to clean).
2. I am quite serious in (to say) that I don’t want to go abroad.
3. He seemed sorry for (to be) inattentive to his child. 4. She confessed to (to forget) to send the letter.
5. The old man could not stand (to tell) what he should do.
6. Going to the party was no use: he had no talent for (to dance).
7. The Bronze Horseman is worth (to see).
8. After thoroughly (to examine) the student, the professor gave him a satisfactory mark.
9. After thoroughly (to examine) by the examination commission, the student was given a satisfactory mark.
10. She accused him of (to steal) her purse.
11. She reproached me for (not to write) to her.
12. This job is not worth (to take).
13. After (to look) through and (to mark) the students’ papers, the teacher handed them back.
14. After (to look) through and (to mark), the papers were handed back to the students.
15. These clothes want (to wash).
16. David was very glad of (to find) his aunt.
17. Excuse me for (to break) your beautiful vase.
18. You never mentioned (to be) to Greece.
19. She was proud of (to award) the cup of a champion.
20. I don’t remember ever (to meet) your sister.
21. I don’t remember (to ask) this question by anybody.
22. The cat was punished for (to break) the cup.
23. The cat was afraid of (to punish) and hid itself under the sofa.

Обратите внимание, что после глаголов to want, to need, to deserve, to require, а также после слова worth употребляется active gerund, хотя по значению он passive.

E.g. My watch needs repairing (а не being repaired).

Упражнение 408. Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму герундия.

I don’t mind opening the window. I don’t mind his opening the window.

She did not object to doing the room. She did not object to my doing the room.

She insisted on being allowed to go home. She insisted on her son being allowed to go home.

Источники информации:

• http://www.native-english.ru/forum/39885/pomogite-pozhaluystaochen-nuzhnosrochno
• http://koesnandar1964.wordpress.com/2009/12/10/materi-structure-1/
• http://studopedia.net/12_64477_The-Objective-with-the-Infinitive-Construction.html
• http://njnj.ru/golits/golits_gerund2.htm