Ответьте на вопросы используя слова в скобках what does physiology study

THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE

1.Прочитайте и запомните следующие слова и выражения:

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст A:

OUTLINE OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Let’s speak about human anatomy and physiology, which are the study, respectively, of the normal structure and functioning of the body. Just as houses are built of individual bricks, so is the body made up of millions of microscopic individual units called cells. Each cell has a job to do and must be supplied with fuel and oxygen before it can do. In this respect 1 the body is not different from any other working engine or machine. All engines, machines and body cells are alike in requiring oxygen to burn their fuel and thereby produce the energy needed to perform their functions.

The fuel needed by the body comes from our food, while oxygen is present in the air we breathe. Fuel and oxygen are conveyed in the blood to all parts of the body the heart and circulation.

The food we eat is turned into usable fuel by a process known as 2 digestion. The digestive system contains the stomach and intestines.

Oxygen is obtained from the air we breathe. The process by which it enters the blood to reach the body cell is called respiration. The respiratory system consists of the air passes and lungs.

Overall control and coordination of body function is effected is effected by the nervous system, which consists of the brain and nerves. The brain may be likened to 3 a computerized telephone exchange with the nerves serving as telephone lines.

There are many different types of cell in the body, depending on their particular function, but they all contain a central nucleus and are bounded 4 by cell wall. The nucleus is responsible for growth by cell division, and contains chromosomes and genes which transmit the hereditary factors, which make every person a unique individual. The cell wall is sufficiently thin to allow oxygen and nutrients from the blood to enter the cell 5 and waste products to leave.

1 in this respect – в этом отношении

2 known as – известный как

3 may be likened to – можно сравнить с

4 are bounded – быть связанным

5 to enter the cell – войти в клетку

3. Упражнения:

1). Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

2). Процитируйте из текста предложения, в которых встречаются следующие слова и словосочетания:

3). Ответьте на вопросы:

4). Вставьте предлоги, где это необходимо:

The body is not different … any other machine. A motorcar engine, for example, needs fuel … the form of petrol. This is burned inside the engine to produce the energy which drives the car. But petrol, gas, coal, wood or any other form of fuel can only burn … the presence of oxygen. Thus, all machines and body cell are alike … requiring oxygen to burn their fuel and thereby produce the energy needed to perform their functions. Fuel and oxygen are … blood to all parts of the body.

5). Вставьте артикли и притяжательные местоимения, где это необходимо:

… body is made up of millions of cells. There are … different types of cells in … body. But they all have central nucleus and a cell wall. … chromosomes and genes of the nucleus transmit the … hereditary factors of every person. … nucleus is the controlling structure of the cell. It controls …way a cell reproduces and contains genetic material which determines the functioning and structure of … cell. … cell is the fundamental unit of every living thing.

Vocabulary

II. Выполните упражнение

1. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1. What do you know about chemistry? 2. What does chemistry study? 3. What does chemistry deal with? 4. Why is chemistry one of the fundamental sciences? 5. When did sufficient facts about chemistry appear? 6. When did modern chemistry begin? 7. Who was the first to study quantitatively the relationship between the volume of a gas and the external pressure upon it? 8. What did Lavoisier introduce? 9. Who discovered regularities in the properties of the elements? 10. What can you tell about the future of chemistry?

2. Найдите пары антонимов:

internal, to appear, natural, old, to disappear, artificial, new, external;

Найдите пары синонимов:

to deal with, to change, to start, field, to be concerned with, to alter, branch, to begin.

Переведите слова в скобках на английский язык

1. Chemistry is a science which (рассматривает) with materials and their properties. 2. We think that the exhibition of our achievements (состоится) at the end of September. 3. This scientist (внес большой вклад) both in chemistry and physics. 4. All his life he worked in the field of chemistry, and we can say that he (посвятил) his life to science. 5. All the changes which (сопровождали) this reaction play a very important role. 6. Later Lavoisier (ввел) the concept of the chemical elements. 7. Though these two teams work under (одинаковые) conditions the result of their work are different. 8. This article (касается) the development of our industry.

Определите видо-временную форму глагола и залог сказуемого и переведите предложения на русский язык

1) The properties of this substance change water heating.

2) The change from one state into another was accompanied by the evolution of the heat.

3) The concentration of mineral matter in sea water slowly increased.

4) Chemists discovered many laws and important phenomena in life.

5) The broad field of chemistry is divided in many ways.

6) Compounds of carbon occur in plants of animals.

7) The experiment were made under room temperature.

Lesson 6 MY FIRST ANATOMY LESSON

МИНИСТЕРСТВО СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА РФ

ДЕПАРТАМЕНТ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ
И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

ФГОУ ВПО «САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКАЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННАЯ
АКАДЕМИЯ ВЕТЕРИНАРНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ»

УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

По английскому языку

для студентов 1 курса

факультета ветеринарной медицины

САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГ

Учебно-методическое пособие (переработанное издание) предназначено для студентов дневного отделения 1-го года обучения по специальности «Ветеринарная медицина». Оно может быть использовано и на 2 курсе как материал для пересказа устных тем. Пособие тренирует развитие навыков профессиональной речи. Каждый текст сопровождается большим количеством упражнений, направленных на усвоение лексико-грамматических основ и развитие навыков как монологического, так и диалогического высказывания. Основная грамматика закрепляется проработкой большого числа соответствующих упражнений. Пособие снабжено кратким грамматическим справочником.

Составители: Дементьева Л.Г., Разумовский О.В., Мельник И.В., Калюжная Л.М., Зебров Д.К., Форш В.Д., Чеченкова Н.В.

д.в.н., проф. Конопатов Ю.В.

Рекомендовано к печати методическим советом СПбГАВМ
(протокол № 3 от 25.04.11г.)

Издание дополненное и переработанное

© ФГОУ ВПО «Санкт-Петербургская государственная

академия ветеринарной медицины», 2011г.

Lesson 1 WE STUDY ENGLISH

English is a very useful language in our life. I want to know this language well. Many people study English. Is it necessary? Yes, it is.

The studying of English is not easy. There are some difficulties here. Spelling and pronunciation is quite difficult. If you study regularly, you can master the English language. You must read English books. You must repeat words and grammatical rules. Follow the explanations of the teacher!

Работа в классе по указаниям преподавателя.

Повторите по “Грамматике английского языка” следующие темы:

1. Личные и притяжательные местоимения.

2. Спряжение глаголов to be, to have, to do.

3. Вопросительные местоимения.

(См. Грамматический справочник в конце пособия)

Lesson 2 I AM A STUDENT OF THE STATE ACADEMY
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

This year I left the secondary school. My favorite subjects were mathematics and biology. But first of all I was interested in animals and their life.

In summer I passed my entrance examinations to the Saint-Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine. The Academy is a higher medical school which trains specialists for different branches of veterinary medicine. To enter the Academy I passed entrance examinations in biology, chemistry (physics) and the Russian language. As I passed them successfully I was admitted to the Academy. Now I am a first-year student.
I study at the day department of the Academy. Besides, there are a correspondence department and an evening department in the Academy too. I entered the State Academy of Veterinary Medicine because my dream was to become a veterinary surgeon and help animals suffering from different diseases.

I am not from St. Petersburg. I am from Petrozavodsk. There is no higher veterinary institute there and I came to St.Petersburg to get a higher medical veterinary education. I decided to enter this Academy because it is one of the best higher veterinary schools not only in St.Petersburg but in the whole Russia. I have no relatives in the city and now I live in the hostel. My hostel is located on Novo-Izmaylovsky prospect. It is not very convenient and modern. But it has all the necessary facilities. There are two students in my room. They are from different towns of Russia and also came to St.Petersburg to study at our Academy. We are rather friendly and always prepare our home tasks together. And when we have free time on the week-end we often go to the cinema or theatre, exhibitions or museums or wander along the streets of the city admiring its beauty. I am very happy that I have entered the Academy. It is very interesting to study here, though not easy.

Задание 1. Прочтите и переведите вышеприведенный текст, выучите необходимые слова и выражения:

Задание 2. Прочитайте и выучите полное название академии,
ее отделений, клиник и кафедр.

The Saint-Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine, day department, full-time department, evening department, correspondence department, the Academy’s clinics of infectious diseases, surgery and therapy, the departments (chairs) of foreign languages, anatomy, histology, physiology, microbiology, biochemistry, pathologic anatomy, feeding and nutrition, obstetrics.

Задание 3. Ответьте на вопросы словосочетаниями из текста.

1.What are you? 2. Where are you from? 3. When did you finish secondary school? 4. What kind of secondary school did you finish? 5. What were your favorite subjects at school? 6. What did you do after school?
7. When did you enter the St.Petersburg Veterinary Academy? 8. What did you do to enter the Academy? 9. What entrance examinations did you pass? 10. Was it difficult to enter the Academy? 11. Which department do you study at? 12. What departments else are there in the Academy? 13. Is there an evening department in the Academy too? 14. How many departments are there in the Academy? 15. What are they? 16. Why did you enter the Academy? 17. Have you any relatives in St. Petersburg? 18. Where do you live now? 19. Where is your hostel situated? 20. How many students live in your room? 21. What do you usually do in your free time?

Задание 4. Напишите и запомните английские эквиваленты
следующих русских словосочетаний:

первокурсник, различные заболевания, инфекционные болезни, средняя школа, вступительные экзамены, дневное отделение, заочное отделение, современное общежитие, готовить специалистов, бродить по улицам, высшее учебное заведение, вечернее отделение, любимый предмет, преподаватель, свободное время, родственник, удобное общежитие, лечить животных, страдать от болезней

Задание 5. Начните следующие предложения соответствующими словосочетаниями из текста:

Задание 6. Заполните пропуски словами или словосочетаниями
из текста:

Задание 7. Выберите необходимое по смыслу слово из тех, которые приведены в скобках:

1. This year I (entered, finished, admitted) secondary school. 2. This summer I (had, gave, passed) entrance examinations to the Saint-Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine. 3. Now I (go, study, live) at the Academy. 4. Our Academy is a special (higher, secondary, middle) medical veterinary school. 5. The Academy (makes, gives, trains) specialists for curative veterinary medicine. 6. I (passed, study, entered) the Academy because I (want, like, have) to be a veterinary surgeon.

