Предложения с who which that whose when where why

Русским языком о Relative Clause. Грамматика, примеры и упражнения

Рубрика: Грамматика

Здравствуйте, мои дорогие читатели.

Когда вы слышите фразу «Relative Clause» — о чем вы думаете? Русские люди, которые не любят захламлять свою голову всякими терминами, не сразу найдутся с ответом. А вот если намекнуть им на слова that, which или who, которые часто встречаются в текстах, они сразу же понимают, о чем пойдет речь.

Содержание:

Да, придаточные предложения, или грамматика relative clauses: — тема сегодняшнего разговора. Я постараюсь самым простым способом рассказать вам, что, как и для чего используется. А также мы посмотрим на перевод и defining words, что используются в этом правиле. В конце обязательно закрепим полученные знания упражнениями.

Что это такое и как этим пользоваться?

Relative clause — или на русском определительное придаточное предложение, — это часть сложного предложения, которое зависит от главного. Оно обычно соединяет два маленьких предложения в одно или просто добавляет новую интересную информацию, чтобы вам было понятнее, давайте посмотрим пример.

I have a mother who works as a doctor. — У меня есть мама, которая работает врачом.

I missed the bus that was going to take me to church. — Я пропустила автобус, который должен был отвезти меня в церковь.

Что нам говорит правило?

Правило гласит, что в английском языке определительные придаточные предложения могут быть как identifying (ограничительные) или non-identifying (распространительные).

Если говорить проще, то первые определяют что-то важное в предложении, последние — не определяют. Обычно non-identifying предложения можно выделить запятыми и, соответственно, выбросить из предложения.

This is the new computer that I bought yesterday. — Это новый компьютер, который я купил вчера.

She was pleased with the present that her father gave her. — Она была рада подарку, который ее отец ей подарил.

В этих примерах часть текста после слова that — определяющая, потому что если их убрать, предложение потеряет важный смысловую нагрузку. Их никоим образом нельзя пропустить или убрать вовсе.

Вот вам хороший пример, который поможет понять существенную разницу.

The students, who had revised the material, passed the test.

The students who had revised the material passed the test.

Если вспомнить правило, то придаточное предложение, выделенное запятыми, можно выбросить из текста. Поэтому получается, что в первом случае все ученики сдали тест (в том числе и те, кто повторил). А вот во втором случае именно те, кто повторил перед тестом, его и сдали!

Когда и как используются who, that, which?

Самые распространенные слова, которые используются в relative clause — это who, which, that.

The girl who was my age had already won this competition. — Девочка, которая была со мной одного возраста, уже побеждала в этом конкурсе.

The catalog which you ordered yesterday will arrive tomorrow. — Каталог, который ты заказал вчера, придет завтра.

The book that is on the table is a present for Joe’s birthday. — Книга, которая лежит на столе, это подарок на день рождения Джо.

Если вы хотите больше узнать о сложных предложениях в английском языке, то прошу сюда. Если же вам интересна вся грамматика, то мой грамматический сборник будет очень кстати.

Чтобы вам было намного легче освоить эту темы, я подготовила для вас упражнения для практики (Ответы будут в конце статьи, но прошу не подглядывать, пока не сделаете;) ).

1. That is the shop ____ was awarded as the best shop in the city.
2. The girl ____ brother goes with me to the gym is a good singer.
3. The man ____ broke into our house was caught in two days.
4. She visits her grandmother ____ lives in countryside every summer.
5. She was wearing a dress ___ looked like princess’.
6. The bookshelf ____ we bought last week has broken down.
7. The man ___ was sitting on the bench turned around and saw his granddaughter.
8. A woman ____ son was crying paid no attention to him.
9. The woman ____ car had broken down on her way home spent 3 hours waiting for help.
10. My best friend ____ I have known for years will never let me down.
11. He didn’t follow the instructions ____ he was given, so he failed to pass the test.
12. The girl ___ lived next door was very shy and couldn’t say a word to protect herself at school.
13. I need to buy a laptop ____ can work up to 5 hours without a charger.
14. My father ___ is a doctor has no idea how to repair a car.
15. The photo ____ is placed on the mantel was taken at the picnic two years ago.

Ну что, надеюсь, вы теперь вооружены полными знаниями и готовы справиться с любыми придаточными предложениями в английском языке. В попытках понять грамматику английского языка можно и в трех соснах заблудиться. Именно тогда нужна помочь профессионального учителя. Задавайте свои вопросы — буду рада на них ответить.

А также подписывайтесь на мою рассылку и я помогу вам ответить на самые каверзные вопросы в изучении английского языка. Давайте учиться и развиваться вместе.

А пока я прощаюсь.
До новых интересных встреч!

Ответы:
1. which
2. whose
3. who
4. who
5. that
6. that
7. who
8. whose
9. whose
10. whom
11. that
12. who
13. that
14. who
15. that

Что такое relative clauses?

Relative clauses переводится «относительные придаточные предложения». Не углубляясь в глубины теоретической грамматики, можно определить relative clauses как предложения с разными вариациями слова который.

Ты видел письмо, которое пришло сегодня?

Я не понимаю людей, которые пьют слишком много.

Это мальчик, собака которого меня укусила.

Я написал песню о городе, в котором родился.

Ты помнишь год, в котором мы впервые встретились.

