In what areas is english mostly used

WHY DO PEOPLE IN OUR COUNTRY LEARN FOREIGN LANGUAGES?

It is necessary to learn foreign languages. That’s why pupils have got such subject as a foreign language at school. Everybody knows his own language, but it is useful to know foreign languages.

I learn English, because I understand that I can use it. For example, if I go to England I’ll be able to speak English there. If I go to the USA, I’ll speak English too.

I learn English because I want to read foreign literature in the original. I know and like such English and American writers as Charles Dickens, Mark Twain, Lewis Carroll and others. I understand that I must learn English. If I know English well, I’ll be able to go to the library and take books by English and American writers in the original.

I like to travel. But it is difficult to visit countries, when you don’t know the language of these countries. If J know the language of the country, where I am going to, it will be easy to travel there. If I want to ask something, I can do it in English.

I like to read books. And I like to read newspapers, too. If I know, for example, English, I’ll be able to read English newspapers and magazines. Knowledge of foreign languages helps young people of different countries to understand each other, to develop friendship among them. For example, we have a foreign exhibition in Moscow. If I know a foreign language, it is easy for me to visit this exhibition.

You can see a lot of advertisements, signboards, and names in the streets. They are in foreign languages. Very often they are in English. If you know English, you can read and understand them.

Now we buy many clothes from other countries. If you know English well, you can read something about the size of this or that thing. It is clear for you what it is made of.

There are a lot of films in foreign languages. If you know them, you can understand films without any help.

In short, I understand that I have to learn English in a proper way and I try to do it.

21. Answer the questions:

1. Why do we need to learn foreign languages?

2. How many people in the world speak English?

3. What English-speaking countries do you know?

4. In what areas is English mostly used?

5. What are the main difficulties for you in learning foreign languages?

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Описание презентации по отдельным слайдам:

English is an international language

Plan
1.How many people in the world speak English?

2. What are English-speaking countries?

4.In what areas is English mostly used?

5.Why is the knowledge of English necessary nowadays?

Words
Important – важный
Need – нуждаться
Efficient – эффективный
Means – средства
Exchange – обмен
Native speakers – носители языка
Official – официальный
Communication – общение
Area – область
Software – компьютерное обеспечение
Necessary – необходимый
Speak fluently – говорить свободно

The most spoken languages in the world
How many people speak English?

What are English-speaking countries?

Fill in the mind map with reasons for learning English.

Why do we learn English?

A. It helps to learn your own language

B. It is good for the intellect

C. It prepares you for a successful career

D. It is good for your profession

It is good for your profession!
Choose the profession where we need English:

A lorry driver
A mechanic
A detective
A sales manager
A journalist
A tour guide
A shop assistant
A lawyer
A teacher
A manager
A chef
A police officer

Why do you need English in your future job?
Reading books
Listening to music
Reading instructions
Travelling abroad
Working abroad
Use a computer
Watching films

Example : I need English for…

In what areas is English mostly used?
Choose :

Communication in science, technology
Business
Mass media
Computer software
Literature
Education
Modern music
Tourism

Why is the knowledge of English necessary nowadays?

Continue the sentence

Example : we need to learn English because…

a) English is an international language…
b) English-speaking counties are…
c) English is mostly used in…
d) The knowledge of English necessary because…
f) I need English…

Odd one out
1.Which word is the odd one out? Why?

Example :
Orange apple chicken banana

Camera stereo photograph computer

Pink yellow warm blue

War sailor soldier pilot

Fridge dishwasher television washing machine

Winter Autumn Sky Summer

pilot a mechanic a shop assistant film

Ball chicken soup bread

Son father uncle friend

Vocabulary
A
A mechanic
A pilot
An actor
An interpreter
A journalist
A singer
A shop assistant

Match a line in A with a line in B
Jobs
B
makes films
works in opera
translates things
mends cars
flies a plane
sells things
writes for a newspaper

1.What have we learnt at the lesson?

2. What is your opinion about necessity of learning English?

3. Your marks for the lesson

Thank you for the lesson!

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Where is English used

English-speaking countries of the world

Why are you learning English? For work, education, travel It all comes down to communication, right? English speaking people feel confident not only at home but also abroad. Especially in those countries where English is not used by tourists, but by the local population. Moreover, the English-speaking countries of the world have much in common, not only in the language of communication, but also in culture as a whole. We recently discussed English for tourists in this article.

At the same time, English-speaking countries often have a second or even a third official language. Tourists do not need to know it, but imagine how much it will expand the boundaries of perception! After all, it is for this that we go on trips. Therefore, let’s find out in which countries English is used as the main language, and what exactly is the Anglosphere.

The Anglosphere as the Sum of the English-Speaking Countries of the World

But we understand that in the real world one cannot ignore such political and social aspects as, for example, the borders of states, the number of their population, official symbols, etc. Therefore, let’s remember which countries are officially English-speaking, that is, English remains the main state language for them:

India (population 1 129 866 154)

USA (population 300)

Pakistan (population 162)

Nigeria (population 128)

Philippines (population 87)

United Kingdom (population 60)

South Africa (population 44 344 136)

Tanzania (population 38)

Sudan (population 36)

This list contains the names of not all, but the largest and / or most interesting countries for travelers, in which English is the official language. However, be careful when using the definition of “official language”.

Because each state, despite belonging to the imaginary «Anglosphere», has its own way.

For example, the vast majority of Australians speak English, including government agencies use it in their work, but Australia simply does not have an official language.

Other countries where English is spoken

The map of the Anglosphere is variegated and varied. It is impossible to unite all English-speaking countries with common bridges and / or roads, they are too scattered around the world. But you can trace the spread of the English language across the planet.

It originated in Great Britain, and its policies in the XNUMXth and XNUMXth centuries helped spread the English language throughout the world. Many of the countries where English is the official language are former British colonies. And even today, not all of them have become sovereign states.

Here are the non-sovereign English-speaking countries of the world:

Hong Kong (population 6)

Puerto Rico (population 3)

This collective term conventionally unites the entire English-speaking population of the Earth. And this is, for a moment, 510 million people. Moreover, only 380 million people speak English as their native language, and another 130 million speak English fluently, but it is their second language, that is, learned.

By studying English in courses and / or on our own, we strive to join them, right?

Symbols of English speaking countries

Do you remember in which countries one or another animal is worshiped? Here are some tips:

Learn English, explore English-speaking countries and make English-speaking friends for a truly deep cultural experience.

How is British English different from American?