7. Now I (sit, live, stand) in the (hotel, house, hostel), because I am not from Saint-Petersburg and have no (parents, relatives, friends) here.

Задание 8. Закончите следующие предложения словосочетаниями из текста:

Задание 9. Переведите на английский язык слова, заключенные в скобки, и прочтите все предложения.

1. I am а (первокурсник). 2. I study at the (Санкт-Петербургской государственной академии ветеринарной медицины). 3. The Academy trains (ветеринарных хирургов и инспекторов). 4. I (учусь) at the day department. 5. To enter the Academy I (сдал вступительные экзамены по биологии, химии и русскому языку). 6. I entered the Academy because (моя мама работает в клинике ветеринарным врачом) and I want to follow her. 7. (Я не из Санкт-Петербурга) I am from Bryansk. 8. Now I (живу в общежитии). 9. There are (три студента в комнате). 10. We are very friendly and (часто проводим свободное время вместе). 11. I like (читать книги), listen to music and (смотреть телевизор). 12. I (занимаюсь спортом). I (играю в волейбол).

Задание 10. Заполните пропуски предлогами, где это необходимо.

Задание 11. Расскажите о себе как о студенте ветеринарной академии, используя следующие слова и выражения:

Задание 12. Выполните следующие упражнения.

Now I (to be) a first-year student. Last year I (to be) not a veterinary student. A year ago I (to be) a pupil of the 11th form. We (to be) thirty in our class. Two of our form (to be) my good friends. We (to have) much time for sports, reading and fan. At school we (to have) many interesting subjects but biology (to be) my favorite subject. Now I (to be) a student of a full- time department. There (to be) 12 students in our group. We (to have) our classes five days a week. Tomorrow we (to have) three classes. We (to have) no exams in December. We (to be) veterinarians in 5 years. My friend (to be) a veterinarian in two years, because now he (to be) a third year student. Next year he (to be) twenty. He (to have) veterinary practice at the Academy’s clinic last summer. Today he (to have) a lecture on Anatomy. Anatomy and surgery (to be) his favorite subjects.

Упражнение 2. Подберите к приведённым местоимениям соответствующую форму вспомогательного глагола.

А) he (be, наст.вр.); you (do, буд. вр.); you ( have; прош.вр.); they (be, наст.вр.); she (have, прош.вр.); I (be, наст.вр. ); she (have, наст.вр.); we (do, прош.вр.); they (have, буд.вр.); he (do, наст.вр.).

В) я (be, наст.вр.); он (have, прош.вр.); мы (do, буд.вр.); вы (have, наст.вр.); она (be, буд.вр.); я (be, наст.вр.); они (have, прош.вр.); мы (be, наст.вр.); оно (do, прош.вр.); он (do, наст.вр.).

Упражнение 3. Задайте общий вопрос. Поставьте глагол в
отрицательную форму.

1. Some students live at the hostel. 2. She lives at the hostel. 3. My friend gets an increased grant. 4. Many young people care for medicine. 5. They study the functions of the organs. 6. Usually the examination session lasts for two weeks. 7. Good knowledge of veterinary surgery helps us during our practical training. 8. Prof. Smith specializes in heart diseases. 9. Some students specialize in small animal surgery. 10. She writes letters to her parents every week. 11. They write their tests well.

Упражнение 4. Используйте правильную видо-временную форму английского глагола и раскройте скобки.

1. She (plan) to enter the Veterinary Institute? 2. I (become) a veterinarian in 5 years. 3. Last week I (work) at the Institute library. 4. We (study) special subjects next year. 5. They (not live) at the hostel, they (be) from St-Petersburg. 6. She (enter) the Institute in 2010. 7. We (graduate) from the Academy in 4 years. 8. Usually the veterinarians (treat) sick animals at the clinic. 9. He (be) better now, the temperature (not increase). 10. We (have) examinations in January. 11. He ( not use) transfusion of blood when he operated on the animal. 12. They (vaccinate) the whole herd next week. 13. This cow (not give) milk, it (be) sick. 14. Soon we (vaccinate) the cattle. 15. The veterinarian (not vaccinate) the herd; the animals (be) sick. 16. These horses (become) sick last week. 17. The assistant (begin) to vaccinate the cows last Friday. 18. We (not have), a lecture in Anatomy tomorrow. 19. We (be) students and we (not treat) animals. 20. Veterinary specialists (work) in different fields of veterinary medicine. 21. Soon a large group of students (go) to the farm. 22. The doctor (come) to the clinic in an hour. It (be) 8 o’clock now.

Упражнение 5. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Выучите выделенные слова:

This is a farm. This is a dairy farm. It is large. It has 500 (five hundred) animals. In summer the animals (cows, bulls, calves) usually graze in the fields. In autumn and winter the animals stay in the barns.The farm has a large clinic. Two veterinarians work at the clinic. The vets have four assistants. In summer the animals are seldom sick, they’re usually in good health. But in autumn and winterthe number of sick animalsis sometimes high. And then the vets and their assistants have much work to do.

Задание 13. Выучите следующие вопросы и ответы и расскажите о себе:

a) Who are you? What is your name?- I’m Alexander Pavlov. My first name is Alexander. Pavlov is my surname ( family name)

k) How many years is your sister older than you? What is her name?

— My sister is six years older than I am. My sister is six years my senior. She is 23 already. She is married and has her own family. Her name’s Kate (Catherine). She was called after our granny.

Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What is your name? 2. How old are you? 3. Where are you from? (What is your native town?) 4. What are your parents? 8. Where do they work? 6 What are you now? 7. When did you finish secondary school? 8. What secondary school did you study at? 9. What did you do after school? 10. Why did you enter the Veterinary Academy? 11. Is it interesting for you to study at the Academy? 12. What do you usually do in your free time?

Задание 14. Прочитайте, выучите наизусть и воспроизведите следующий диалог:

Ann. How do you do, Bill! I haven’t seen you for ages! Where have you been? You have disappeared completely!

Bill. Hello! I’m glad to see you too! You see, all these days I was reading for my entrance examinations.

Ann.Oh, I see. And what is the result?

Bill. I’m a student now!

Ann. Really! And what Institute did you enter?

Bill. I entered the well-known Saint-Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine.

Ann. And why did you enter it? Do you really want to be a veterinarian and treat animals?

Bill. Yes, sure, it was my dream. Besides, you know that my parents are veterinarians too and I decided to follow them.

Lesson 3 MY WORKING DAY

А.

My name is Irina Ivanova. I am a first-year student of the Saint-Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine. This year I left secondary school and passed my entrance examinations to the Academy. I passed them successfully and was admitted to the day department of the Academy. (I finished secondary school and entered a middle veterinary school or a veterinary college; I finished secondary school and began to work on a state farm and this year I passed my entrance examinations and was admitted to the Academy). I entered the Academy because I want to be a veterinary surgeon as my mother (father, grandmother) is a veterinarian and I like this profession and want to follow her (him, them). Now I study at the day department of the Academy.

Every day I get up at half past 6. Our classes begin at nine o¢clock. I live rather far from the Academy and it takes me one hour and a half to go to it. I leave for the Academy at seven o’clock. I take bus ( tram or metro ) to get to the Academy. Every day we have three or four classes; as a rule there are two lectures and two practical classes. I attend all the classes, except when I am ill. All the missed lessons are to be answered with the permission of the dean. At lectures I listen to the lecturer and take notes. The lectures are delivered by the professors or senior lecturers (docents). At practical classes I perform experiments, do laboratory works, read and translate texts, discuss different philosophical works and problems.

В.

I have many subjects to study such as anatomy, chemistry, organic chemistry, biochemistry, physiology, biology and others. My favorite subjects are anatomy and English. I like anatomy because it will be necessary for my future work as a veterinarian and I like English because it is also a necessary subject in our modern life and besides every highly qualified specialist must know at least one foreign language.

Usually my lessons are over at half past four. After the lessons I go home. Sometimes I go to the library or go to answer my missed lessons. At home I have a little rest, dinner and then do my home task. It takes me two or three hours to do my home task for the next day.

There are 12 students in my academic group. We are rather friendly and help each other in our studies. Sometimes we even spend our free time together. I must say that it is interesting to study at the Veterinary Academy, but not easy. I am often very tired when I return home in the evening. I like to study at the Academy and hope to finish it successfully in 5 years and be a good veterinary practitioner.

When I have time I like to read books, watch TV, listen to modern music or, when the weather is good, I go for a walk. I like to walk along the streets and embankments of our city and admire its beauty. On Sundays I like to sleep a little longer, visit my friends, go for a walk or stay at home and have a rest.

Задание 15. Прочтите и переведите вышеприведенный текст, выучите необходимые слова и выражения:

to spend time – проводить время

Задание 16. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

1. Who are you? 2. What are you? 3. Where do you study? 4. When did you finish the secondary school? 5. When did you enter the Saint-Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine? 6. Did you work after the secondary school? 7. Did you study in the middle veterinary school? 8. Why did you enter the Academy? 9. What department do you study at? 10. When do you get up in the morning? 11. When do your classes begin? 12. When do you leave for the Academy? 13. Do you live far from the Academy? 14. How do you get to the Academy? 15. How much time does it take you to get to the Academy? 16. Do you attend all the classes? 17. How many classes do you have every day? 18. What type of classes do you have every day? 19. What do you do at lectures? 20. What do you do at practical classes? 21. What subjects do you study? 22. What is (are) you favorite subject(s)? 23. Why do you like it? 24. When are your classes usually over? 25. What do you do after the classes? 26. When do you answer your missed lessons? 27. When do you usually go home? 28. How many students are there in your group? 29. Is your group friendly? 30. When do you do your home task? 31. How much time does it take you to do your home task? 32. Do you have free time during your working days? 33. What do you do in your free time? 34. How do you usually spend your weekend?