Я знаю причину, по которой они расстались.

1. Слово «который» переводится в зависимости от смысла по-разному

Если вы – человек наблюдательный, то заметили, что в каждом примере выше у «которого» разная смысловая окраска. Англичане – народ конкретный, поэтому для каждого значения у отдельный который.

Ты видел письмо, которое пришло сегодня? Которое – это отсылка к существительному «письмо», оно неодушевленное.

Did you see the letter which came today?

Я не понимаю людей, которые пьют слишком много. «Которые» указывает на одушевленное существительное «люди».

I don’t understand people who drink too much.

В defining relative clauses who и which можно заменить на that, обязательно дочитывайте статью до конца, чтобы узнать, что такое defining relative clauses.

Последний человек, который назвал меня «чуваком» получил по шее:

The last person who called me dude got throat-punched.

The last person that called me dude got throat-punched.

Язык – это навык, который может быть развит:

Language it the skill which can be developed

Language it the skill that can be developed

Субъект (subject) – это тот, кто совершает действие. Субъект – всегда подлежащее.

Объект (object) – это тот, над кем совершают детстве.

Вы читаете эту статью. Вы – субъект, а статья – объект.

Не обязательно субъект – одушевлённое существительное, а объект – неодушевлённое. Как ошибочно пишут в некоторых источниках.

Меня придавил камень.

Камень в данном случае – субъект. Ведь именно он совершает действие.

Elena is a teacher who I admire a lot. Елена – учитель, которым я очень восхищаюсь. Субъект действия – я, это я восхищаюсь. А объект – учитель, я над ним совершаю действие (восхищаюсь). Поэтому в формальной речи можно сказать:

Elena is a teacher whom I admire a lot.

Его, конечно, можно переводить через «который»: Это мальчик, собака которого меня укусила.

Но более естественно переводить как «чей»: Это мальчик, чья собака меня укусила.

И на английском ситуация аналогичная, им тоже сподручнее сказать через чей:

That’s the boy whose dog bit me.

Аналогичная с whose ситуация. Характеристику места можно передать через «в/на котором» и через «где».

I wrote the song about the city where I was born

Я написал песню о городе, в котором/где родился.

И здесь ситуация такая же как с where.

Do you remember the year when we met first? Ты помнишь год, в котором/когда мы впервые встретились?

Аналогично переводится двум способами: «почему» и «причина, по которой».

I know the reason why they broke up. Я знаю причину, по которой/почему они расстались.

2. Defining и non-defining relative clauses

Русскоязычному человеку тяжело понять разделение относительных придаточных на defining и non-defining, потому что нас такого явления нет.

The book contains information which can help. Книга содержит информацию, которая может помочь.

«Которая может помочь» – это важная часть предложения, ее нельзя выбросить

Defining relative clauses не отделяются запятыми, как это делается в русском.

His wife, who works as a translator, speaks English and Spanish. Его жена, которая работает переводчиком, говорит на английском и испанском. Главная мысль предложения – его жена говорит на английском и испанском. Информация о ее профессии дополнительная.

Non-defining relative clauses отделяются запятыми.

That не используется в non-defining relative clauses. Потому что that — указательное местоимение. Оно даёт нам понять, что сейчас речь пойдет о чем-то важном, что недопустимо для non-defining relative clauses.

На письме defining relative clauses и non-defining relative clauses отличаются лишь запятыми. И иногда они могут даже поменять смысл предложения.

My friend, who works in barbershop, has recently won the lottery. Мой друг, который [кстати] работает в барбершопе, недавно выиграл в лотерею.

Здесь информация о его профессии дополнительная, она как бы лишняя.

My friend who works in barbershop has recently won the lottery

Убрав запятые, мы превратили non-defining relative clauses в defining relative clauses и поменяли посыл. Теперь мы указываем, что выиграл именно тот друг, что работает в барбершопе, а не какой-то другой.

3. Когда относительное слово можно пропустить

Относительные местоимения who, whom, which, that могут быть опущены только в defining relative clauses, если относительное слово указывает на объект (object) действия.

The blade [which] I swing is black as night.

Which указывает на меч. Он объект действия, потому что это я им размахиваю, а не он мной.

Это defining relative clause: важно, что черный, как ночь, именно этот меч, о которым идет речь, которым я размахиваю.

4. Что делать с предлогом?

В разговорной речи обычно предлог отправляется я в конец предложения:

Tourists visit the town to see the square, which it is famous for. Туристы посещают город, чтобы увидеть площадь, из-за которой он знаменит.

The girl who I spoke to at the lecture is interested in our company. Девушка, с которой я разговаривал на лекции, интересуется нашей компанией.

Но в формальной речи с относительными местоимениями whom и which предлог допустимо использовать сразу перед ними.

Tourists visit the town to see the square, for which it is famous.

The girl to whom I spoke at the lecture is interested in our company.

Статья написана преподавателем онлайн школы английского языка Enline Еленой Филимоновой и Саидом Лутфуллиным.

Относительные местоимения в английском

Союзные слова незаменимы для связи придаточных предложений в составе большого. Относительные местоимения в английском – довольно маленький класс, делающий речь осмысленной. Ведь они созданы не только для связи разных частей, выступая членами предложений.

Зачем они нужны?