A Brief Historical Reference

If you want to get a complete answer to this question, you should pay attention to the study of the history of American English. In the 17-18 centuries in the USA there were a huge number of settlers who came from England, Spain, Germany, France, Norway, Sweden. People who set out to explore unexplored territories had to engage in production, establish trade, and create optimal socio-economic conditions.

To achieve common goals, people needed one language. It is not surprising that it was not the pretentious and refined English that the aristocrats used to migrate to America. People needed a practical, accessible and understandable language of the people. The change of priorities, the exchange of experience between representatives of different nations, the peculiarities of the local climate and nature have led to a gradual modification of the familiar English, the emergence of a unique slang.

Phonetics

American English is sharper and faster due to its specific pronunciation. Let’s consider the main characteristics of phonetics:

How can you explain these differences? As already indicated above, American English was formed under the influence of the dialect of visitors from different countries of the world. People often neglected traditional phonetic rules. British English is subject to the standard Received Pronunciation. The United States of America has various regional standards.

People who are learning classical British English are aware of the meaning of intonation of phrases. It can be descending, ascending, sliding, stepped, etc. Americans do not attach much importance to the manner of pronunciation. As a rule, an even scale of intonation and a descending tone are applied.

By the way, when studying phonetic differences, do not forget that not only general rules differ. Some of the same words in the British and American versions are pronounced completely differently. For example, the word schedule US residents speak with sound sk (at the beginning), and the English make a sound ш.

Grammar

Basic rules for learning a foreign language

Many people who have decided to seriously master any foreign language want to learn to speak it “on the machine” as soon as possible: to instantly understand the interlocutor and easily, without much thought, competently answer him, that is, conduct a dialogue.

To achieve this as quickly as possible and not «comprehend» the desired foreign language for years, you need to know and follow eight basic rules, which have been verified by the experience of many successful polyglots (for example, Steve Kaufman).

But, unfortunately, most teachers and students do not know about these rather important rules or simply do not attach special importance to them, for various reasons.

However, non-observance usually leads to unnecessary loss of personal precious time, nerves, and as a result, the very desire to continue learning the language often disappears, since the desired progress is not visible.

The article turned out to be quite long. But on the other hand, it fully discloses almost all the main questions that you may have while reading it.

RULE 1: Always highlight and learn whole phrases

Many schools have always forced and continue to force you to learn whole lists of individual words that have completely different meanings, some of which you may never use.

Can you remember a moment when you learned your native language by memorizing individual words? I think not, and if so, then only the simplest words, such as «tiger», «tree», «book» and so on, that is, words that have the same meaning.

RULE 2: Take your time to learn all the grammar rules

To quickly get to a normal speaking level, you need stop learning grammar. It’s a very important rule to stop learning grammar.

The point is that grammar teaches think (in this case) about English, but you need to learn stop thinking about English. Now you may not understand what this means and why you do not need to learn grammar.

No, don’t think that grammar is unnecessary, you just don’t have to think about it every time you construct sentences. You train yourself when you want to say something. think. Think about grammar rules.

It often happens that a person wants to say something in English and begins to think «is it right if I say this?» or «how to say it correctly, I only remember the words.» and so he thinks, taking his eyes up, and stuttering, builds sentences.

These phrases already contain the rules that you would try, racking your brains, to understand, reading grammar textbooks.

It’s also important to say. If you do not understand something, for example, a certain phrase, then you should not be upset and torment yourself with questions such as «What is this temporal turnover in this phrase and how and when is it built?»

If you want to learn how to speak fluently and are not going to be a linguist, then forget it questions like «Why?“, Just memorize this phrase (repeating every day for a week several times) and all subsequent uncomfortable expressions, and soon you will notice that you begin to intuitively feel how to build them and that all this is not as difficult as it seemed at first.

In order not to stretch the article, you can read about grammar here: «Do I need to learn grammar?»

RULE 3: Listen, listen and listen again

Only in this way you will not forget and begin to quickly remember the word and phrase you heard the next time.

On this site, every fairy tale, story, dialogue, etc. has its own audio production. You only need to register and use it. Also watch the videos at.

Find channels there that will be interesting for you to watch, and listen, try to understand: write phrases, translate them, etc.

Many, starting to learn a foreign language, try to memorize as many words as possible in short time interval. It is because of a short memorization that words are so quickly forgotten. At the same time, knowing a sufficiently large number of words, these people almost cannot build phrases and sentences, that is, they do not know how to use them, since most of the phrases have completely other meaning than the individual words of which they can be composed.

RULE 5: Learn grammar by listening to real English

In the second rule, I advised you not to learn grammar rules, not to get hung up on them, but of course everyone who masters English wants to speak it grammatically correctly. Perhaps you thought, «How can I then learn grammar at all if I don’t have to learn grammar rules?» You need to learn grammar, but not so unnatural a method that is taught in almost all schools.

Surely you will remember yourself if you have been learning English using the school method for a long time, as you seem to know perfectly well (for example) the simple past tense, BUT they said in a real conversation something like “Yesterday I GO to school”.

And then they asked the question, «why when I am at home (or, taking a test at an educational institution), everything is fine with a simple past tense, but everything is so bad in a conversation?»

Or it often happens that you are completely unable to remember anything from the grammatical rules you need at the moment, and as a result, a “dumb state” appears when you cannot say anything at all.

And the point here is not in you, but in the method of memorizing grammatical rules.

To remember, for example, the same simple past tense, you need repeatedly listen to dialogues, fairy tales, etc., where this temporal turn is often used.

RULE 6: Try to use real materials

This rule is more likely addressed to those who already understand the structure of the English language, that is, those who have already passed the initial level. If you have been studying English for a long time and you still have problems understanding native speakers, then it is time to switch completely to “real” materials, that is, to study using real materials, using those that are used by native speakers themselves.

The fact is that if you constantly read and listen to the adapted English text, then in a real conversation with a native speaker, you will have very big problems with understanding. Because you are unlikely to meet someone who will speak as clearly, slowly and in a standardized manner as in textbooks and CDs, which are specially adapted for foreign students.

In reality, native speakers use a lot of idioms, slang, various everyday non-standard phrases, and besides, everyone has a different tempo of speech.

Therefore, after you have passed the initial stage, it’s time to learn English with the help of these materials. Materials used by native speakers themselves: unadapted audiobooks, films and cartoons, TV programs, anecdotes, news, articles, foreign sites, etc.

RULE 7: Listen and try to answer

Most of the audio lessons and courses are built on “listen and repeat”- the speaker (s) says something in English and asks you to just try to repeat exactly what has been said. This method is not very suitable for most of us, who do not have the opportunity to practice every day with a live interlocutor.