Задание 18. Назовите английский эквивалент следующих русских слов и словосочетаний:

первокурсник, читать лекции, средняя школа, проводить эксперименты, вступительные экзамены, делать лабораторные работы, сдать экзамен, любимый предмет, быть принятым в Академию современная жизнь, высококвалифицированный специалист, по крайней мере, вставать в семь часов утра, выходить из дома, довольно далеко, у меня уходит (я трачу) час, ехать на автобусе (метро), свободное время, как правило, очень уставать, идти домой, делать домашнее задание, практические занятия, возвращаться домой, плохо себя чувствовать, смотреть телевизор, слушать преподавателя, слушать музыку, писать конспекты лекций, оставаться дома

Задание 19. Заполните пропуски словосочетаниями, пользуясь для справок словосочетаниями из Задания 18.

Задание 20. Выберите из скобок необходимое по смыслу слово:

1. I (learn, study, go) at the St.Petersburg Academy of Veterinary Medicine. 2. Alex is a first (student, course, year) student. 3. Professor Ivanov (teaches, learns, studies) us to care for patients. 4. Professor Ivanov (reads, gives, delivers) lectures on anatomy. 5. My friend and I (love, like, admire) to wander along the streets of the city. 6. In a month I shall (read, write, speak) for my 1-st exam. 7. Usually I (go, come, walk) home at 5 o’clock. 8. It (spends, takes, gives) me two hours to (take, do, read) my home task. 9. I’ll (visit, go, come) to see you tomorrow. 10. Usually I (study, learn, teach) Latin terms in the evening before (taking, going, coming) to bed.

Задание 21. Выполните следующие упражнения:

Упражнение 1. Заполните пропуски необходимыми по смыслу местоимениями.

Упражнение 2. Поставьте глагол “to be” и “to have” в нужной форме:

1. We …… not veterinarians; we do not treat animals. 2. This year I …… many new friends, my fellow-students. 3. In five years we ….. veterinary doctors. 4. Next year we……..second-year students.5. At this moment they …. at their English classes. 6. We ….. examinations in January. 7. Usually every large city … many pet shops. 8. Pet shops always … many pet animals on sale. 9. Very often pets …… our only consolation. 10. Sometimes exotics … very interesting for observation. 11. Anatomy ….. a very interesting subject. 12. Good knowledge of Anatomy … very important.

Упражнение 3. Трансформируйте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму:

1. I shall study Histology soon. 2. Dr. Smith will treat the sick animals. He’s a good specialist. 3. Prof. Smith diagnoses heart diseases. 4. We entered the Institute last summer. 5. We shall have three lectures tomorrow. 6. We want to become veterinary surgeons. 7. He will visit us on Sunday. 8. They will return in a week. They will not stay there long. 9. You will receive your grants on the 22nd of December. 10. We shall not have any exams in December. 11. The teacher asked us many questions. 12. He joined the students’ Scientific Society last year. 13. She studied English at school. 14. We shall have practical training at the end of the term. 15. She’ll write a letter to her parents tomorrow. 16. The doctor administered antibiotics in the treatment of pneumonia last month. 17. The doctor seldom administers antibiotics to the poultry. 18.He will visit us on Sunday. 19.They will return in a week. They will not stay there long. 20. During the first two years the students study pre-clinical subjects. 21. Students learn to diagnose and treat different diseases. 22.Young doctors specialize in one of the fields of medicine. 23. My fellow-student learns to carry out laboratory analyses.

Упражнение 4. Используйте правильную видо-временную форму глаголов и раскройте скобки:

1. Two weeks ago he (treat) pneumonia in a herd of cows. 2. They (continue) the experiment tomorrow. 3. Last week the veterinarian (not vaccinate) the poultry. 4. This method of treatment always (give) good effect. 5. You (become) doctors next year? 6. We (not keep) sick animals in a herd, we usually (isolate) them. 7. A month ago our group (pass) exams. 8. He (diagnose) any disease in small animals. 9. The doctor (administer) antibiotics in the treatment of pneumonia last month? 10. There (to be) an interesting discussion at the library. 11. I (not go) to the library this month. 12. You (know) her before? 13. In several months they (to get) their diplomas and (begin) to work. 14. You (care) for chemistry? 15.He (leave) home 5 minutes ago. 16. You (have) any exams in December?

Упражнение 5. Используйте правильную видо-временную форму глаголов и раскройте скобки. Переведите текст и выучите выделенные слова:

Mr. Strimple (be) a small animal practitioner. At present he (have) a clinic of his own. He (start) his clinic in 1998. And now he (have) two assistants. In a year he (plan) to have a special room to keephis patients in it. So, Mr. Strimple (be) the owner of the clinic and his assistants (be) his companions. They (take care) of animal populationin their area. Certainly, they (have) a lot of work to do. Their work (require) much time and care.

Задание 22. Прочитайте и выучите выбранный диалог:

Вob. Have you forgotten? On Fridays we always have four lessons.

Ann. Four!? And what is the last? — Bob. English.

Nick. Oh, Mary! Glad to meet you. But I’m short of time, I must be in the dissecting room at 4 o’clock, we have a practical lesson there today.

Mary. It’s a pity. I haven’t seen you for ages and want to talk with you.

Ken. Hello, Liz.! Where are you going?

Liz. To the department of Biology. We have a lesson there.

Ken. Do you always attend all the lectures?

Liz. Yes, I try to. But last week I was ill and did not go to the Academy.

Ken. I see. Then good luck. Bye.

Lesson 4-5

THE SAINT-PETERSBURG STATE ACADEMY
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

А.

The city of St. Petersburg is a home of veterinary education in Russia and our Academy is one of the oldest higher veterinary schools in this country. The history of the Academy dates back to the veterinary department that was founded as a faculty of the Military Academy of Medical Surgery in 1808. The first veterinary surgeons got their certificates in 1813.

Near the Moscow Triumphal Arch, the former border of St. Petersburg, so called «The Post of Veterinary Guard» was located. The old building on the corner of Moskovsky prospect belongs until now to our Academy. The purpose of the Post was to control all the food products and animals that were brought to the city. Therefore later, as 1919 the first Veterinary Institute was established, it was located on this very place. The Institute trained highly qualified specialists in the field of veterinary for the whole Russia and other countries. In 1995 the Institute was renamed the Saint-Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine. At present the Academy is one of the most important educational, scientific and curative centers in our country.

To enter the Veterinary Academy applicants take their entrance examinations in July before the new academic year begins. Those of them who pass their entrance exams successfully are admitted to the Academy. There are six faculties in the Academy: the faculty of veterinary medicine with full- time and correspondence course of education, veterinary- sanitary expertize, bioecology, water bioresources and aquaculture, special studying, improvement of professional skill of top executives and experts. Since 2010 the Academy has an evening department. The course of training at the Academy lasts for 5 years. The first- and second- year students study pre-clinical subjects such as biology, anatomy, mathematics, microbiology, physics, chemistry, Latin and foreign languages. They also study some social subjects among which are history, philosophy and economics. Senior students study clinical subjects such as diagnostics and therapy, surgery, pathology, nervous and infectious diseases, hygiene and sanitation, feeding, epizootology, veterinary pharmacology, toxicology, obstetrics and others. Most of these subjects are necessary for the future veterinarian-practitioners. That is why it is necessary to attend all the practical classes and lectures. It is interesting to listen to the lecturers and discuss different medical or social problems. About 38 professors, more than 80 senior lecturers (docents) and scientific researchers, whose names are known not only in our country but also abroad, work at our Academy. They are busy with the development of new methods of teaching students and treating sick animals.

В.

There are about 29 departments (chairs) in the Academy, such as the departments of Anatomy, Foreign Languages, Physiology, Surgery, Hygiene, Nutrition and others. Each department has its head who is responsible for the work of the department. Head of the Academy is the Rector. He is responsible for the work of the Academy in general. Two Pro-rectors are responsible for research and academic work. They help the Rector in his functioning. Dean is the head of a faculty. He helps students in their studies. The departments of the Academy have well equipped modern laboratories where students can work after their classes. Many students carry out their first scientific investigations in such laboratories at the different departments. The students have all opportunities to master their profession. If some of them are interested in research work they can join a Student’s Scientific Society. The students get their practical knowledge in the Academy’s clinics, on farms and veterinary establishments. They work there under guidance of experienced specialists.

The Academy has a big library containing more than 300 thousand volumes of native and foreign literature. Among them there are such rare editions as «Equine Diseases» published in 1535, «Equine Anatomy» of Carlo Ruini (1603), works of Thomas Willis collected in «Animal Anatomy» (1682) and others. Students can borrow books on veterinary medicine and other subjects from the Academy’s library and they also can read for their lectures and seminars in its light reading hall.

After the course of training students get diplomas of veterinary surgeons or veterinary inspectors and begin to work on state or collective farms, at veterinary stations and bacteriological laboratories. They also may have an own clinic or work at an emergency veterinary service. The Academy has a post-graduate department in 20 specialities, and if young specialists want to continue their education, they can attend a post- graduate course.

Задание 23. Прочтите и переведите вышеприведенный текст, выучите необходимые слова и выражения:

to be equipped with. – быть оснащенным чем-л.

emergency service – служба неотложной помощи

Задание 24. Ответьте на следующие вопросы словами или сло­восочетаниями из текста.