С помощью этих слов предложение наполняется данными по поводу человека/предмета. Можно сказать: мой стул. Если важно дать точную информацию о стуле, вводятся местоимения (англичане их прозвали relative pronouns). Получается: стул, который стоит рядом со стенкой, мой. В актуальной грамматике английского языка доступно всего 4 связующих слова: who, which, that, whose. Важно не перепутать притяжательные и вышеперечисленные относительные местоимения. Первые (по-английски possessive pronouns) привлекаются, чтобы обозначить принадлежность:

my cat (мой кот), his flat (его квартира).

don’t cut yourself (не порежься), she can solve her problems by herself (она сама может решить свои проблемы).

А теперь рассмотрим варианты с относительными местоимениями.

Относительное местоимение «who» связывает дополнительную часть предложения с главной. Оно соответствует вопросам кто и что. Рассмотрим предложения на who:

James who is my uncle will come tomorrow (Джеймс, который мой дядя, придет завтра).

Was it you who took my phone? (это ты, который взял мой телефон?).

That часто заменяет which либо whom, мы их рассмотрим чуть ниже. Несколько коротких примеров с этим местоимением:

The game that you showed me last week is quite interesting (игра, которую ты мне показал на прошлой неделе, очень интересная).

Greece has the most beautiful scenery that I have ever seen (в Греции самые красивые пейзажи, которые я когда-либо видел).

That стоит после главного предложения, прилагательных и (реже) числительных.

Which

Это местоимение требуется для уточнения информации о неодушевленных и одушевленных предметах. Relative pronoun which по значению похоже на who, если оно стоит после главного лица. Обратите внимание на относительные местоимения:

the paper which I read is full of good information (документ, который я прочитал, полон полезной информации).

Which может стоять и после других членов (дополнение, определение), в этом его основное отличие от who. Вот предложения на это правило:

I love the song which I heard 2 hours ago (мне понравилась песня, которую я услышал 2 часа назад);

he drives a car which he got last year (он ездит на машине, которую купил в прошлом году).

Whose

Аналогом whose в русском служит слово «чей». В неофициальном английском which применяется к людям и животным. Рассмотрим предложение:

My cats whose plates are empty are very angry at me now (мои кошки, чьи миски пустые, сейчас очень злятся на меня).

Относительные наречия

В английской речи существует 3 наречия этого класса: when, why и where. Они часто заменяют формальное слово which, выполняя ту же задачу. Между тремя наречиями есть отличия:

Наречия могут входить в обстоятельственные предложения. Последние отвечают на вопросы why, when, how и where. Например: I started reading when I was 3 years old (я начал читать, когда мне было 3 года).

3 относительных наречия являются частью придаточных определительных предложений. Они выполняют функцию определения. Относительные местоимения и наречия в английском языке довольно похожи, но разница все же есть. Сравните:

This is the place in which we first met. Это место, в котором мы впервые встретились.

This is the place where we first met. Это место, где мы впервые встретились.

Важно отметить, что относительные местоимения не показывают число. Для этого английский привлекает количественные местоимения much, a few, a lot of, a little, few.

Чтобы отточить полученные знания, рекомендуется выполнить упражнения на относительные местоимения в английском языке. Эта группа слов необходима для связи придаточных предложений, без нее речь кажется рваной.

Автор статьи: Екатерина Семенова, методолог Lim English

Relative pronouns

Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses. The most common relative pronouns are who, whom, whose, which, that. The relative pronoun we use depends on what we are referring to and the type of relative clause.

people and sometimes pet animals

defining and non-defining

animals and things

defining and non-defining; clause referring to a whole sentence

people, animals and things; informal

for people and animals usually; sometimes for things in formal situations

defining and non-defining

people in formal styles or in writing; often with a preposition; rarely in conversation; used instead of who if who is the object

defining and non-defining

no relative pronoun

when the relative pronoun defines the object of the clause

(In the examples, the relative pronoun is in brackets to show where it is not essential; the person or thing being referred to is underlined.)

We don’t know the person who donated this money.

We drove past my old school, which is celebrating its 100th anniversary this year.

He went to the school ( that ) my father went to.

The Kingfisher group, whose name was changed from Woolworths earlier this year, includes about 720 high street shops. Superdrug, which last week announced that it is buying Medicare, is also part of the group.

The parents ( whom/who/that ) we interviewed were all involved in education in some way.

Relative pronouns: who

We use who in relative clauses to refer to people, and sometimes to pet animals. We use it to introduce defining and non-defining relative clauses:

I think there’d be a lot of children who ’d love to have a climbing wall in school. (defining)

That’s the dog who doesn’t like me. (defining; referring to a pet animal)

There’s this guy at work, who ’s one of my friends, well he’s never been on a train. (non-defining)

Subjects and objects

Who can act as the subject or the object of the relative clause:

She’s going out with a bloke who ’s in the army. ( who refers to a bloke and is the subject of is in the relative clause; bloke is an informal word for a man)

The woman who I saw yesterday was Sheila. ( who refers to the woman and is the object of saw in the relative clause)

Who + prepositions

We can use who as the complement of a preposition:

It was Cath who Ian gave the keys to. It wasn’t me. ( who refers to Cath and is the complement of the preposition to)

We put the preposition at the end of the relative clause, and not immediately before who:

Of all my friends, she’s the one who I know I can rely on.