When you just “listen and repeat”, you don’t learn to think in English, your speaking skills don’t grow. Thus, you will learn English for many years without learning to quickly understand the interlocutor, and you will always slowly answer his questions. It takes a lot of live practice to quickly learn to quickly understand and respond to the interlocutor. And this can be compensated by trying to answer the questions asked by the speaker in the lesson.

Simply, after the announcer asks for something, press pause and try to answer in the same temporary form

English speaking countries

Everyone knows that English is one of the most widely spoken languages ​​in the world. It is spoken by over 430 million people worldwide. Many call it the language of politics and business, because in most countries it is official.

Today, every fifth person in our country speaks English at a minimum level, because it is recognized international. It is studied in different countries of the world.

It became international due to its high demand.

List of states where English is used in communication

In which countries of the world is English recognized as the national language

Top 3 countries with the best knowledge of English among the population of other European countries

The largest English-speaking countries in terms of population are:

American English and British English differ phonetically and grammatically.

On the territory of the United States of America, English appeared in the XNUMXth – XNUMXth centuries, when the mass migration of British colonists to America began. At that time, Indian peoples lived on the territory of the country, who in colloquial speech used exclusively autochthonous nouns.

Along with the Indians, representatives of the Spanish and French nations also lived in the United States. It was the mixed population that influenced the formation and change of the English language into a variation of the American one.

American English fully developed over 400 years after its introduction in America.

Top 3 countries with the worst knowledge of English among the population of European countries

Noah Webster made a significant contribution to the formation of the American language. It was this man who developed the phonetics, spelling and vocabulary of modern American English. He also published a Dictionary of English Words in 1828.

It is also worth noting that English was never officially adopted as the state language in the United States, although it is official in 27 states of America.

In Scotland and Northern Ireland, English is recognized as the official language, and Welsh is the national language in Wales.

Countries where English is the official language.

The formation of the English language in Great Britain began with the arrival of the Celts on the territory of this state in 800 BC. In the XIV century, this language was officially recognized as literary. Gradually, it was introduced for study in schools. Irregular verbs were introduced in Great Britain between the XNUMXth and XNUMXth centuries. This period in the history of the development of the English language is called the Great Vowel Shift.

In Canada, English appeared in the XNUMXth century thanks to the arrival of English colonists.

In Nigeria, English was introduced during the years of British colonial rule.

Level of English in Europe

This state did not accept the English language for a very long time. He began to be considered «native» only in the XNUMXth century after a lean year, which caused the departure of many indigenous people to the United States of America.

Differences

It’s no secret that the English language has several variations and dialects. The most common language variations are:

In Australia, English is recognized as the official language, which, thanks to the formation of a special Australian dialect, was named the striine

All of these forms of the English language are very similar, but they also have significant differences. In New Zealand, locals speak English mixed with the local Maori dialect. Approximately 25 Maori words and 75% of traditional English expressions are used in conversation. New Zealand uses British English for writing.

The Australian interpretation of English is less understandable to Europeans due to the fact that Australians colloquially “swallow” the endings, thus simplifying and shortening the sentence. And also on the territory of the Australian Union it is customary to shorten long words or replace them with various short synonyms.

The American and Canadian versions differ little from each other in spelling and vocabulary. The difference is noticeable only in the pronunciation of words.

In terms of spelling, Canadian English fully adheres to the norms of literary English.

American English is better understood due to the fact that it was formed on the basis of the nations of the states of Europe.

The English variation is striking in the abundance of dialects. In the UK, the inhabitants of this country speak five different dialects, which differ in spelling of words, verb forms and perfect tense. The type of dialect depends directly on the region.

Use of the native language in foreign language classes

In the modern method of teaching English, you can often hear the terms: alignment, back translation, interference, L1, L2, metalanguage, sandwiching, scaffolding, false friend. What unites them? All these terms are actively used in methodological discussions on the use of the native language (L1) in teaching a foreign language (L2).

I already wrote here on the possibility of using the Russian language in teaching English. Also in the entry Michael Swan on Teaching English I cited the opinion of a famous scientist on this issue.

Some colleagues are confident in the advisability and even the need to use their native language in foreign language classes. For example, Professor R.P. Milrud writes.

Radislav Petrovich develops this idea in his very detailed article «Bilingualism in an educational setting or Berlitz’s mistake».

Many colleagues choose the «golden mean»: dosed, reasonable, situational use of their native language when teaching English as a foreign language. Tatiana Elsner, an English teacher and head of the methodological association of the Classical European Gymnasium-Private School (Vladivostok), shared her thoughts in the discussion.

Other colleagues also express the idea of ​​a reasonable and appropriate use of their native language in English lessons.

Finally, some colleagues oppose the use of Russian in teaching foreign, especially when it comes to teaching children.

It seems to me that the opinion of each of my respected colleagues is based on their many years of successful experience in teaching English. Each point of view is valuable, since all of the above-named colleagues, applying different approaches to the use of the Russian language in English lessons, achieve high results.

During his spring school for English teachers in Yaroslavl Sandy Moreau gave the following reasons for and against using only English in class.

When teaching children a foreign language, Sandy Moreau sees the following situations in which it is advisable to use their native language.

Realizing all the controversial nature of the issue, and also recognizing that there are no right and wrong colleagues in understanding this problem, I would still like to share today my ten favorite techniques and exercises with elements of using the native language that I use in class.

Russian Minutes (Own Language Moments)

Sandy Moreau suggests using the so-called «Russian Minutes». When you speak or allow students to speak Russian in class, place a certain symbol on the board, such as a Russian flag or a picture of a brown bear. After you have removed the sign, the lesson continues in English only. BTW, I tried this technique with older learners, it works great too!

Language Parallels

It seems to me very productive to work with language parallels to activate memorizing collocations. For example, Russian-speaking students often say “on a tree” instead of “in a tree”. After explaining that we see a tree as a branch (plane), and the British as a crown (sphere), everyone’s error disappears.

The same is with the expression «on the Internet»: the British in their language picture of the world work ON the Internet, that is, ON the screen. And there are similarities: we, like English-speaking people, travel by bus. These parallels with native languages ​​help to close the necessary neurons, memorize the frequency combination for life and apply it unmistakably in communication situations.

Without parallels with the native language, it is more difficult.

Checking Instructions

Sometimes after I have given instructions for completing an assignment in an English lesson, I ask one of the students to say in Russian what he has understood. This allows me to make sure that all the students in the class now know exactly what to do.