1. What does the history of the Academy date back to? 2. When was the Veterinary Institute reorganized into the St.Petersburg Academy of Veterinary Medicine? 3. What is the Academy nowadays? 4. What specialists does the Academy of Veterinary Medicine train? 5. How long is the course of training at the Academy? 6. What subjects do the first- and second- year students study? 7. What do senior students study? 8. Why is it necessary to attend lectures and practical classes? 9. What do senior students do in the clinics of the Academy? 10. Whom does the teaching staff consist of? 11. How many departments are there in the Academy? 12. Who is the head of a faculty? 13. Who is the head of the Academy? 14. What is the task of a dean? 15. What is the equipment of the departments? 16. Where students may borrow books on their specialty? 17. When do students get diplomas? 18. What kind of diplomas do the students of the Academy get? 19. Is there a post-graduate department at the Academy?

Задание 25. Назовите и запишите русские эквиваленты следующих английских слов и словосочетаний:

Задание 26. Заполните пропуски необходимыми по смыслу словами или словосочетаниями.

1. The first veterinary surgery department was founded as a in …

Задание 27. Переведите на английский язык часть предложения, заключенную в скобках.

1. It is necessary (посещать лекции и практические занятия) to become a good specialist. 2. The final-year students of the Academy (работают в разных ветеринарных учреждениях). 3. The Saint-Petersburg State Academy is а (крупнейший учебный и образовательный центр) not only in Saint-Petersburg but also in Russia. 4. The Academy has (около 29 кафедр). 5. The Academy (готовит специалистов разных специальностей). 6. Most of the subjects studied at the Academy are necessary for (будущей работы ветеринара). 7. (Студенты 1-го и 2-го курсов) study pre-clinical subjects. 8. Rector is (глава академии). 9. (Курс обучения в академии) lasts for 5 years. 10. (Студенты старших курсов) study (клинические дисциплины). 11. Senior students assist at (на операциях и могут оказать квалифицированную помощь). 12. (Каждую кафедру возглавляет) is a professor or (доцент). 13. All (старшекурсники) receive patients and (лечат их под руководством опытных врачей). 14. Many departments of the Academy are (хорошо оснащены современным оборудованием). 15. (После курса обучения) students get diplomas (ветеринарных хирургов и санитарных инспекторов). 16. The Academy (укомплектована высококвалифицированными специалистами). 17. Many of them (хорошо известны) not only in our country (но и за рубежом). 18. The Veterinary Institute (был восстановлен в 1919) and again reorganized into the Academy in 1995. 19. The Academy has a post-graduate department (по 20-ти специальностям) and if young specialists want to continue their education, they (могут посещать) post- graduate course during 2 years.

Задание 28. Расставьте предложения, приведенные в задании 27, в таком порядке, чтобы получился рассказ о современном состоянии академии.

Задание 29. Заполните пропуски предлогами, где это необходимо.

Задание 30. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.

Задание 31. Прочитайте следующий диалог и на его основе составьте собственный:

А. Good morning, В! Where are you going to?

В. I am going to the Veterinary Academy.

A. What for? Have you any sick pet?

B. No, I’m a student of this Academy!

A. You are, aren’t you? Well and how do you like it?

B. It’s wonderful. But I must say to be a student of medicine is very difficult. Sometimes I have to sit learning anatomy or Latin till late hours.

A. Just like your father I suppose?

B. Yes, why not! Sorry, but I am short of time, I¢m in a hurry. Bye.

Задание 32. Выполните следующие упражнения.

Упражнение 1. Заполните пропуски соответствующей формой глаголов “to be” и “to have”:

1. This student _____good knowledge of Anatomy. 2. Some professors of the Academy _____ well-known in our country. 3. The students of our Academy _____ exams twice a year. 4. The Academy’s library _____ many books on veterinary medicine. 5. The course of studies at our Academy ___ five years. 6. We ____ not veterinarians, we ____veterinary students. 7. He ____ not a veterinary student, he ____ a medical student. 8. I ___ a student of the St-.Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine. 9. The Academy _____ 29 departments and three research laboratories.

Упражнение 2. Поставьте правильную форму глагола и раскройте скобки:

1. This cow (to recover ) three days ago. 2. Pox (to be ) an acute infectious disease. 3. The temperature of this patient (to be) very high yesterday. 4. The veterinary surgeon (to operate) my dog tomorrow. 5. Smallpox (to be) a very severe disease. 6. The veterinarian (to examine ) my sick dog tomorrow. 7. My friend (to graduate from) the Veterinary Institute in two years. 8. This cow (to have) the symptoms of cowpox.

Упражнение 3. Задайте общий вопрос:

1. Edward Jenner discovered vaccination against smallpox. 2. This patient has a very high temperature. 3. The veterinarian will inoculate animals next week. 4. There are not many sick animals at the Institute’s clinic now.
5. Many veterinarians work in collective and state farms. 6. I shall not go to the surgery clinic with my dog next week. 7. This man had a mild form of cowpox two months ago. 8. There are manylaboratories at our Academy.

Упражнение 4. Задайте вопрос к выделенным словам:

1. Students pass examination twice a year.2. Books are on the table.3. Lectures in Anatomy will last for two years.4. We have a practical training at the end of the term.5. Fifth-year students cure the simplest cases of diseases.6. The teacher asked us many questions.7. We want to become veterinary surgeons.8. Doctor Smith treats his patients with the newest remedies. 9. Medical profession requires a real calling for it.10. Soon they‘lldiagnose some diseases.

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Укажите время и залог.

1. The dates of our exams and credit tests are fixed by the Dean. 2. Clinical subjects are studied beginning from the third year. 3. The experiments will be completed in a month. 4. My friend’s dog was taken to the veterinary clinic yesterday. 5. Surgical treatment of some diseases is used. 6. The horse’s disease was diagnosed after the blood examination. 7. Loss of appetite is called anorexia. 8. On dairy farms cattle are regularly examined by vets. 9. The disease origin is not known yet. 10. The vet’s instructions will be followed strictly. 11. Tuberculosis was diagnosed in that cow. 12. Some animals were given water. 13. Patients with infectious diseases are taken to the hospital. 14. He was known as a specialist in animal hygiene. 15. Antibiotics are often used to cure infectious diseases.

Упражнение 6. Поставьте глагол в правильную форму, обращая внимание на залог.

1. The animals (to examine) by the students every day. 2. The students (to examine) the animals every day. 3. This cow (to treat) by our veterinarian last week. 4. Our veterinarian (to treat) this cow last week. 5. Penicillin injections (to use) by the veterinarian tomorrow.6. The veterinarian (to use) penicillin injections tomorrow. 7. The students (to treat) sick animals next year. 8. Sick; animals (to treat) by the students next year. 9. Infectious diseases (to cause) by microbes. 10. Microbes (to cause) infectious diseases.11. That treatment (to use) by our veterinarian last week. 12. Our veterinarian (to use) that treatment last week. 13. The animals (to operate) by our veterinarian last week. 14. Our veterinarian (to operate) the animals yesterday. 15. This disease (to cause) by a virus. 16. Viruses (to cause) many diseases. 17. The sick calves (to isolate) by the dairymen tomorrow. 18. The dairymen (to isolate) the sick calves to-morrow.

Упражнение 7. Используйте правильное английское местоимение при переводе.

Lesson 7 LECTURE ON MUSCLEs

Yesterday the students of our group came to the Academy to listen to a lecture on muscles. The lecture was attended by all of us. The lecture was delivered by Prof. Smirnov. To listen to it was very interesting. Prof. Smirnov was the first to tell us about the anatomical significance of the muscles in the body. In his lecture he said that the body of an animal was composed of about 600 skeletal muscles. The students learned that in the adult mammals about 35-40% (per cent) of the body weight was formed by the muscles. According with the basic parts of the skeleton all the muscles were divided into the muscles of the trunk, head, and extremities.

When Prof. Smirnov spoke about the form of the muscles he said that all the muscles were divided into three basic groups: long, short and wide muscles; the free extremities were formed by the long muscles; wide muscles lay on the trunk; the walls of the body cavities were formed by wide muscles. Some muscles were named according to the structure of their fibers, for example, radiated muscles; others according to their uses, for example, extensors (разгибающие мышцы) or according to their direction, for example, oblique (косая).

When Prof. Smirnov spoke about the structure of the muscles he said that the muscles were formed by a mass of muscle cells, the muscular fibers were connected together by connective tissue, the blood vessels and the nerves were in the muscles.

The great research work was carried out by many scientists to determine the functions of the muscles. Three basic methods of study were used: the experimental work on animals, the study of the muscles on a living human body and on the corpse. This work helped to establish that the muscles were the active agents of motion and contraction.

Vocabulary List

muscle [mAsl] n – мышца direction n – направление, указание

radiated muscle – веерообразная мышца tissue[‘tisju:] n – ткань

establish v – устанавливать connective tissue – cоединительная ткань

introduce v – вводить vessel n – сосуд

change v – менять, n изменение find (found) v – находить, считать

weight n – вес find out – обнаруживать

divide v – делить, разделять determine[d’tэ;min] v – определять

wide a – широкий сontraction n – сокращение, сжатие

Задание 36. Прочтите и переведите текст и следующие словосочетания:

1. the contraction of muscles; 2. the blood vessel wall; 3. the body weight; 4. connective tissue cells; 5. to determine the blood group; 6. a rapid change.