Who with collective groups of people

We often use who with collective human nouns (e.g. committee, government, group, panel, police, team):

Nicola phoned the fire brigade, who then alerted the police and social workers.

We do not use who for things:

There are some very good art books which you can get ideas from.

Relative pronouns: whom

We use whom in formal styles or in writing to refer to people when the person is the object of the verb. It is much more common in writing than in speaking:

The response of those managers whom I have consulted has been very positive and we are looking forward to meeting together. ( whom refers to those managers and is the object of consulted in the relative clause)

She was a celebrated actress whom he had known and loved, on and off, almost since her first appearance on the stage.

Whom + prepositions

The most common use of whom is with a preposition. We can use whom as the complement of a preposition:

The first book was a terrible historical novel for children which was turned down by every publisher to whom it was sent. ( whom refers to every publisher and is the complement of the preposition to)

Drama in schools is particularly good for pupils for whom English is a second language.

We put the preposition before whom.

There was only one person to whom the old man spoke.

She smiled as she remembered the quiet scholar with whom she had shared a love of books.

Relative pronoun: whose

We usually use whose as a relative pronoun to indicate possession by people and animals. In more formal styles we can also use it for things.

We use whose before nouns instead of a possessive expression ( my, your, his, her, its, our, their, x’s) in defining and non-defining clauses:

He’s marrying a girl whose family don’t seem to like him. (The family of the girl he’s marrying don’t seem to like him.)

There was me and there was Kate, whose party it was, and then there were two other people. (It was Kate’s party.)

It is a rambling Tudor house, whose sitting room looks out over a wonderful walled garden. (The sitting room of the house looks out over …)

Whose + prepositions

We can use whose + noun as the complement of a preposition:

Kate, whose sister I used to share a house with, has gone to work in Australia. ( whose sister refers to Kate and is the complement of with)

We can put the preposition immediately before the relative pronoun (more formal written styles) or at the end of the relative clause (more informal).

Thomas Goldney III, in whose house and garden several generations of Bristol students have now lived, was described in the late 18th century as ‘a very curious gentleman’.

Relative pronouns: which

We use which in relative clauses to refer to animals and to things. We use it to introduce defining and non-defining relative clauses. We always use which to introduce relative clauses when they refer to a whole sentence or clause:

You need to tick the box which says yes. (defining)

He won’t have much time to prepare for the meeting, which is this afternoon. (non-defining)

She had to get up and walk all the way to the other side of the room, which isn’t easy with a bad back. ( which refers to the whole sentence before it)

We use which or that, not what:

Another activity which / that I have chosen is photography.

Subjects and objects

Which can act as the subject or the object of the relative clause:

The new sports complex, which will be built on the site of the old power station, will provide facilities for cricket, soccer, bowls and badminton. ( which refers to the new sports complex and is the subject of will be built in the relative clause)

It was the same picture which I saw at the National Gallery. ( which refers to the same picture and is the object of saw in the relative clause)

Which + prepositions

We can use which as the complement of a preposition:

Early in the Autumn Term there is a reception at which you can meet current staff and students. ( which refers to a reception and is the complement of at)

Close by, in the churchyard, is the famous Rudston stone, from which the village takes its name. ( which refers to the famous Rudston stone and is the complement of from)

We can put the preposition immediately before the relative pronoun (more formal) or at the end of the relative clause (more informal).

The title of the poem indicates that the poet knows himself to be separated from the community in which he grew up.

Which referring to a whole sentence

Relative clauses referring to a whole sentence are always introduced by which:

There’s going to be a new headteacher in September, which is good. It’s time for a change.

[talking about a playschool for young children]

It’s lovely and clean there, and there are lots of toys that he can play with and he’s so happy.

Which is much more important.

Relative pronouns: that

We use that instead of who, whom or which in relative clauses to refer to people, animals and things. We use it to introduce defining clauses only. That is more informal than who, whom or which:

We met somebody last night that did the speech therapy course two years after you. (refers to a person)

The 8.30 is the train that you need to get. (refers to a thing)

She blamed herself for everything that had happened.

Subjects and objects

That can act as the subject or the object of the relative clause:

He finally remembers one lesson that his mum had taught him early – Don’t take money that doesn’t belong to you. ( that refers to money and is the subject of belong in the relative clause)

It’s the same cooker that my mother has. ( that refers to the same cooker and is the object of has in the relative clause)

That after superlatives

We often use that after superlatives:

The Wimbledon men’s final was the best game of tennis that I’ve ever seen.

That + prepositions

That can refer to the complement of a preposition:

Unlike which, whom and whose, we can’t use that with the preposition immediately before it:

No relative pronoun

In informal styles, we often leave out the relative pronoun. We only do this in defining relative clauses, and when the relative pronoun is the object of the verb. We don’t leave out the relative pronoun when it is the subject of the verb nor in non-defining relative clauses:

German is a language which I’ve found hard to learn. (or German is a language I’ve found hard to learn.) (defining relative clause: which is the object)

She’s the singer who I heard on the radio. (or She’s the singer I heard on the radio.) (defining relative clause: who is the object)

There’s a hill which begins three miles after the start of the race. (defining relative clause: which is the subject)

Sir James, whose birthday is on February 26, plans to lay on a big party. (non-defining relative clause)

No relative pronoun + preposition

In defining relative clauses, we can also leave out the relative pronoun when it is the complement of a preposition. When we do this, we always put the preposition at the end of the relative clause:

Relative pronouns: w hen, where and why

In informal language, we often use where, when or why to introduce defining relative clauses instead of at which, on which or for which.