Sandwiches

The rather fashionable term Sandwiching today in the teaching method of English means the inclusion of the native language in speech in a foreign language in order to convey to the students the meaning of a small part of the text, which will definitely be difficult for them to understand at a certain language level. As a rule, a complex combination sounds first, then its translation into the native language, after which the same combination is immediately repeated in English. It is generally recommended to signal the transition from language to language by pause or changing the tone of the narration.

Consider an example.

Philip Kerr in his monograph «Translation and Own-language Activities» (CUP, 2014) draws attention to the fact that the Sandwiching technique can be used by the teacher in teaching students of any level and at any time during the lesson. The most common use cases for this technique include explaining instructions. In addition, the technique can be used during informal communication, for example, before the lesson, while the students are getting together.

Recasting

The Recasting technique is based on the acceptance of the naturalness of switching language codes when communicating in several languages. By the way, I personally think it is very important to develop the competence of students to freely switch from their native language to a foreign one, because this is how modern London lives, for example.

But back to the Recasting technique. Consider an example (Read 2007, 500 Activities for the Primary Classroom, Macmillan Education, p. 18).

10 reasons to learn English

Most people in the Western world learn English at some point in their lives, but if your school years are just behind you, or you’ve never had to learn English, you may be wondering why English is such an important language. If you are wondering “Why learn English?”, Below you will find some of reasons why learning English is important.

1. English is one of the most widely spoken in the world

Why is English so important? One in five people in the world speaks or at least understands English. There are 400 million speakers of this language on the planet, and English is the official or one of the main languages ​​of communication in more than 50 countries.

While Chinese, Spanish, French, Russian and German also boast a large number of native speakers, and these languages ​​have grown in importance in recent decades, there is a good reason to learn English.

It is he who remains the smallest common multiple for people who meet and work together in different parts of the world.

2. English opens up new possibilities for you

Another important reason to learn English is that it increases your chances of getting a good job in a multinational company or starting work abroad. English is the language of business, which is why it is so important that employees can speak English when communicating with colleagues from other countries and foreign clients. In short, learning English will help you build your career, so start learning now!

3. English makes you more attractive to employers

Just imagine: the next time you need to call an English customer, you volunteer to do so and impress those around you. As stated above, a career is a great reason to learn English. You will feel more confident speaking English, even with native speakers, and you will earn the respect of your superiors. Do you want to get a promotion or find a new job? We can help you with this, because learning English is our strong point!

This will help your boss and potential employers know about your outstanding English skills.

4. English opens your way to the best universities in the world

Where do you want to study? Have you ever thought of going to Harvard, Yale, Princeton or Stanford? What about the prestigious English universities, Cambridge and Oxford? Even if admission to one of these universities is not part of your plans, English is spoken in many countries, so there are thousands of institutions offering programs in English. If you speak English, there are many possibilities open to you.

5. Some of the greatest works of world literature are written in English

Maybe you’ve always wanted to read the books of great English writers in the original? Learn English online and apply your acquired language skills to read modern classics: J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series, Stephen King’s novels or Lee Child’s latest thriller. With each new book you read, you will develop your English skills and be able to go to the old masters of the word: Charles Dickens, Jane Austen or Henry James, and read their works in the original language. Start learning now, and very soon you will be able to read!

6. English helps you better understand pop culture

Has it happened to you that a melody is spinning on your tongue, but you just can’t sing it because you don’t know the words? Or, even worse, for someone to catch you humming some of your own lyrics instead of the words of a famous song? is not at all what it should be? Ever wait for your favorite author’s new book to translate, or struggle with the horrific voice acting of your favorite TV series, this is a great reason to learn English! You will be able to read the works of your favorite authors in the original, watch movies and TV shows in English without subtitles and sing along when you hear your favorite song.

7. English grammar is pretty simple, honestly

While vocabulary and pronunciation can be challenging at times, the grammar of English is much easier than that of other European languages. There are only two grammatical genders, one definite and one indefinite article, and cases do not play a role at all. Mastering the basics of English is incredibly easy, and it’s only a matter of time before you replenish your vocabulary and improve your pronunciation.

8. English is your ticket to the world of knowledge

Everything is simple here: most of the content available on the Internet is written in English. Many sites are created in English, and only then translated into other languages, but some companies do not care about translation at all, because a huge number of people speak English. If you know English, you can take advantage of information that would otherwise not be available to you!

9. English improves memory and helps keep the brain in good shape

Another, perhaps somewhat unexpected, reason to learn English is a good memory! According to research, fluency in two languages ​​(and just the process of learning a foreign language) can protect the brain from negative age-related changes. Some types of senile dementia in people who speak at least two languages ​​are diagnosed up to five years later than those who speak only one language.

10. Just 10 minutes a day is enough to learn English

This is a great reason to learn English. Many studies show that instead of sitting in a language class twice a week, it is much better to learn a little, but regularly. Download the Busuu app and you can learn English online anytime, anywhere, just find a couple of free minutes. What other reasons do you need to learn English? Practice the language for ten minutes daily and you will soon become fluent in it.

Programming languages ​​without English

According to various sources, there are from 2500 to 8000 programming languages ​​in the world. Some have gained worldwide fame and are now used by millions of programmers, such as JavaScript, Python, or PHP. Others are unknown to anyone except the creators.

The vast majority of programming languages ​​(over 90%) are created using keywords taken from the English language. Even though many popular languages ​​did not appear in English-speaking countries, they still use English syntax.

The reasons are very simple to understand:

The arguments are quite logical, but not all programmers agree with them. There is a separate category of developers who are trying to fight the dominance of English. Some for patriotic reasons, others purely for fun.

As a result, programming languages ​​are born, based on national languages ​​or sign designations. Do they have the right to live or is it better to learn popular languages? Let’s figure it out.

Unusual languages

Programming languages ​​that are developed in the vocabulary of national languages ​​automatically narrow down the audience that can use them.

For example, Alb or Geem are based on the Arabic alphabet. The use of an alphabet that differs from the Latin alphabet automatically narrows the audience of the language to 240 million people in the world, which is almost 6 times less than that of English.

At the same time, such languages ​​remain fully functional. They are taught, programs are developed for them. But they remain focused only on domestic markets. Even if the programming language turns out to be very convenient, hardly anyone will specially learn, for example, Arabic or Hindi, in order to work on it.

Developers targeting the global market prefer to use English. For example, the popular Python today was born in the Netherlands, but uses English syntax.

Languages ​​for specific tasks

It also happens that programming languages ​​are created specifically for a specific project or a specific task. Not often, but it happens. A striking example of this is the 1C programming language, which is used in the 1C: Enterprise program system.

Maybe no source language at all?