Задание 37. 1. Прочтите текст “ Lecture on Muscles. 2. Напишите план текста. 3. Найдитe: а) инфинитивы, определите их функции и переведите предложения; б) предложения на правила согласования времен и переведите их:

Упражнение 1. В следующих предложениях отметьте инфинитив в различных функциях. Переведите:

1. He can perform this operation in the morning. 2. My friend was the last to come to the lecture. 3. He wants to determine the direction of muscular fibers. 4. Microbiology is one of the most interesting subjects to study.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на отрицательный смысл перевода глагола “to fail”:

1. The researcher failedto draw any conclusion from his numerous experiments. 2. The X-ray examination failedto prove the consolidation in the lung. 3. Nobody failed(at) the examination in Physiology. 4. Sometimes in the man with impair

Общие условия выбора системы дренажа: Система дренажа выбирается в зависимости от характера защищаемого.

Поперечные профили набережных и береговой полосы: На городских территориях берегоукрепление проектируют с учетом технических и экономических требований, но особое значение придают эстетическим.

Medical Education in the USA

1. Государственная служба здравоохранения предоставляет населению США все виды медицинской помощи.

2. Государственная служба здравоохранения обеспечивает лечение физических и психических заболеваний, хирургию, услуги дантиста, акушера, семейного врача.

3. В Америке развита система медицинского страхования.

4. Современные больницы имеют все необходимое оборудование для диагностики и лечения.

5. Студент должен совершенствоваться в лабораторных предметах.

6. После окончания медицинского вуза студент получает звание Доктора Медицины, тем не менее он все еще студент.

7. Студент проходит 1 или 2 года интернатуры в больнице.

8. Во многих штатах есть лицензионная комиссия, которая экзаменует врача после интернатуры.

9. Выдержав экзамен, врач может иметь практику.

10. Match the terms to the definitions.

1.Tutors A. A consultant assigned to a trainee who provides

training during periods of direct clinical care.

2.Demonstrator B. A consultant who supervises a trainee’s period of

3.Lecturer/ senior lecture C. In anatomy teaching, someone who demonstrates

how to dissect. Demonstrators are often

postgraduate students paying their way through

4. Professor D. An academic, or in some cases a postgraduate

student, who leads tutorials.

5. College tutor E. A senior academic with teaching and research

responsibilities for a particular discipline. Usually

a leading figure in their discipline.

6. Clinical trainer F. An academic with teaching and research

responsibilities who contributes to the teaching of

a particular discipline.

7. Educational supervisor G. A consultant responsible for delivering a college

11. Match the definitions to the terms

1. Science that studies the structure of human body. A pharmacology

2. Science of diseases and diseased tissues b physiology

3. Brunch of medicine which deals with children’s illness c anatomy

4. Science of mind and its processes d pathology

5. Brunch of medicine which deals with childbirth e psychology

6. Science and practice of treating diseases by operations f pediatrics

7. Science of normal functions of a living organism g pediatrics

8. Science of drugs and their effects on an organism h internship

9. (A period off) completing medical education by living I obstetrics

at a hospital and acting as an assistant physician or surgeon

«Health Service in Great Britain»

1. Answer the questions :

1) Explain the difference between a paramedical and administrative service.

2) What is the purpose of anesthetics?

3) What do you think are dangers in administering anesthetics?

4) What does an X-ray photograph?

5) Are X-rays only used for diagnose, or can they be used therapeutically as well?

6) Can a person be exposed to an unlimited number of X-rays?

7)What new specialty utilizes radioactive isotopes? Explain how this specialty works.

2. Translate the sentences:

1. If you use the NHS you don’t have to pay for the treatment.

2. In order to obtain the necessary information we looked through a lot of journals.

3. The general practitioner will arrange for you to be seen by a specialist if necessary.

4. We shall provide all that is necessary for your work.

5. Doctors usually prescribe this medicine in the cases like yours.

6. They decided to include this subject in the course of study.

То pass an act through the Parliament

The National Health Service

To receive the Royal Assent

To provide medical treatment

To establish personal relations

To be a private patient

To be dissatisfied with one’s family doctor

To provide a full range of medical service

4. Which member of a practice team would be responsible for each of the following?

1. Running a clinic for pregnant women

2. teaching a patient how to strengthen his broken leg

3. Letting the GP know that a patient can’t come to her appointment

4. Running a clinic for people who want to lose weight

5. Visiting a patient who has just returned home after a hernia operation

6. Carrying out check – ups on children in a poor neighbourhood

7. Organizing cover for an absent doctor

KEY:

4) practice nurse

5) district nurse

6) health visitor

7) practice manager

5. Изложите содержание текста на английском языке, используя ключевую лексику.

Больничная служба, входящая в Государственную службу Здравоохранения в Великобритании, объединяет различные типы больниц: районные больницы общего профиля с оборудованием для диагностики и лечения стационарных (in-patient) и амбулаторных (out-patient) больных, родильными отделениями, инфекционными отделениями, а также отделениями реабилитации.

Специализированные больницы предоставляют различные виды специального лечения, в том числе психических больных, хронических больных, пожилых людей и детей.

Идея семейных врачей всегда была популярна в Великобритании. Обычно человек сам выбирает себе врача в том районе, где он живет, и регистрируется в его списке. Семейный врач назначает лечение, выписывает лекарства, а если необходимо, направляет больного к специалисту. Все эти услуги в Великобритании бесплатны.

6.Translate into English:

1) Граждане Великобритании имеют право на бесплатное медицинское обслуживание.

2) Государственная служба здравоохранения была установлена во всем Объединенном Королевстве Великобритании и Северной Ирландии в 1948 году.

3) Те, кто раньше не имел возможности получать бесплатную медицинскую помощь, теперь получили доступ к государственному медицинскому обслуживанию.

4) Врач, работающий в государственной службе здравоохранения, может также принимать частных пациентов.

5) Пациент может сам выбирать себе врача или сменить врача, если он того желает.

7. Complete the diary for Dr.Stuart’s afternoon. The text will help you.

Dr Stuart works in a practice in a small market town with three other family doctors. The surgery is in the centre of the town and is shared by three practices. This is a typical working morning when she is not the duty doctor, responsible for emergencies and urgent problems.

Complete the diary for Dr.Stuart’s afternoon. Look at A and C opposite to help you

1.00-2.00 pm practice team meeting over sandwich lunch

2.00-4.00 pm afternoon (1)……………………..

4.00-4.20 pm coffee break………………………

4.20-5.00 pm check with (3 )…………for messages. Deal with home (4)…………..

and repeat (5)…………………..requests

5.00-6.00 pm paper work, e.g.(6)………… to secondary care, admin tasks, telephone

calls to patients, private medical examinations

6.00 pm phones switched to (7)……………………..service.

8. Переведите следующие словосочетания и составьте с ними предложения:

главная цель; незначительные недомогания; хронические больные; специализированное лечение; лечебная гимнастика; предоставлять лечение; посещать больного на дому; получить услуги и консультации

9. Answer the questions

What medical treatment does the NHS provide?

What diseases does the NHS cover?

What aids does it provide?

What does a patient do to obtain benefits of the NHS?

What are the duties of a family doctor?

Since when does a patient pay for medicine in Great Britain?

How many patients does a general practitioner have on his list?

Why do several general practitioners join in partnership?

10. Say what is true and what is false (cards with tasks).

1) There is no free medical treatment in Great Britain.

2) 2) Charges are made for drugs, spectacles and dental care.

3) Many people who have enough money prefer to be private patients because they don’t want to be put in a large room with other patients.

4) The patient cannot choose between NHS or private treatment

5) The general practitioner does invaluably work by filtering off 90 per cent of the total work.

6) Health centres provide opportunities for hospital specialists and GPs.

7) Each patient can come to the medical consultation at any time he wishes

8) The patient is the most important person in the health centre and all the energies should be directed to helping him as much as possible.

11. Закончите предложения, заменив части предложений в скобках на Participle 1:

1. The patient (he is talking to the doctor now) wants to go home as soon as possible.

12. Translate into English:

Медицинское обслуживание, домашний врач, бесплатный медицинский уход, делать прививки, низкий доход, значительная стоимость, пенсионные выплаты, психические заболевания, инвалидность, пострадавшие, медсестра, оказывать медицинскую помощь, штат, по записи.

13. Complete the sentences:

1. Children, over-60s, and people with some chronic diseases do not have to

3. The average GP ……………….. is ten minutes long.

4. A ……………….. is someone who takes the place of a staff member who is on leave.

5. Care outside working hours is known as ………………..-………………..-………………..

1) prescription charges

14. Make word combinations a word or phrase from each box. One word can be used twice.

refer home visits

supervise a clinic

make home visits

per form minor surgery

refer a patient

«Health сare system in the USA»

1. Ответьте на вопросы:

1) How many levels of organization of the medical service are there in the USA?

2) Is it convenient to have a “family doctor”?

3) Where do the Americans with low income come for all their medical needs?

4) Why were two new programmers – Medicare and Medicaid developed by the Federal Government?

5) What do you know about the staff in hospitals?

6) What does a family physician do?

7) What are the chief scientific problems facing American medicine?

Медицинское обслуживание, домашний врач, частный кабинет, обслуживать больных, находиться под контролем, бесплатный медицинский уход, ниже уровня, стоимость одного дня в больнице, главные проблемы, стоящие перед медициной, определить причины.

3. Complete the extract from an information leaflet for patients.

Information for outpatients

1) clinic/ hospital

4. Are the following statements true or false? Explain your answers.

1) Outpatient services are becoming more and more widespread.

2) Visiting a hospital as an outpatient is cheaper then being confined as an inpatient.

3) Children are among the greatest users of extended care facilities.

4) To be able to use a self-care center, a patient should be ambulatory.

5) Most older people do not use outpatient services because they cannot afford to pay for them.

6) Rehabilitation by occupational therapy includes the use of massage.

7) Emergency units usually operate around the clock.

8) An ambulance is a machine used in an emergency unit to administer oxygen.

9) Hospitals that have progressive health care programs encourage patients to return home as soon as possible.