I know a restaurant where the food is excellent.

(… a restaurant at which the food is excellent)

There isn’t a day when I don’t feel rushed off my feet.

( … a day on which I don’t feel rushed …)

Do you know the reason why the shop is closed today?

( … the reason for which the shop is closed …)

Relative pronouns: typical errors

We can’t use that instead of who, whom or which in non-defining relative clauses:

It gives me a good chance to improve my Italian, which has become a little bit rusty.

We don’t use what as a relative pronoun:

So, he can make himself easily understood in the two languages, which helps a lot.

We don’t use who for things:

She’s written some great cookery books which have got pictures of delicious-looking recipes.

Take care to spell which correctly: not ‘wich’.

What is a relative clause in English

English clauses with examples

›Grammar and Rules› Writing Sentences ›Relative Clauses in English

You probably know from Russian lessons that sentences can be simple and complex. Complex, in turn, are divided into complex and complex.

And if everything is quite simple with simple and complex ones, complex ones and their subordinate clauses in English have their own characteristics, which we will talk about today.

English relative clauses: usage

Complex sentences or complex sentences in English, as mentioned earlier, consist of 2 parts:

These parts can almost always be swapped. In most cases, they are separated intonationally, but sometimes the presence of a comma is acceptable. A feature of subordinate clauses is that they cannot be used independently, since such clauses simply explain the main thing. Example:

Let’s divide these sentences:

We hope that you have an idea of ​​what a subordinate clause is. Now you can consider the types of subordinate clauses.

Types of relative clauses in English

There are 5 types of clauses in English:

Unionless accession occurs only when an alliance is implied that:

Now you know what subordinate clauses are in English. Create your own examples and interact with native speakers to reinforce the material.

English clauses Link to main publication

Definitive Subordinate Clauses | English grammar | EF

As the name implies, attributive clauses convey important information, they define or identify the person or object in question. For example, the sentence: Dogs that cats are very unusual.

from it we understand that there are many dogs in the world, but we are only talking about those who love cats. The definitive clause provides us with information.

If such a subordinate clause is removed from the whole sentence, then it will remain grammatically correct, but its meaning will change significantly.

Determinative clauses consist of a relative pronoun (sometimes omitted), a verb, and other additional elements such as the subject or object of the verb. This type of subordinate clause does not need to be separated by commas from the rest of the clause. Commas or parentheses are used to separate generalized relative clauses from the rest of the main clause.

Relative pronouns

The following relative pronouns are used in attributive clauses. They appear at the beginning of such a subordinate clause and refer to a noun that appears later in the sentence.

Human Subject Place Time Reason

Replacing «that» in spoken English

In colloquial English, the pronouns who, whom, and which are often replaced by that. Whom is very formal and is only used in written English. You can use who or that instead, or omit the pronoun entirely. Below you will see general examples of use with underlined definitive clauses. A pronoun that is used more in formal English instead of the word that is given in parentheses.

Relative pronoun

A relative pronoun can only be omitted if it is the object suggestions. When a relative pronoun is subject sentences, it cannot be omitted.

Usually, you know right away if a pronoun acts as an object in a sentence, because after it comes another subject + verb. Look at the examples below, in the first sentence the relative pronoun cannot be omitted because it is the subject in the subordinate clause («the woman spoke»).

In the second sentence, the pronoun can be omitted since «the woman» is the object of the verb «loved».

Other uses of «that»

You probably know from Russian lessons that sentences can be simple and complex. Complex, in turn, are divided into complex and complex.

And if everything is quite simple with simple and complex ones, complex ones and their subordinate clauses in English have their own characteristics, which we will talk about today.

Time clauses and conditions in Future Simple (for continuing)

Although the future tense in English is expressed in different ways, for now we will formally assume that the tense of the verb, which is called Future Simple Tense, is the basic one for expressing future tense in English. By the way, in the complex sentences and conditions in English, which will be discussed in this lesson, it is the Future Simple Tense that is used.

Conditional sentences in English can refer to the present and future tense (real conditions), as well as unrealistic. This lesson will focus on complex sentences that refer to the future tensetype

If the weather is good, I’ll go for a walk.

Such sentences in English are called TYPE FIRST conditionals (First Conditionals). Another name is When and If Sentences / First Conditional and Time Clauses.

Please note that in the example in Russian in both parts: in the first part (subordinate clause) and in the second part (main), the future tense is used.

It means that in the subordinate clause instead of Future Simple, you need to use Present Simple.

NOTE. Instead of the union, IF can be any other union of time or condition.

Now is the time to get acquainted with the unions of time and condition.

2. Conjunctions of time and conditions in English

If you are a beginner, then remember the two main alliances. if (if) и when (when).

A. Conditional conjunctions in English:

Note that there is no comma in English conditional sentences.

B. Conjunctions of time in English

So, let’s summarize this topic and formulate once again the main RULE.