There is a separate kind of programming language that is called esoteric. Their main vocation is to show the wide possibilities in the development of programming languages.

Their creators claim that it is possible to create a full-fledged programming language without using verbal commands, which will automatically make it accessible to any inhabitant of the planet. Agree, a very interesting aspiration.

If the idea is successful, then such a programming language will automatically expand its audience to more than 7 billion people.

But everything rests on the complexity of working with such languages ​​and the implementation of projects in them. Let’s evaluate their usefulness right away with examples.

brainfuck

From the name alone, you can understand that something is wrong with this language. «Brainfuck» in cultural translation sounds like «brain removal».

This is what the Brainfuck program looks like, which displays the text message «Hello, world!»:

Chicken

A joke language that aims to bring the idea of ​​simplifying programming languages ​​to the point of absurdity. It has only one team, which is actually called «Chicken». In short, this is one of the wildest languages ​​that are taught, either by losing an argument, or just for fun.

For example, this is how the word «Cat» sounds on Chicken:

chicken chicken chicken chicken chicken chicken chicken chicken chicken chicken chicken chicken chicken chicken chicken

And everyone knows the phrase «Hello, world!» on Chicken’e consists of 546 «chickens», which are arranged in lines of different lengths. 546, Karl! It is probably the most useless human-made programming language.

whitespace

This programming language only understands spaces, tabs and newlines. At the same time, he ignores absolutely all other signs, except for these three.

For example, suppose you have a working JavaScript program. And in its text, you can encrypt another hidden program on Whitespace using spaces and indents. The opportunity would be really interesting, if not for the wild difficulties in implementation.

Piet

If you thought that you can only write code in letters and signs, you are wrong. After all, this can also be done using raster images. To create code in this language, 20 colors are used, with the help of which an abstract image is created.

This is how «Hello, world!» on Piet:

For example, 10 lines of JavaScript code can easily turn into 8000 lines of Chicken code. Who in their right mind would agree to such a mockery?

Conclusions

English vocabulary in programming languages ​​has stuck firmly and for a long time. It is with its help that practically all popular international programming languages ​​are implemented.

Programming languages ​​without English vocabulary have only 2 development paths:

Therefore, if you want to become a programmer and earn good money on your skills, you need to learn popular programming languages. But you can’t do without English itself, because you will have to communicate with customers and work colleagues from other countries in it. So I wish you success in learning programming languages ​​and English.

Bonuses for readers

Get free access to three months of learning English with EnglishDom online courses until March 28, 2018.

We will be glad to see you in individual lessons of the course «English for IT Professionals». Take a free introductory lesson and get comprehensive feedback on your level of knowledge, then choose the teacher and training program you like!

Learn English and write bug-free code! I wish you success!

Learning English is like renovating a home: it often turns from a necessity into an everyday activity and even a lifestyle. The purpose of a language as a communication tool determines the purpose of its study. It is also important for understanding the measure of progress and the moment when you can and should stop.

To set a personal goal in learning English, it is worth asking the question: How will I use the language? The answer to this question provides an understanding of the area of ​​the language in which you will actually use it. Learning any aspect of a language (vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, speaking and writing) only makes sense in the context of your goal. Everything else objectively will not fit into your training program.

Don’t assume that your English teacher knows best what you need to know. On the contrary, if you tell the teacher what your goal is, how you are going to use the language and what you intend to know, then on the basis of these motives he will be able to prepare the most relevant teaching information for you, bypassing everything that is not important to you.

You will never hit your target if you don’t know where it is. «A ship that does not know the destination port will never catch a tailwind.» (Seneca)

Applications of vocabulary

A situational approach is used to determine the scope of the English language. Simulate all the typical situations in which you intend to use English. If there are 20-30 such situations, then it will already look like the truth. These situations should form the core of your language skills.

Each person has his own unique field of application of a foreign language, but the following areas of application can be conditionally distinguished:

1. Primitive language. It assumes knowledge of letters and correct pronunciation of short words, fragmentary knowledge of simple words, which can be used to convey vital information in the form of verbal tracing paper with accompanying active gestures.

2. General English. Determines the primary adaptation in an English-speaking society, includes everyday and everyday dialogues, common expressions, as well as frequently used words from each field of activity (profession / science / sports / art). This is the language of the tourist.

3. Specialized English. Used to conduct professional activities with English-speaking partners, clients, colleagues, sources of information. The best known of the specialized fields of study are Business English and Academic, which is used in teaching and research. Other examples: medical terms, art history and culture, technical and engineering language, legal, the language of fiction.

4. Literary language. the use of the language as a native one with the use of phraseological units, beautiful speech patterns, the ability to grasp hidden subtext, for example, sarcasm, knowledge of slang expressions, etc.

Examples of the same thought for different areas of training:

The scope of application does not determine the level of training:

Levels of proficiency in a particular area of ​​the language

It also means a high degree of freedom in expressing your thoughts in a form understandable to others, knowledge and creation of idioms, active use of the figurative meaning of words.

For example, understanding and applying medical humor indicates a perfect level of proficiency in specialized medical English.

Reasons to know English well

Why do we need a tool, if we do not know where and why we should use it. Here are some more good reasons to know and use English:

1. The English Wikipedia has several times more articles than the Russian version.

2. You can watch (or revise) your favorite films in the original and hear the voice of Penelope Cruz, Sylvester Stalone or Johnny Depp. If you value acting, then the image of the hero will never be complete for you without a «real» voice, when the sound of the words coincides with the facial expressions and delivery of the actor.

3. Most of the professional literature is one that is out of date in 3-4 years. Up-to-date information can be found only from English-language sources.

For example: the term Total Quality Management (TQM) has been incorrectly translated for more than 10 years and, therefore, has been interpreted by domestic sources.

4. Better commentary on sporting events, such as how Formula 1 is commenting on the BBC.

5. Feel comfortable on vacation and travel across most of the globe.

6. We travel to discover new cultures. The most significant part of the culture of a people is a person. Meeting new people in a foreign country requires not only determination and a sense of humor, but also an extensive active vocabulary.

7. People who know and use English well in the workplace have disproportionately more career opportunities.

Our site will provide you with the opportunity to master the basic grammatical structures, basic vocabulary and practice your reading, writing and listening skills. After completing the training on our website, you will receive a solid foundation for improving English in any area of ​​its application.

Language barrier: which countries speak English

We are often asked: in which country in Europe is it better to live if you have a good command of English? And many have studied and speak German and are showing interest in the respective countries. Let’s take a look at the linguistic situation in Europe.