10) Psychiatric patients are too sick to be treated on an outpatient basis.

5. Объедините в пары глаголы из левой колонки и существительные из правой. Переведите полученные словосочетания на русский язык.

to master practice

to set up patient

to treat skills

to develop laboratory science

to spend a diagnosis

to use knowledge

a) Составьте предложения с полученными словосочетаниями.

6. Are the following statements true or false?

1) A medical graduate becomes registered two years after graduation.

2) The system of training doctors in Britain is called the Foundation Programme.

3) The name senior house officer is no longer used in Britain.

4) The consultant is usually the first doctor to see new patients.

5) When working in shifts, all doctors take turns to be on call.

«Angina Pectoris»

1) What are the causes of Angina Pectoris?

2) Where does the patient feel the pain?

3) How long does the pain usually last?

4) Where does the pain radiate to?

5) What factors may cause an attack?

6) What are the main drugs for treating Angina Pectoris?

2. The following paragraph describes the flow of blood through the pulmonary circulation. Complete it by filling in the blanks.

Blood leaving the right ventricle first enters the___________, which passes upwards close to the aorta and divides into the right_____________ and the left _________________at the level of the 5 th thoracic vertebra. Each of these branches goes to the corresponding__________, and enters these organs in the area called the ________________. Within the tissues, the vessels divide and subdivide, giving a network of many millions of tiny _______________, across the walls of which gases exchange. Blood draining these structures then passes through veins of increasing diameter, which finally unite in the_______________, which carry the blood back to the _______ atrium of the heart.

3.Найдите предложения, которые стоят в страдательном залоге:

1) This textbook is experimental.

2) Many experiments are carried out by students.

3) He is happy because he students at the Medical Institute.

4) Interesting lectures are delivered by Professor Orbi.

5) Physiology is taught at our Medical Academy.

4. Переведите предложения:

1) Нам дают книги.

2) Мне часто задают много вопросов.

3) Операции производятся хирургом.

4) Учебники пишутся для студентов.

5) Нас часто видят в библиотеке.

6) Курсовые собрания проводятся в конце семестра.

5. Выбрать правильный перевод:

1. is characterized а) характеризует

2. was increased а) повышает

3. are governed а) управляют в) управляли

6. Which of the following would increase stroke volume (assuming no other factor changes to compensate)?

a. Sympathetic stimulation : ______________

b. Increased preload:_________________

c. Increased vagal tone: _________________

d. Increased heart rate:__________________

e. Decreased secretion of adrenaline ( epinephrine):______________

f. Decreased afterload: ________________

g. Increased blood volume:______________

h. Decreased venous return:_______________

7. Подобрать из колонки справа, соответствующие русские эквиваленты:

a) physical activity 1. при нагрузке

b) restriction of effort 2. сужение коронарной артерии

c) On exertion 3. снабжение кислородом

d) the oxygen supply 4. расширение коронарной артерии

e) coronary dilation 5. физическая активность

f) coronary narrowing 6. ограничение нагрузки

g) the severity of pain 7. увеличение нагрузки

h) a substernal pain 8. устранение боли

i) a precordial pain 9. боль в области сердца

j) a relief of pain 10. тяжесть (интенсивность боли)

11. загрудинная боль

Ключ: a-5, b-6, c-1, d-3, e-4, f-2, g-10, h-11, i-9, j-8.

a.diastolic pressure over systolic pressure

b.Pulse pressure over diastolic pressure

c.Systolic pressure over diastolic pressure

d.Diastolic pressure over pulse pressure

2. Which of the following events can be measured as systolic blood pressure? _______.

1.Atrial contraction b. Ventricular contraction c. Pulse pressure d. Cardiac diastole.

a.Cardiac output and peripheral resistance

b.Peripheral resistance and blood volume

c.Blood volume and pulse pressure

d.Pulse pressure and cardiac output

4. Which of the following is associated with the moment- to- moment control of blood pressure?_________

a. The rennin-angiotensin system

b. Control of blood volume

c. The baroreceptor reflex

d. The Hering – Breuer reflex

«Pneumonia»

1. Ответить на вопросы:

1. How does pneumonia usually begin? 2. What are the symptoms of influenza virus pneumonia? 3. What is the usual temperature? 4. What are the pulse and respiratory rates? 5. What does X- ray examination usually reveal? 6.Is the cough dry of moist? 7.When do the lung infiltrates usually disappear? 8.What drugs are usually administered?

2. Какие глаголы в следующих предложениях при переводе на английский язык должны быть использовании в Past Perfect.Укажите номера предложений и переведите их.

1. Где вы жили, прежде чем приехали в Красноярск.

2. Мы сдавали экзамен в конце января.

3. Сколько английских слов вы выучили к концу 1-го семестра?

4. После того как мы позавтракали, мы сразу пошли дамой.

5. Мы переехали на новую квартиру 15-го марта.

6. Хотя я вернулась дамой очень рано, он уже лег спать.

7. Я часто бывала у них в прошлом году.

1. A lung that can be stretched easily but that does not return to it’s original shape is:______

a. Elastic but not resistant

b. Resistant but not compliant

c. Compliant but not elastic

d. Elastic but not compliant.

2. Compliance is:_______

a. The ability of the lung to stretch

b. Very low in the normal healthy lung

c. Another term for elasticity

d. Increased when surfactant levels are low.

3. Elasticity is (choose all that apply):________

a. The ability of the lung to stretch

b. Very high in the normal healthy lung

c. An opposing force to compliance

d. Important in determining airways resistance.

4. Which of the following would decrease resistance in the healthy airway?_________

a. Increased goblet cell activity

b. Parasympathetic activity

c. Decreased pleural fluid production

d. Relaxation of airway smooth muscle.

3. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is the definition of lobar pneumonia?

2. What is the specific cause of pneumonia?

3. How does lobar pneumonia set in?

4. What are the first symptoms?

5. What helps to make a diagnosis?

6. What diseases may stimulate lobar pneumonia?

7. What complications may occur with lobar pneumonia?

4. Перевести предложения с русского на английский язык.

1. Заболеваемость пневмонией обычно увеличивается во время эпидемий гриппа.

2. Пик заболеваний пневмонией наступает примерно через 2 недели после начала эпидемии.

3. Количество госпитализаций с пневмонией может возрасти в 2, 3 раза в этот период.

5. Заболевание обычно начинается у больных, недавно перенесших вирусный грипп.

7. Затем появляется одышка, обильный пот, боль в боку.

8. Рентген показывает инфильтраты в легких.

9. Лечение пневмонии включает кислород, антибиотики.

5. Make word Combination using a word from each box.

Вариант 1

1) How long does complete medical education last now days in Great Britain?

2) What periods does modern medical education consist of?

3) What is the aim of premedical training? How long does in last?

4) What sciences do student study during the second (clinical) period of medical education?

5) How long does this period last?

6) When do student begin to get practical experience in the care of patients?

7) What subjects begin to medical students learn in the thing (clinical) period of studying?

8) How long does internship last?

9) What is the aim of internship?

1) Каждый врач знает строение тела человека.

2) Все студенты-медики проводят много времени в больнице

3) Невозможно изучить функции организма только по книгам

4) Трудно научить лечить людей

5) Каждый день у них лекции и практические занятия

6) Студенты изучают физиологию и гистологию

— ion(-tion) – to reproduce, to distribute, to preserve

— ity – to diverse, peculiar, simple

— ment – to entertain, to establish

-al(-ical) structure, bacteria, type

— ful – purpose, use, help

— ly- entire, simple, collective

— ify- pure, identity, simple

Re- to distribute, to organize, to tell

In – visible, direct

1) What are the causes of Angina Pectoris?

2) Where does the patient feel the pain?

3) How long does the pain usually last?

4) Where does the pain radiate to?

5) What factors may cause an attack?

6) What are the main drugs for treating Angina Pectoris?

5. The following paragraph describes the flow of blood through the pulmonary circulation. Complete it by filling in the blanks.

Blood leaving the right ventricle first enters the___________, which passes upwards close to the aorta and divides into the right_____________ and the left _________________at the level of the 5 th thoracic vertebra. Each of these branches goes to the corresponding__________, and enters these organs in the area called the ________________. Within the tissues, the vessels divide and subdivide, giving a network of many millions of tiny _______________, across the walls of which gases exchange. Blood draining these structures then passes through veins of increasing diameter, which finally unite in the_______________, which carry the blood back to the _______ atrium of the heart.

6. Найдите предложения, которые стоят в страдательном залоге:

1) This textbook is experimental.

2) Many experiments are carried out by students.

3) He is happy because he students at the Medical Institute.

4) Interesting lectures are delivered by Professor Orbi.

5) Physiology is taught at our Medical Academy.

Вариант 2

1. Закончите предложения, используя подходящие по смыслу слова в скобках.

Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1) Professor Smith gave us a … of lectures on pathology last month. (cause, course)

2) To find the … of his disease was not difficult. (cause, course)

3) Pre medical … takes three or four years and complete medical … usually takes more than ten years. (education, training)

5) The students made a lot of … in their laboratory classes in chemistry. (experiment, experience)

6) Newton was the famous English … who discovered the law of gravitation. (physician, physicist)

7) After graduating from a medical school, he began to practice as a … at his native town. (physician, physicist)

2. Match the two parts of the sentences.

1) An FY1 is a doctor

2) A demonstrator is an anatomy teacher

3) A clinical trainer is a consultant

4) A supervisor is a consultant

5) A medical school is

6) A placement is

8) A Fellow is a specialist

a. a body of specialists responsible for delivering and assessing training in their specialty.

b. responsible for the training programme of a trainee.

c. a period spent as a trainee in a hospital or in General Practice.

d. in the first year of the Foundation Programme.

e. who has reached the highest level in their specialty.

f. who provides training during periods of direct clinical care.

q. part of a university responsible for medical education.

h. who teaches dissection.