In subordinate clauses referring to the future, after unions When и if and others instead of the future tense (Future Simple), one should use the present (Present Simple). Such sentences in English are called First Conditional and Time Clauses.

Select the correct option for self-test.

I hope that you have carefully read the rule, examples and translation. If your opinion differs from that of the MOST, then go back to the beginning of the lesson. And we move on to the exercises.

ATTENTION! These offers are not conditional. The rule does not work in them!
I’d to know when Dan will be back. “I’d like to know when Dan will be back.”
I don’t know if she will come home. “I don’t know if she’ll come home.”

Exercise (introductory).

1. I wonder if he (laugh) all day. 2. She will buy a new bag when she (arrive) in London. 3. I will stay here till he (come). 4. Tell him about it if he (want). 5. I wonder when somebody (come and tell) her what to do. 6. Do you know if your uncle (come back) from his trip tomorrow? 7. Don’t tell her about it before she (ask). 8.

I will know all about it when I (get) a letter from her. 9. She will catch bad cold unless she (go and change) her wet shoes. 10. I wonder when you (be ready) and if you (be on time). 11. I am not sure when she (return). 12. Will you wait until he (come)? 13. Please, book a return ticket if you (get) to New York.

I shall cut some sandwiches in case they (be) hungry.

Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with when or if.

Exercise if you are confusing when and if.

1. I go home tonight, I’ll have a bath. 2. there is a good program on TV, I’ll watch it. 3. there’s nothing in the fridge, we’ll eat out. 4. We’ll go skiing next winter we have enough money. 5. it’s a nice day tomorrow, we’ll go swimming. 6. I’m coming to London tomorrow. I’ll phone you I arrive.

7. We’re thinking of going to Spain for our holidays. we decide to go, I’ll let you know.

Exercise 2. Insert when or if instead of dots.

A similar exercise, but in the second part the imperative mood is sometimes encountered.

What are the relative clauses in English. The meaning of subordinate clauses in English

By value, subordinate clauses are divided into:

Notethat adverbial clauses are separated by a comma only if they stand before the main sentence.

Time clauses. Adverbial clauses of time

2. In time clause the future tense verb is never used.
Remember: Replaced with, Replaced with, and Replaced with.

examples:When they return home, she’ll tell them the news. “When they get home, she will tell them the news.

Place clauses. Adverbial Clauses of Places

1. Place clauses answer the following questions:

They will connect to the main sentence using unions:

Reason clauses. Adverbial clauses of cause

1. Reason clauses answer the question:

They connect to the main sentence using unions:

Clauses of the course of action and comparisons. Adverbial Clauses of Manner and Comparison

1. Action clauses answer the question:

They connect to the main sentence using unions:

2. In comparative proposals that are introduced by unions as if, ass though, used by Subjunctive II.

3. TO clauses of a course of action relate comparison clauses, they connect to the main clause using unions:

examples:It’s not only bad as her mother thinks it is. “Not everything is as bad as her mother thinks.

Subordinate clauses of the corollary. Adverbial Clauses of Result

Subordinate clauses are concessional. Adverbial clauses of concession

1. Introductory clauses indicate a circumstance in spite of which the action of the main sentence is performed. They are linked to the main proposal by unions:

Time clauses in English: rules for using Time Clauses

This topic is one of the most serious in English grammar. Studying the language at the initial stage, you can do without this knowledge for some time.

But the higher your level, the more you will have a desire to diversify and complicate your speech, making it close to that of native speakers.

At this moment, it becomes necessary to study the conditional clauses: their meaning, varieties, methods of education and examples of use.

Where are?

In English, as in Russian, all sentences are divided into simple and complex. And the latter, in turn, can be complex and complex. The first type does not create great difficulties in learning the grammar of a foreign language. But in the case of the second, there are some nuances.

What do they mean?

In such sentences, an inextricable semantic and grammatical connection of the main and subordinate parts is expressed. In general, subordinate constructions can express a variety of meanings: mode of action and degree, place, time, condition, cause, effect, purpose, comparison, concession. But in this article, we will only talk about two types, expressing situations of time and conditions.

In speech, such constructions express logical, space-time and cause-and-effect relationships. Therefore, the advanced English learner needs to understand when to use clauses and clauses.

Used conjunctions

It is characteristic that in complex sentences, the main part is invariably one, and there can be several subordinate clauses. All of them are in direct dependence (logical and grammatical) on the main component and are attached to it with the help of a variety of conjunctions and union expressions. Here are the most common ones:

Please note: the conjunction used does not always help determine the type of complex sentence. And often it is necessary to do this in order to apply the grammatical rule, which is described later in the article. For precise confirmation that you are dealing with an offer with a subordinate clause or time, you need to ask a question to the subordinate part.

Remember also that a sentence can start with both a main part and a subordinate clause. Is it hard not to get confused? Just pay attention to which part of the sentence is the union (one or another from the list presented above).

What is the clause of time?

This type includes a part of a complex sentence that obeys the main one, while answering the questions: «When?», «How long?», «How long?», «Since when?», «Until when?» etc.

To attach subordinate tenses to the main part, conjunctions are used: when, after, before, until and others with a similar meaning. However, in order to make sure that it is the meaning of time that is being expressed, and not some other, it is most reliable to ask a question.

What is a clause?