Malta is the main English-speaking country in the EU

Most wealthy people who want to permanently or temporarily live abroad are fluent in English. However, not everywhere in Europe you will also be freely understood. According to statistics, this language is the most used in the EU, a third of all Europeans speak it. German and French tied for second and third places (22% and 19%). The top 5 also includes Italian and Spanish (14% and 12%).

If you recommend European countries where English is very common and where you will have no problems understanding, then, first of all, pay attention to Malta. This country is very closely connected with the UK, there are many schools for the study of the English language. Not surprisingly, about 59% of the population speaks English.

Scandinavians speak better than English

If we talk about other European countries where English is actively used, then the Top 5 (except Malta) confidently include:

For comparison, in Russia, English is known and used by about 15% of the population.

Sweden is one of the most developed countries in the world. Foreigners joke that Swedes speak English better than English. Many want to move here, but Sweden is reluctant to issue residence permits to citizens of other countries. If you decide to settle here anyway, having the citizenship of Malta will be a great advantage.

Denmark and Finland are countries with a rather harsh climate, rather closed to foreigners, so they are not popular destinations for people who want to move to Europe. But if you wish, the way here, again, is best done through obtaining a passport of Malta.

Cyprus open to investors

In recent years, Cyprus has become a confident competitor to the English-speaking countries of Europe. This is natural, because here, just like in Malta, there is a program for obtaining citizenship. Moreover, you can get a passport within only six months. Investors from all over the world take advantage of this opportunity, which is why English is actively used in Cyprus. Here you will be understood without problems. By the way, Cypriot citizenship can also be used as a «pass» to other top European countries.

Austria: comfortable bilingualism

As for Austria, there is a unique bilingualism that is not found in other countries. Of course, the main language is German, but, as we have already said, 40% of the population can communicate in English, because one of the main spheres of the economy here is international tourism.

By the way, in Germany 30% of residents are ready to speak English. And this applies to such big cities as Berlin, Cologne, Hamburg, Frankfurt and Munich. Almost everyone there speaks English. But in small towns there may be problems with understanding in shops, gas stations.

Austria is a country that is equally suitable for people who speak English or German. And in order to get the right to live here, you need to take part in the state program for financially independent persons. If you fall within the quotas and if there is a relatively small amount in your bank account, you will receive a residence permit in Austria.

Important! Please note that it is the Austrian program that provides for passing the German language proficiency exam at a basic level. Therefore, if you only speak English, you will need to learn the «base» of German. Or choose another country to live.

Countries where English is not favored

The top 5 countries where it is most difficult to communicate in English include Hungary, Italy, Bulgaria, Spain and the Czech Republic. National languages ​​are actively used here. This position of the population must be respected and taken into account when moving to Europe. If you want to move, you have to learn the language.

For example, in Spain there is a state program for obtaining a residence permit for investment in real estate. She is very popular among foreigners and, in particular, Russians. Investors do not need to take any language proficiency test. However, keep in mind that it is still better for you to learn Spanish when you move here.

The situation is the same in Portugal. Here you can get a residence permit for buying real estate, investing in securities or business, however 87% of the population do not speak English and you will have to communicate in Portuguese.

How not to learn English: 5 common mistakes and how to avoid them

English has long ceased to be just a subject from the school curriculum. It is the most popular of all foreign languages. Why?

Here are some reasons why you need to learn English.

Mistake 1. Memorizing word lists

Your school teacher must have given you a long list of new words to memorize for your next lesson more than once. Or maybe you yourself reposted such lists on your wall, and then reproached yourself for not having time to sit down and learn it by heart. The good news is, it’s best not to do this at all.

It makes no sense to memorize words separately from the context. Such memorization is like a dead weight in the memory. The likelihood that a word from the list will pop up in your head at the right time is minimal.

Learn words in context. Compose and write a sentence with each new word. It is desirable that the proposal evokes a vivid association. For example, it concerned you personally or your loved ones. If you are still afraid to fantasize, just write out those sentences in which you met a new word.

Mistake 2. Trying to understand every word

When reading or listening to an authentic text in English, new words and expressions are inevitable. It doesn’t matter what level you have. A common practice among beginners is to stop and try to translate every word.

This slows down progress. Instead of going forward, you get stuck on incomprehensible words, get scared, lament, and cannot budge.

Solution

Try to capture the general meaning. Don’t let yourself focus on unfamiliar words. It can always happen that the interlocutor uses a word or expression that has not been encountered before.

They immediately learn to understand whole phrases without focusing on the meaning of individual words.

Mistake 3. Search for «fast and easy» English «in 2 hours»

It is not uncommon to find tempting ads on the Internet that promise you excellent English in record time. This is another example of how not to learn English.

Enjoy the process. It’s not about speed, it’s about quality. Learning English, like any foreign language, can be fun and exciting. Olga Zueva, Head of the Department of English at Foxford’s online home school, recommends linking the study of English with her area of ​​interest to improve the efficiency of the process. For example, with cooking.

«If you love to cook, check out Gordon Ramsay’s or Jamie Oliver’s recipes, keep a cookbook in English, and name them in English when adding ingredients to a salad.»

Mistake 4. Exercise irregularly

All week you could not sit down at textbooks, but on Sunday you pored over them for 4 hours in a row? Didn’t find time for classes for a month, but on the night before the Cambridge exam you decided to master the entire C1 level program? Do not do like this.

The effectiveness of haphazard learning is very low. After four hours of the same activity, concentration and performance decrease.

Solution

Do it systematically. It is better to practice every day for 20 minutes than once a week for 4 hours. You will spend less time in total, but the results will be many times higher. This is how our brains work.

It is helpful to incorporate English into everyday life. For example, you can change the interface language on your phone or arrange English language days to overcome the barriers to speaking. This is what Victoria Deminenko, a seventh-grader, who studies at Foxford’s online home school, does.

«English Days are the days when you fully speak, write and even shoot Instagram Stories in English.»

This practice will add regularity to your interactions with the language.

Mistake 5. Constantly translate into your native language

Many beginners start to create a glossary of unknown words by writing down a foreign word and translating it into their native language. This is the wrong approach to learning English.

You will constantly translate phrases in your head and spend more time finding the correct equivalent. And since there is a whole layer of words for which there are no analogues in the Russian language, sooner or later you will come to a dead end.

Learn to think in English, not translate. It is better to write down the meaning of an unfamiliar expression than to translate it. Knowing the English definition, you will understand what a word means (even if you don’t remember its translation) and will be able to communicate your thoughts faster.