1d; 2h; 3f; 4b; 5g; 6c; 7a; 8e.

3. Distribute the sciences according to the stages during which they are covered: neurology, pathology, public health, personal and professional development, community medicine, medical microbiology, hospital medicine, basic pharmacology, investigative medicine, basic cell biology, cardiovascular and respiratory biology, cell function, medical data handling.

а) Спросите о недостатках информации. Начните вопрос с вопросительного слова, данного в скобках. Ответьте на вопросы:

1) Premedical training of students will take … years. (How many years…)

2) We shall study clinical subjects in … years. (When …)

6) … will make a diagnosis after a thorough examination of the patient. (Who …)

4. Переведите предложения:

7) Нам дают книги.

8) Мне часто задают много вопросов.

9) Операции производятся хирургом.

10) Учебники пишутся для студентов.

11) Нас часто видят в библиотеке.

12) Курсовые собрания проводятся в конце семестра.

5. Выбрать правильный перевод:

4. is characterized а) характеризует

5. was increased а) повышает

6. are governed а) управляют в) управляли

6. Which of the following would increase stroke volume (assuming no other factor changes to compensate)?

a. Sympathetic stimulation : ______________

b. Increased preload:_________________

c. Increased vagal tone: _________________

d. Increased heart rate:__________________

e. Decreased secretion of adrenaline ( epinephrine):______________

f. Decreased afterload: ________________

g. Increased blood volume:______________

h. Decreased venous return:_______________

Вариант 3

1) Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Государственная служба здравоохранения предоставляет населению США все виды медицинской помощи.

2. Государственная служба здравоохранения обеспечивает лечение физических и психических заболеваний, хирургию, услуги дантиста, акушера, семейного врача.

3. В Америке развита система медицинского страхования.

4. Современные больницы имеют все необходимое оборудование для диагностики и лечения.

5. Студент должен совершенствоваться в лабораторных предметах.

6. После окончания медицинского вуза студент получает звание Доктора Медицины, тем не менее он все еще студент.

7. Студент проходит 1 или 2 года интернатуры в больнице.

8. Во многих штатах есть лицензионная комиссия, которая экзаменует врача после интернатуры.

9. Выдержав экзамен, врач может иметь практику.

2) Match the terms to the definitions.

1.Tutors A. A consultant assigned to a trainee who provides

training during periods of direct clinical care.

2.Demonstrator B. A consultant who supervises a trainee’s period of

3.Lecturer/ senior lecture C. In anatomy teaching, someone who demonstrates

how to dissect. Demonstrators are often

postgraduate students paying their way through

4. Professor D. An academic, or in some cases a postgraduate

student, who leads tutorials.

5. College tutor E. A senior academic with teaching and research

responsibilities for a particular discipline. Usually

a leading figure in their discipline.

6. Clinical trainer F. An academic with teaching and research

responsibilities who contributes to the teaching of

a particular discipline.

7. Educational supervisor G. A consultant responsible for delivering a college

3)Match the definitions to the terms

1. Science that studies the structure of human body. A pharmacology

2. Science of diseases and diseased tissues b physiology

3. Brunch of medicine which deals with children’s illness c anatomy

4. Science of mind and its processes d pathology

5. Brunch of medicine which deals with childbirth e psychology

6. Science and practice of treating diseases by operations f pediatrics

7. Science of normal functions of a living organism g pediatrics

8. Science of drugs and their effects on an organism h internship

9. (A period off) completing medical education by living I obstetrics

at a hospital and acting as an assistant physician or surgeon

4) Подобрать из колонки справа, соответствующие русские эквиваленты:

k) physical activity 1. при нагрузке

l) restriction of effort 2. сужение коронарной артерии

m) On exertion 3. снабжение кислородом

n) the oxygen supply 4. расширение коронарной артерии

o) coronary dilation 5. физическая активность

p) coronary narrowing 6. ограничение нагрузки

q) the severity of pain 7. увеличение нагрузки

r) a substernal pain 8. устранение боли

s) a precordial pain 9. боль в области сердца

t) a relief of pain 10. тяжесть (интенсивность боли)

11. загрудинная боль

Ключ: a-5, b-6, c-1, d-3, e-4, f-2, g-10, h-11, i-9, j-8.

a.diastolic pressure over systolic pressure

b.Pulse pressure over diastolic pressure

c.Systolic pressure over diastolic pressure

d.Diastolic pressure over pulse pressure

4. Which of the following events can be measured as systolic blood pressure? _______.

1.Atrial contraction b. Ventricular contraction c. Pulse pressure d. Cardiac diastole.

a.Cardiac output and peripheral resistance

b.Peripheral resistance and blood volume

c.Blood volume and pulse pressure

d.Pulse pressure and cardiac output

4. Which of the following is associated with the moment- to- moment control of blood pressure?_________

a. The rennin-angiotensin system

b. Control of blood volume

c. The baroreceptor reflex

d. The Hering – Breuer reflex

6) Ответьте на вопросы:

— What are the types of cardiovascular disease, and how do they affect a person’s health?

— What behaviors can help prevent cardiovascular disease?

Поставить прилагательные в сравнительную или превосходную степень.

The veins are (large) than capillaries.

The aorta is the (large) artery which distributes the blood through the body.

I know the structure of the heart (good) than that of the lungs.

Anatomy is (difficult) subject for me.

The human heart weighs (little) than a pound.

Перевести эти предложения.

Вариант 4

1. Закончите предложения. Используйте сравнительную степень.

1) Helen’s car isn’t very big she wants a bigger one.

4) Doctor Ivanov doesn’t work hard. Doctor Petrov works …

9) I am not very interested in medicine. I’m … in languages.

10) It isn’t very today. It was … yesterday.

14) This scalpel isn’t very sharp. Have you got a … one?

2. Ответьте на вопросы:

1) What are the manifestations of Myocardial Infarction?

2) What is the cause of death in Myocardial Infarction?

3) What can you say about the treatment of Myocardial Infarction?

4) What measures must be taken in the case of Myocardial Infarction?

3. Hачните ваши ответы, используя выражения:

a. It is apparent that.

b. Everybody knows that.

c. To our knowledge.

4. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и словосочетания:

risk factors, to develop heart disease, the gap narrows, to suffer the effect of, to obtain, natural protection, the risk declines, to give up smth, to make an effort, immediate treatment

1. Answer the questions :

1) Explain the difference between a paramedical and administrative service.

2) What is the purpose of anesthetics?

3) What do you think are dangers in administering anesthetics?

4) What does an X-ray photograph?

5) Are X-rays only used for diagnose, or can they be used therapeutically as well?

6) Can a person be exposed to an unlimited number of X-rays?

7)What new specialty utilizes radioactive isotopes? Explain how this specialty works.

5. Translate the sentences:

1. If you use the NHS you don’t have to pay for the treatment.

2. In order to obtain the necessary information we looked through a lot of journals.

3. The general practitioner will arrange for you to be seen by a specialist if necessary.

4. We shall provide all that is necessary for your work.

5. Doctors usually prescribe this medicine in the cases like yours.

6. They decided to include this subject in the course of study.

То pass an act through the Parliament

The National Health Service

To receive the Royal Assent

To provide medical treatment

To establish personal relations

To be a private patient

To be dissatisfied with one’s family doctor

To provide a full range of medical service

Вариант 5

1. Which member of a practice team would be responsible for each of the following?

1. Running a clinic for pregnant women

2. teaching a patient how to strengthen his broken leg

3. Letting the GP know that a patient can’t come to her appointment

4. Running a clinic for people who want to lose weight

5. Visiting a patient who has just returned home after a hernia operation

6. Carrying out check – ups on children in a poor neighbourhood

7. Organizing cover for an absent doctor

KEY:

4) practice nurse

5) district nurse

6) health visitor

7) practice manager

2. Изложите содержание текста на английском языке, используя ключевую лексику.

Больничная служба, входящая в Государственную службу Здравоохранения в Великобритании, объединяет различные типы больниц: районные больницы общего профиля с оборудованием для диагностики и лечения стационарных (in-patient) и амбулаторных (out-patient) больных, родильными отделениями, инфекционными отделениями, а также отделениями реабилитации.

Специализированные больницы предоставляют различные виды специального лечения, в том числе психических больных, хронических больных, пожилых людей и детей.

Идея семейных врачей всегда была популярна в Великобритании. Обычно человек сам выбирает себе врача в том районе, где он живет, и регистрируется в его списке. Семейный врач назначает лечение, выписывает лекарства, а если необходимо, направляет больного к специалисту. Все эти услуги в Великобритании бесплатны.

3. Translate into English:

1) Граждане Великобритании имеют право на бесплатное медицинское обслуживание.

2) Государственная служба здравоохранения была установлена во всем Объединенном Королевстве Великобритании и Северной Ирландии в 1948 году.

3) Те, кто раньше не имел возможности получать бесплатную медицинскую помощь, теперь получили доступ к государственному медицинскому обслуживанию.

4) Врач, работающий в государственной службе здравоохранения, может также принимать частных пациентов.

5) Пациент может сам выбирать себе врача или сменить врача, если он того желает.

4. Complete the diary for Dr.Stuart’s afternoon. The text will help you.

Dr Stuart works in a practice in a small market town with three other family doctors. The surgery is in the centre of the town and is shared by three practices. This is a typical working morning when she is not the duty doctor, responsible for emergencies and urgent problems.

Complete the diary for Dr.Stuart’s afternoon. Look at A and C opposite to help you

1.00-2.00 pm practice team meeting over sandwich lunch

2.00-4.00 pm afternoon (1)……………………..