Such grammatical constructions answer the question: «Under what condition?» They are quite varied and are joined by the unions if, in case, unless, etc. But the union word is not always a guarantee that the meaning of the condition is realized in the sentence. Because in many cases the turnover, for example, with if, is translated not «if», but «whether». Compare:

Clauses in English are found in sentences that take place in the past, present or future tense. In addition, the conditions put forward themselves have a gradation: real, improbable, and unreal. This is best understood through examples.

Type I

A clause of the first type describes a real fact. That is, what really happened in the past, present or future. In this case, the tense forms of the predicate verb in the main and subordinate parts usually coincide.

Only in the last example can one notice that the two parts of a complex sentence do not agree in time (the subordinate clause is in the form of the present, and the main one is in the future). This did not happen by chance, but as a result of a special grammatical rule to which subordinate tense and conditions obey. Details will be explained below.

In the meantime, let us consider the manifestations of the second and third types of clauses. They are no longer revealed in three grammatical tenses, but acquire the meaning «if only, then.» Moreover, such a hypothetical situation may be related to both the present day and the past.

II type

When the speaker believes that the reality of the fulfillment of the condition is rather small, then a separate speech structure is used. Drawing an analogy with the Russian language, this is the subjunctive mood («if only»). Example:

Please note that the described situation occurs while the person is talking about it. This is not regret for yesterday.

To construct a grammatically correct utterance of this type, you need:

Attributive Clause immediately follows the noun in the main clause they define, and is connected to the main clause with the following conjunctive words:

Examples of Attributive Clauses with translation

Here are examples of definitive clauses in English. The Attributive Clause in each example is in italics. All examples are provided with translation.

Rules for using relative pronouns who, which, that

THAT: Restrictive attributive clauses are mostly introduced by relative pronouns. That, which is used with both animate and inanimate nouns.

WHICH: Only with inanimate nouns the pronoun is used which.

WHO: You must use the pronoun with animate nouns who.

Exercise for control

Insert relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, which, that) or adverb (where)

Typology of relative clauses in English

All sentences, in their structure, are divided into simple and complex, both in English and in other languages. With simple sentences, everything is quite simple, which cannot be said about complex ones, especially in English. Complex sentences are subdivided, in accordance with their composition, into complex and complex sentences.

Compounds are composed of several equal parts. But complex ones include one main and one (or more) subordinate clause, while the second only explains the first.

Subordinate clauses perform a wide range of functions in English: they can act as a subject, predicate, addition, circumstance, definition.

Subordinate clause as part of a complex subordinate clause

In English, in order to introduce a subordinate fragment into the complex structure of a complex sentence, as a rule, the following conjunctions and union words are used:

It happens that in the use of union words are not needed.

Typology of subordinate clauses

Depending on the function performed, subordinate clauses in English were divided into types, which are named according to their role in phrases:

1 clauses

Subordinate clauses of this type perform, which is already understandable from the name, the function of the subject and answer the questions:

It can be introduced by the following unions:

2. Predicative clauses (or predicates)

This type of subordinate clauses performs the function of the nominal part of the predicate. The question to which they answer:

The same union words are used for their introduction as for the previous type.

3. Additional clauses

Questions answered by clauses

In English, this type of sentence does not require a comma to separate it from the main sentence. Introductory union That may be overlooked. We can use the future tense even after the introductory word When:

4 clauses attributive

Questions that are answered by relative clauses:

Definitive sentences are attached to the main one in a non-union way, or the following adverbs and pronouns are used to introduce the definitive parts of the phrase:

If attributive sentences are introduced by pronouns whom, who и which, then there is a chance that a preposition will also be required. Definitive constructions refer to one of the members of the main sentence, expressed by a noun or pronoun, and there are given constructions after the member that they define.

Here the relative clause, together with the conjunction where, appears after the noun house:

5 adverbial clauses

The group of adverbial clauses is quite large. Depending on the «circumstances», they were divided into conditional, concessional, etc.

Manners and comparisons
The question answered:

Causes
Answer the question

The main sentence is joined using the words:

Goals
Questions answered:

Subject clauses. Subject Clauses

1. Subject clauses perform in
complex sentence function of the subject and are not separated by a comma from the main sentence.

examples:

Whether he’ll agree is another question. “Whether he agrees or not is another matter.

She is that woman who sells apples in the park. “She’s the woman who sells apples in the park.

Often, you can confuse subject clauses with subordinate clauses of time and conditions, since both are used with unions
whether or not и if. The difference is that in clauses subject to the predicate verb can appear in any of the future tenses.

2. Subject clauses in English compound sentences often come after the predicate. In this case, the pronoun is put before the predicate
it. It performs the function of a formal subject. But if the introductory it missing, then
subject clauses always come before the predicate of the main sentence.

Relative clauses in English are more typical for writing. They are especially helpful when taking the TOEFL exam and writing.

The difference between these 2 sentences is only in commas, but it is significant. The first sentence implies the presence of several sisters, because the subordinate clause here limits the choice. This is a definitive / restrictive clause, it clarifies the subject.

The second sentence implies 1 sister. Therefore, this is an indefinite clause, only additionally describing the subject.

Relative pronouns

The girl who won the lottery was on TV

The movie which I saw last weekend was excellent.

Which and that define inanimate, usually things. Moreover, indefinite English subordinate clauses begin only with which.