To master English at a high level, you need to learn to think like a native English speaker. To do this, it is necessary to learn not only grammar and other aspects of the language, but also to get acquainted with the culture and mentality of the speakers.

If you want to start thinking in English, use it more and interact with it in real life. When you constantly “stew in the language”, willy-nilly you understand the logic and assimilate the thinking of its speakers.

“At our school, we strive to teach English so that children see it as a living environment, a tool for learning about the world. Therefore, we not only provide a good grammatical and lexical base, but also constantly show how you can use English in life, ”says Irina Ganina, an English teacher with 10 years of experience.

Summary

Learning English is important and necessary. This will help you become a sought-after specialist, broaden your horizons and become an impetus for new acquaintances and travel.

To improve your learning experience, follow our tips. And if you want to study with like-minded people from all over the world, come to Foxford. Here the teachers of English “burn” with their subject and infect students with this love.

TEXT Why do we learn the English language?

Оглавление

TEXT Why do we learn the English language?. 6

TEXT Volgograd. 20

TEXT Me and the world I live in. 23

TEXT The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northen Ireland. 27

TEXT The United States of America. 35

TEXT Washington. 38

TEXT The Environment 42

UNIT TWO Texts for Additional Reading. 46

UNIT THREE CRAMMAR EXERCISES. 61

UNITE FOUR REFERENCE GRAMMAR.. 96

Библиографический список. 147

Предисловие

Данное пособие предназначено для студентов I курса.

Целью данного учебно-практического пособия является формирование и дальнейшее совершенствование у студентов средних специальных учебных заведений навыков устной речи, овладение разговорной речью по общественно-политическим, историческим, культурным и бытовым темам, овладение навыками диалогической и монологической речи.

Одним из основных достоинств является тот факт, что весь материал, предлагаемый в пособии, является познавательным, информационно насыщенным, интересен разнообразными лексическими и грамматическими упражнениями и посильный для усвоения.

Здесь представлены наиболее употребительные разговорные фразы и клише, пословицы и цитаты, образцы тематических диалогов и т.д. Все это обеспечивает высокую степень усвоения и активизации учебного материала и создает прочную базу для дальнейшего изучения иностранного языка.

Введение

Данное учебно-практическое пособие состоит из 4 разделов и приложения:

Раздел 1 – Тематические тексты,

Раздел 2 – Тексты для дополнительного чтения,

Раздел 3 – Грамматические упражнения,

Раздел 4 – Грамматический справочник.

Раздел «Тематические тексты» содержат и тексты, и серию упражнений, которые очень содержательны, познавательны и полезны при изучении тем. Тексты включают материалы по истории, о государственном устройстве, особенностях географического положения и экономического развития, культуре и искусстве. Тексты носят учебный характер и соответствуют программным требованиям.

Разнообразные задания и упражнения к текстам помогут студентам активизировать навыки аудирования, чтения, проговаривания и систематизирования учебног материала.

Раздел «Тексты для дополнительного чтения» включают тексты страноведческого характера, дополняющие основные тематические тексты и расширяющие кругозор студентов о традициях, обычаях англо-говорящих стран. Дополнительные тексты информационно насыщены и богаты по лексическому материалу. Данный раздел носит не обязательный, а рекомендательный характер.

В раздел «Грамматические упражнение» входят упражнения, в основном, по всем главным разделам грамматики английского языка, и они расположены по мере возрастания сложности. Поэтому они могут использоваться студентами с разным уровнем подготовки. Преподаватель вправе, по своему усмотрению, в зависимости от уровня знаний студентов, увеличить или сократить количество упражнений.

Раздел «Грамматический справочник» включает основной материал по грамматике английского языка.

Материалы пособия учитывают разную степень сложности подготовки студентов и включают разноуровневые задания.

Работа по данному пособию расширит кругозор студентов, поможет им сделать сообщения по определенной теме, а также окажет существенную помощь при общении с носителями английского языка.

UNIT ONE

LESSON 1

TEXT Why do we learn the English language?

It is necessary to learn foreign languag­es. Eve­rybody knows his own language, but it is useful to know foreign languages. The English language is now the first language of about 350 million people, the native language of 12 nations and the official or semiofficial language of thirty-three more nations.That means one in every seven people in the world speaks English.

I learn English, because I understand that I can use it. For example, if I go to England I’ll be able to speak English there. If I go to the USA, I’ll speak English too. English is used not only in England, but also in other parts of the world.

I learn English because I want to read foreign literature in the original. I know and like such English and American writers as Charles Dickens, Mark Twain, Lewis Car­roll and others. I understand that I must learn English. If I know English well, I’ll be able to go to the library and take books by English and American writers in the original.

I like to travel. But it is difficult to visit countries, when you don’t know the lan­guage of these countries. If I know the lan­guage of the country, where I am going to, it will be easy to travel there. If I want to ask something, I can do it in English.

I like to read books. And I like to read newspapers, too. If I know, for example, English I’ll be able to read English news­papers and magazines. Knowledge of for­eign languages helps young people of dif­ferent countries to understand each other, to develop friendship among them. For example, we have a foreign exhibition in Moscow. If I know a foreign language, it is easy for me to visit this exhibition.

You can see a lot of advertisements, sign­boards, names in the streets. They are in foreign languages. Very often they are in English. If you know English, you can read and understand them.

Now we buy many clothes from other countries. If you know English well, you can read something about the size of this or that thing. It is clear for you what it is made of.

There are a lot of films in foreign lan­guages. If you know them, you can under­stand films without any help.

There are international friendship camps in the world. If you can speak for­eign languages, it will be easy for you to visit such camps and speak with the boys, girls, men, women who do not know Rus­sian.

At present no other language on earth is better suited to play the role of a world language. English is easier to learn than any other language.

English is so widespread that it has become the standard language for all kinds of international communication in such areas as science, technology, business and mass media. English is ought to be used as one of the official languages of the United Nations Organization and other political organizations. It is the language of computer software, literature, education, modern music, international tourism.

English is the international language of businesspeople, pilots and air traffic controllers, diplomats and politicians, sportspeople, scientists, doctors and students.

In short, I understand that I have to learn English in a proper way and I try to do it.

Words and word combinations:

foreign – иностранный;

language – язык;

native – родной;

semiofficial – полуофициальный;

nation – а) нация, народ, б) государство, страна;

original – первоначальный, подлинный;

in a proper way – как следует;

advertisement – реклама, объявление;

signboard – вывеска;

clothes – одежда;

politician – политик;

scientist– ученый;

traffic controller – диспетчер;

widespread – широко распространенный;

standard – стандарт, норма;

to suit – подходить, соответствовать;

area – область;

software – компьютерные программы;

mass media – средства массовой информации.

ASSIGNMENT

1. Phonetic difficulties. Practise the following:

1. What’s the first word?

3. And what’s the third?

4. It’s an adverb.

5. When’s Ernest’s birthday?

6. I believe it’s on Thursday.

2. Pronounce the following words and word combinations:

Foreign language, necessary, original, to be busy, develop, clothes, international friendship, to be able to, American, exhibition, different, each other, without, advertisements, easy, literature, knowledge, scientist, politician, traffic controller.

3. Give Russian equivalents to the following words:

To be busy, to be able to, it is necessary, the native language, the official language, the semiofficial language, businesspeople, to mean, nation, to try, without any help, widespread, standard.

4. Find in the text English equivalents to the following Russian words and word combinations:

Международный язык, разные страны, область, наука, международный лагерь дружбы, иностранная выставка, образование, компьютерные программы, Организация Объединенных Наций, какой – либо другой язык, как следует, средства массовой информации, политические организации.

5. Fill in the gaps with the word and expressions from the text:

1. Knowledge of…… ……. helps young people of different ……. to understand each other.

2. There are …. …… camps in the world.

3. If I know ….. well, I’ll be able to go to the library.

5. English is so ….. that it has become the …… language for all kinds of ……. communication.

6. The English language is the … …. one of 12 nations.

7. I understand that I have to learn English in …….. way.

6. Answer the following questions:

1. Is it necessary to learn English?

2. What kind of foreign languages do you know?

3. Is it difficult for you to learn foreign languages?

4. Where do you learn foreign languages?

5. Whom do you learn English with?

6. Who teaches you English?

7. Do you use your knowledge of foreign languages in your life?

8. Where do you use your knowledge of foreign languages?

9. Do you like to learn it?

10. Do you learn English at the college?

11. How many foreign languages do you know?

12. In what areas is English mostly used nowadays?

Ответить на вопрос?

Ответить на вопрос!

What is the easiest thing for you about learning languages, especially English?

Меня часто спрашивают, можно ли выучить английский самостоятельно, без помощи преподавателя.

На этот счет есть разные мнения : многие опытные преподаватели утверждают, что это невозможно (их можно понять, ведь они лишатся заработка, если все начнут учить языки самостоятельно), но есть и те, кто на своем опыте доказывает обратное.

Со способностями все понятно : как и любое другое серьезное занятие, изучение английского требует упорного труда, так что без терпения и самодисциплины тут не обойтись.

At the present time foreign languages are socially demanded?

At the present time foreign languages are socially demanded.

Foreign languages are needed as the main and the most efficient means of information exchange of the people of our planet.

The question of learning foreign languages is very important today.

English is just one of 6, 000 languages in the world.

One billion people speak English.

That’s 20 per cent of the world population.

It is also one of the leading languages in the world.

About 350 million people speak English as their first language.

About the same number use it as a second language.

It is the language of aviation, international sport and pop music.

English is the official language in 44 countries, where it is used in education and administration.

They are Great Britain, Canada, the United States of America, Australia, New Zealand and some other countries.

In many countries it is the language of business, commerce and technology.

English is the language of modern computing.

Nearly 50 per cent of all the companies in Europe communicate with each other in English.

75 per cent of the world’s mail is in English, too.

Standard English is not completely uniform.

There are differences between the national standards in Britain, America and Australia.

Russia is integrating into the world community and the problem of learning English for the purpose of communication is especially urgent today.

English is very popular in international business of Russia.

It is studied at schools, colleges and universities.

. Ответьте на вопросы : 1.

What is the role of English among other foreign languages?

2. How many people speak English?

3. Why has English become a world language?

4. Where is English an official language?

5. Why are millions of people learning English today?

6. Why do young people want to learn English?

7. Why do you learn English?

8. What is the necessity of learning English for a specialist?

9. In what careers (jobs) can languages be a tremendous advantage?

10. What do we need foreign languages for?

11. What is the best way to learn a language?

12. What is the most important thing for you in learning a foreign language?

13. Is your written English better than your spoken English?

14. What is your mother tongue?

Переведите пожалуйста : 1?

Переведите пожалуйста : 1.

In what areas is English mostly used?

Answer the questions1) theme : «Learning English is popular all over the world»Why is English the world’s top language?

Answer the questions

1) theme : «Learning English is popular all over the world»

Why is English the world’s top language?

Why are you learning English?

Do you think you can do without English in your life?

What do you do at the English lessons ответ?

What do you do at the English lessons ответ.

What do you know about the first English settlements in USA and the first English colonists?

What do you know about the first English settlements in USA and the first English colonists?

Ответьте на вопросы : 1?

Ответьте на вопросы : 1.

What English speaking countries do you know?

2 Is English or French the most important international language nowadays?

3 What foreign languages are popular in Russia?

4 Do you know American equivalents for the British words «biscuits», «sweets», «autumn»?

Помогите ответить на вопросы : 1?

Помогите ответить на вопросы : 1.

What is necessary to enter the university?

2. do you think you will need english for your future job?

Ответьте пожалуйста на вопрос?

Ответьте пожалуйста на вопрос.

What does the author mean saying that learning English is like learning to swim?

Ответить на вопросы 1) what do you need for Maths?

Ответить на вопросы 1) what do you need for Maths?

2)what do you need for English?

3) what do you need for PE?

1) we were waiting for the train on the platform. 2)we ussuslly have a breakfast at 9 o’clock. 7) lf they ho to Kyiv, they will visit many musseums. 8) l will dance if they played my favourite song 9)Go to the kitchen.

Ex 2 1. D 2. E 3. B 4. A 5. F 6. C Ex 3 2. Shorter 3. Bigger 4. Older / Elder 5. Younger 6. More comfortable.

1. Kazakhstan, Astana. 2. very big country 3. Many 4. Kazakh.

1) Great Britain / London 2) busy city 3)8 million 4) english.

1 1) If it (is not) too cold, I (not put) on my coat. 2) I (will write) the composition if you (do not disturb) me. 3) His vocabulary (will increase) greatly if he ( reads) fifty pages. 4) You (will go) to the Philarmonic much more often if you re..

1) used to go swimming 2) was dancing 3) were you laughing 4) used to drink 5) rode 6) was writing 7) was raining 8) used to play 9) Sang 10) was cleaning.

Are is are aren’t are isn’t is aren’t are isn’t is is.

1)I spend the time of my life right 2)The wall is very dense 3)The mouth of the river is its end 4)We make our way through the storm 5)We will win and get the main winning.