4.00-4.20 pm coffee break………………………

4.20-5.00 pm check with (3 )…………for messages. Deal with home (4)…………..

and repeat (5)…………………..requests

5.00-6.00 pm paper work, e.g.(6)………… to secondary care, admin tasks, telephone

calls to patients, private medical examinations

6.00 pm phones switched to (7)……………………..service.

5. Ответить на вопросы:

1. How does pneumonia usually begin? 2. What are the symptoms of influenza virus pneumonia? 3. What is the usual temperature? 4. What are the pulse and respiratory rates? 5. What does X- ray examination usually reveal? 6.Is the cough dry of moist? 7.When do the lung infiltrates usually disappear? 8.What drugs are usually administered?

6. Какие глаголы в следующих предложениях при переводе на английский язык должны быть использовании в Past Perfect.Укажите номера предложений и переведите их.

1. Где вы жили, прежде чем приехали в Красноярск.

2. Мы сдавали экзамен в конце января.

3. Сколько английских слов вы выучили к концу 1-го семестра?

4. После того как мы позавтракали, мы сразу пошли дамой.

5. Мы переехали на новую квартиру 15-го марта.

6. Хотя я вернулась дамой очень рано, он уже лег спать.

7. Я часто бывала у них в прошлом году.

7. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is the definition of lobar pneumonia?

2. What is the specific cause of pneumonia?

3. How does lobar pneumonia set in?

4. What are the first symptoms?

5. What helps to make a diagnosis?

6. What diseases may stimulate lobar pneumonia?

7. What complications may occur with lobar pneumonia?

2 курс 3 семестр

1.Concerning the etiopathogenesis of bronchial asthma, the
«excitory factors» include each of the following, except:

A. Allergy to some foreign substances

B. Respiratory infection

D. Emotional disturbances

2.Concerning the etiopathogenesis of bronchial asthma, the
predisposing factors include each of the following, except:

B. Childhood infections like measles and pertussis

3.Characteristics of etiopathogenesis of bronchial asthma include
each of the following, except :

A. The basic lesion is the spasm of the smooth muscles of
bronchi

B. Inspiratory wheezing

С Progression of disease results in collapse and emphysema

D. Bronchiectasis is a rare squelae or association.

4.Concerning onset of an asthmatic attack, each of the following
is correct, except:

A. Usually insidious

B. Often occurs at night

C. Occasionally preceded by the so-called asthmatic aura.

B. Inspiratory wheezing

A. Tightness in the chest С. Polyuria

B. Restlessness D. Head aid

6.A typical attack of bronchial asthma may consists of each of the

A. Marked dyspnea С. Expiratory wheezing

B. Bouts of cough D. Bradycardia

7.Status asthmaticus refers to an asthmatic paroxysm persisting
for :

A. One hour С Over 24 hours

B. Several hours D. Over 48 hours.

8.Complications of bronchial asthma include each of the follow­ing, except:

C. Tuberculosis in patients on prolonged steroid therapy.

9.Measures recommended for controlling a paroxysm of bronchial
asthma through relief from bronchospasm include each of the
following, except:

A. Adrenaline C. Ephedrine sulfate

B. Aminophyline D. Disodium cromoglycate

10.Additional measures recommended for controlling a paroxysm
of bronchial asthma include each of the following except:

A. Sedation with morphia

B. Expectorants to remove excessive secretions

C. Antibiotics in the presence of infection

D. Oxygen inhalation in case of marked respiratory embar­rassment and cyanosis

11.Each of the following statements concerning prognosis in
bronchial asthma is correct, except :

A. The disease has relatively good prognosis in childhood

B. A bout the time of puberty, a ‘proportion of the children
may spontaneously recover or have only much milder
attacks.

C. Death in status asthmaticus is extremely rare.

D. Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte imbalance

12. Diagnosis of bronchiectasis is from each of the following,
except:

A. High eosinophil count

B. Chest X-ray shows increased bronchovascular markings,
extending towards the base of the lung. Later, areas of
cavitation may become apparent.

С. Bronchography to localize and establish the extent of

D. Bacteriological examination of sputum.

13. Each of the following is important in the management of
bronchiectasis, except:

A. Appropriate antibiotic cover

B. Postural drainage

C. Surgical interventions to remove the affected lobe(s),
provided medical treatment over a 12-month period has’
failed

D. Steroid therapy.

14. The commonest causative organism in empyema is :

A. Pneumococcus C. H. influenzae

B. Staphylococcus D. Streptococcus

15. Each of the following is a predisposing condition for empyema.
except :

D. Metastatic spread of suppurative foci form distant lesions such as

16.Clinical manifestations of empyema may include the following,
except :

A. Dyspnea C. Toxemia

B. Cough D. Extremely foul-smelling

17.Chest signs of empyema include the following, except:

A. Diminished movements of the affected side

B. Barrel-shaped chest

C. Widening and fullness of intercostal spaces

D. Dull percussion note

18.Diagnosis of empyema is from the following, except:

A. Clinical suspicion C. Diagnostic pleural tap

B. Chest X-ray D. Bronchography.

19.Currently recommended measures for empyema include each of
the following, except:

B. Fibrin solvents like streptokinase and streptodornase.
С. Closed intercostal drainage

20.Causes of single lung abscess include each of the following,
except:

D. Metastasis from other sites

21.Causes of multiple lung abscesses include each of the following,
except :

A. Pneumonia C. Cystic fibrosis

B. Rupture of amebic liver D. Tuberculosis
abscess into lung

22.Common complications of an unresolved lung abscess may
include each of the following, except:

A. Pleurisy C. Empyema

B. Pleural effusion D. Pyogenic meningitis.

23.Each of the following statements about chronic lung abscess
in correct, except :

A. Onset is usually insidious

B. Generally there is fever, persistent cough and foul-
smelling sputum

C. Dyspnea and chest pain may be present in some cases.

D. The best treatment is surgical drainage.

24.Therapeutic measures in lung abscess include each of the
following, except :

A. Appropriate antibiotics

B. Breathing, exercises

C. Surgical resection of the particular segment or lobe

25.The following observations about acute bronchiolitis are true, except:

A. Usually occurs infants

B. A serious illness characterized by inflammation of bronchioles

PATHOLOGY

Pathology is the study of disease. It covers the changes in normal anatomy and physiology brought about by disease and the body’s reaction to it.

Any shallow breach of the skin or mucous membrane is called an ulcer. The raw base of an ulcer often has a painful bleeding surface. A cyst is an abnormal sac of fluid. Cysts are usually small and localized and can occur in soft tissues or bone anywhere in the body.

A tumor is a swelling caused by an abnormal and uncontrolled growth of body cells. It serves no useful purpose and may cause displacement or destruction of adjacent structures. Some types of tumor can spread throughout the body causing severe, and often fatal, destructive effects. This condition is commonly known as cancer.

Congenital defects are defects, which are present at birth, such as heart and valvular defects, cleft palate or other deformities.

The cause or nature of an ulcer or tumor cannot always be determined by physical or X – ray examination. Confirmation of the diagnosis often necessitates surgical removal of some diseased tissue for examination under a microscope. This minor operation is called a biopsy. The biopsy specimen is sent to a hospital pathology department.

The diagnosis of infections often requires bacteriological examination of a swab or smear from an infected surface. Other types of disease are commonly diagnosed by blood and urine tests.

NOTES

1. brought about – вызванные

2. It serves no useful purpose – Она (опухоль) не несет ничего хорошего.

3. commonly known – широко известно.

4. often necessitates – часто несет за собой.

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

1.Изучение заболевания

2.Реакция организма

3.Слизистая оболочка

4.Болезненная кровоточащая поверхность

5.Локализованный

6.Неконтролируемый рост клеток

7.Близлежащие структуры

8.Значительные и часто фатальные разрешающие воздействия

9.Врожденные отклонения

10.При рождении

11.Рентгенологическое исследование

12.Хирургическое удаление

13.Под микроскопом

14.Анализы крови и мочи.

EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте следующие предложения из текста:

1.Pathology

2.To cover the changes

3.Shallow breach of the skin

4.The raw base

5.An abdominal sac of fluid

6.To occur

7.A swelling

8.Displacement and destruction

9.Throughout the body

10.Cancer

11.Deformity

12.The cause of an ulcer

13.Diseased tissue

14.Minor operation

15.The biopsy specimen

16.To be diagnosed

EXERCISE 3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1.What is pathology?

2.What does it cover?

3.Is any shallow breach of the skin of mucous membrane called an ulcer or a cyst?

4.What is a cyst?

5.When can cyst occur?

6.What is a tumor?

7.What may it cause?

8.What condition is called cancer?

9.When are congenital defects already present?

10.Can the cause of an ulcer or tumor be determined by only physical examination?

11.What is called a biopsy?

12.How are other types of disease commonly diagnosed?

EXERCISE 4. Закончите предложения:

4.A tumor is ….

5.A cancer is a condition when ….

1.Base, the, an, of, raw, ulcer, surface, other, bleeding, a, has, painful.

2.Cause, may, tumor, structures, displacement, adjacent, or, of, destruction, a.

3.Pathology, the, specimen, department, biopsy, is to, a, sent, hospital.

4.Many, disease, types, are, of, commonly, by, diagnosed, blood, urine, and, tests.

EXERCISE 6. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1.Патология рассматривает отклонения, проявляющиеся в нормальной физиологии и анатомии.

3.Кисты обычно небольшие по размеру.

4.Опухоль может вызвать смещение или разрушение прилегающих к ней структур.

5.Врожденные дефекты часто видны уже при рождении ребенка.

6.Для определения вида опухоли, как правило, используется биопсия.

7.При постановке диагноза чаще всего необходимы анализы крови и мочи

EXERCISE 7. Диалог. Составьте по 5 вопросительных предложений по тексту “Pathology”.

EXERCISE 8. Приготовьте пересказ текста “Pathology”.

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