English clauses: classification and examples

The relative clauses in English are classified as follows:

Subject clauses

Predative clauses

The predicate clauses are introduced by the same unions, but refer to another member of the sentence.

Subordinate clauses

Subordinate clauses are again introduced by the same unions.

Subordinate definitions

Subordinate circumstances

Subordinate clauses are divided into several groups depending on what they express.

Subordinate clauses: English

Today we will consider the topic «Subordinate clauses: English», types, education rules, applications and other features. Due to the fact that the use of such sentences in English practically does not differ in use from Russian rules, this topic will be easy for you.

The English also have an explanatory clause, adverbial, attributive, etc. For the correct construction, knowledge and constructions of the formation of a simple sentence with opposing, concessive, causal and other unions or union words are used.

Pupils of the Unavi school easily master this section thanks to the professional approach of our teachers and competent presentation of the material. And we will try to explain to you the rules for using the types of clauses in the English language in the most understandable way.

Definition

We already know about the division of sentences into complex and simple. There is also a subgroup of complex sentences: compound and complex.

The parts of complex compositions are equal to each other, and complex subordinates have a principal clause and subordinate clauses in a single or quantitative form.

Terms of Use

Investigative subordinate causes in English are expressed in the form of an effect arising from the conditions of the main text. They are attached to the main sentences by one of the unions:

Subordinate tense in English

We hope that you have already learned the English alphabet, numbers, simple phrases and learned to read well. Everyone knows that to build even the most ordinary dialogue, simple sentences alone may not be enough. After all, the dialogue cannot be of the same type, it must be interesting.

In order to communicate well with foreigners, you need to know how to compose more complete, detailed expressions from simple sentences. Today we will get acquainted with the complex subordinate clauses of the time and conditions of the English language.

Knowing them well and being able to use them will greatly diversify and enrich your speech.

What is a subordinate clause?

This is the dependent part of the main clause in a complex clause. That is, one large complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences, which are usually connected by unions or union words.

Dependent parts of the sentence help to reveal the meaning and meaning of the main sentence, while describing at what moment the action took place, where, why, why, how and so on. The semantic meanings of the additional part of the expression can be completely different.

Therefore, there are several types of subordinate clauses:

The last group, in turn, is divided into several subgroups:

In our article, we will consider in more detail the subordinate clauses: subordinate clauses and conditions in English. Why? Because these subgroups are the most difficult to understand and use in English, as they do not always agree with Russian sentences.

On a note. The use of punctuation marks in English subordinate clauses is also significantly different from the Russian language. If in our native language a comma is always put when separating the main sentence from the dependent, then in English we can put a comma only if the subordinate clause comes before the main one. That is, there will not be a comma in front of the unions.

Subordinate clauses. Unions.

Subordinate tense, or in other words, Time Clauses, describe the moment of speech during which the action of the main sentence occurred. Secondary expressions are usually attached to the main ones with the help of conjunctions. So let’s start talking about them. Before analyzing whole sentences in more detail, it is necessary to learn the conjunctions with the help of which temporary clauses are introduced. When is the most commonly used construction in English. But there are others:

On a note. The till union (as long as) is a more colloquial version of the until union. Please note that these conjunctions include negation (when translated into Russian, too), so the predicate after them is in the affirmative. Indeed, in an English sentence, only one negation is allowed.

Time clauses in English: the rule

In fact, the study of these unions is the easiest thing in these constructions. Now let’s move on to a more complex one: the construction of a subordinate clause.

At first glance, it seems that this proposal does not carry any complexity in itself. But! Temporary and conditional constructions of the English language obey one very interesting rule: the alignment of times. What does it mean?

Types of subordinate clauses in English: tenses, conditions, definitive and indefinite

Relative clauses

Such proposals concretize and complement the description of the subject in the main part of the proposal. The subordinate part is attached to the main part using relative pronouns (they are also called conjunctions in this context). Basic pronouns:

Defining relative clause

Provides important information about a person or object, without which the main sentence loses its meaning.

On the letter, such sentences are not separated by commas. Instead of who and which, we can use the universal union that.

Non-defining relative clause

Provides additional information about a person or object. It can be omitted without prejudice to the meaning of the main sentence.

On the letter, such sentences are separated by commas. The union that is not used!

Conditionals clauses

They are often called conditional clauses and are of several types:

Read more about them in our separate article.

Time clauses

Sentences of this type are joined to the main sentence using unions:

Important!

In such sentences, instead of will or be going to, the present simple tense is used to describe future actions.

The time clause may precede the main one:

English clauses Link to main publication

What are the relative clauses in English

Hello friends. Clauses are not essential parts of a sentence. They can add meaning, but if you remove them, the sentence retains all grammatical functions. There are several common types of subordinate clauses in English. It is important to be able to distinguish between them, since this affects the choice of pronouns that are used with one or another type of subordinate clause.

How to recognize a relative clause

List of subordinate unions:

Relative pronouns:

Take a look at these examples:

Once John climbed the mountain

A subordinate clause in English cannot be independent, since it does not express a complete thought. It makes the reader think, «What’s next?» If a group of words starts with a capital letter and ends with a period, it must contain at least one main sentence. Otherwise, it will be a gross grammatical error.

You can improve your English grammar on the website: