Sara seager considers that every star in our sky is

Прослушайте запись и выберите ответы: The Star Trek Enterprise had to travel last distances at incredible speeds …
To orbit other planets
To land other planets

Прослушайте запись и выберите ответы: We’re not ready, we don’t have the right technology yet to study
Small stars
Small exoplanets

Прослушайте запись и выберите ответы: How do astromers work?
They go to telescope on a lonely mountaintop and look at the spectacular night sky thought a big telescope
They work on the computers and het the data by email or downloading from a database

Scan back over Discovered by Amateurs and complete these sentences about the text. … had discovered Pluto
Dr. V. M. Slipher
Clyde Tombaugh

When the manager arrived, the problem (to solve) already
Had already been solved
Has already been solved
Was solved

Прослушайте запись и выберите ответы: Our sun is one hundreds of billions of … and our galaxy is one of upwards of hundreds of billions of galaxies
Planets
Stars

Прослушайте запись и выберите ответы: Kerpel-10b orbits over … times closer to its star than our Earth does to our sun
15
50

Read the text and write T (true) or F (false). The largest recorded impact in recent history was in Serbia in 1910
True
False

The bridge (to reconstruct.) by tomorrow morning
Is being reconstructed
Will have been reconstructed
Will be reconstructed

Scan back over Discovered by Amateurs and complete these sentences about the text. Our solar system is …
A collection of stars and planets
A collection of planets and the sun

Прослушайте запись и выберите ответы: In the last two decades, astromers have found thousands of …
Exoplanets
Stars

The letter (to receive) yesterday
Was received
Received
Is received

Read the text and write T (true) or F (false). In 2011 a huge asteroid passed very close to Earth
True
False

My question already (to answer)
Was answered
Has already answered
Is answered

Scan back over Discovered by Amateurs and complete these sentences about the text. Supernovas become visible though telescopes …
Due to their brightness
Due to their size

Scan back over Discovered by Amateurs and complete these sentences about the text. … is considered to be one of the most influential amateur astromers
John Dobson
William Herschel

Scan back over Discovered by Amateurs and complete these sentences about the text. Kathryn Gray had found a supernova …
Looking at different recent pictures of outer space and comparing them
Looking at recent pictures of outer space and comparing them to pictures taken years earlier

Dr Johnson (to interview) at the moment
is being interviewed
Was interviewed
Is interviewed

This work (to do) tomorrow
Will be done
Is done
Was done

By the time I arrived, all you letters already (to open)
Were opened
have been already opened
Had been already opened

Прослушайте запись и выберите ответы: Sara Seager considers that every star in our sky is …
A planet
A sun

Many houses (to build) in town every year
Is built
Are built
Were built

Прослушайте запись и выберите ответы: Kepler-186 is a system of about … planets
Five
Four

Bread (to eat) every day
Eats
Is eaten
is eat

Read the text and write T (true) or F (false).
An asteroid passes Earth more frequently
True
False

Иностранный язык (Практический курс первого иностранного (английского) языка) 3 семестр- тест №3

Иностранный язык (Практический курс первого иностранного (английского) языка) 3 семестр- тест №3

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Тест №3 (Пересдача)

Текст: «Close Encounters»

Read the text and write T (true) of F (false)

In the last two decades, astronomers have found thousands of…

I (to ask) at the lesson yesterday

We’re not raedy, we don’t have the right technology yet to study

When the manager arrived, the problem (to solve) already

Had already been solved

Has already been solved

Kepler- 10b orbits over… times closer to its star than our Earth does to our sun

In 2011 a huge asteroid passed very close to Earth

Kathryn’s father is…

An amateur astronomer

A professional astronomer

By the time I arrived, all your letters already (to open)

Have been already opened

Had been already opened

… had discovered Pluto

Bread (to eat) every day

This text (to translate) by 5 o’clock tomorrow

Will be tranlated

Will have been translated

The Star Trek Enterpise had to travel vast distances at incredible speeds

To orbit other planets

To land other planets

Our sun is one of hundreds of billions of… and our galaxy is one of upwards of hundreds of billions of galaxies

Sara Seager considers that every star in our sky is

How do astronomers work?

They go to the telescope on a lonely moutaintop and look at the spectacular night sky through a big telescope

They work on the computers and get the data by email or downloading from a database

Our solar system is

A collection of stars and planets

A collection of planets and the sun

The largest recorded impact in recent history was in siberia in 1910

Dr Johnos (to interview) at the moment

Is being interviewed

Discovered by Amateurs

Scan back over Discovered by Amateurs and complete these sentences about the text

The letter (to receive) yesterday

Kathryn Gray had found a supernova

Looking at different recent pictures of outer space and comparing them

Lookink at recent pictures of outer spase and comparing them to pictures taken years earlier

Many houses (to build) in our town every year

My question already (to answer)

Has already answered

Трудная задача сдать тест по английскому самому)
Благодарю.

English Script Request

Sara: I’m here to tell you about the real search for alien life. Not little green

humanoids arriving in shiny UFO’s (Although that would be nice) but it’s the search

for planets, orbiting stars far away. Every star in our sky is a sun and if our sun has

planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, etcetera) surely those other stars should have

planets also, and they do. And in the last two decades astronomers have found

thousands of exoplanets. Our night sky is literally teeming with exoplanets; we know

statistically speaking that every star has at least one planet. And in the search for

planets, and in the future planets that might be like Earth, we’re able to help address

some of the most amazing and mysterious questions that have faced human kind for

centuries. «Why are we here?» «Why does our universe exist?» «How did Earth form

and elvolve[d]?» «How and why did life originate and populate our planet?» The

second question that we often think about is: «Are we alone?» «Is there life out there?»

«Who is out there?» You know this question has been around for thousands of years

at least since the time of the Greek philosophers, but I’m here to tell you just how

close we’re getting to finding out the answer to this question. It’s the first time in

human history that this really is within reach for us. Now when I think of the

possibilities for life out there, I think of the fact that our sun is but one of many stars.

This is a photograph of a real galaxy; we think our Milky Way looks like this galaxy (it’s

a collection of *bound* stars) but our Milky Way is one of hundreds of billions of stars.

And our galaxy is one of upwards of hundreds of billions of galaxies. Knowing that

small planets are very common, you can just do the math. And there are just so many

stars and so many planets out there, that surely there must be life somewhere out

there. Well the biologists get furious with me for saying that ’cause we have

absolutely no evidence for life beyond Earth yet. Well if we were able to look at our

galaxy from the outside and zoom in to where our sun is we see a real map of the

stars. And the highlighted stars are those with known exoplanets. This is really just

the tip of the iceberg. Here, this animation is zooming in onto our solar system and

you’ll see here the planets as well as some spacecraft that are also orbiting our sun.

Now if we can imagine going to the west coast of North America and looking out at the

night sky here’s what we’d see on a spring night and you can see the constellations

over laden again, so many stars with planets. There’s a special patch of the sky

where we have thousands of planets. And this is where the Kepler space telescope

focused for many years. Uh, lets zoom in and look at one of the favorite explanets.

This one (this star) is called Kepler-186f; it’s a system of about five planets and, by

the way, most of these exoplanets, we don’t know too much about. We know their size

and their orbit, and things like that. There’s a very special planet here called

Kepler-186f; this planet is in a zone that is not too far from the star so that the

temperature may be, um, just right for life. Here the artist’s conception is just zooming

in and showing you what that planet might be like. So, uh, many people have this

romantic notion of astronomers going to the telescope and a lonely mountain top and

looking at the spectacular night sky through a big telescope. But actually we just work

on our computers like everyone else and we get our data by e-mail or downloading

from a database. So instead of coming here to tell you about the somewhat tedious

nature of the data and data analysis and the complex computer models we make, I

have a different way to explain to you some of the things we’re thinking about

exoplanets. So here’s a travel poster. Kepler-186f, where the grass is always redder

on the other side. That’s because Kepler-186f orbits a red star. And we’re just

speculating that perhaps the plants there, if there is vegetation, that does

photosynthesis, it has different pigments and looks red. Enjoy the gravity on HD

40307g, a super Earth. This planet is more massive than Earth and it has a higher

surface gravity. Relax on Kepler-16b, where your shadow always has company. We

know of a dozen planets that orbit two stars and there’s more, likely many more out

there; if we could visit one of those planets, you literally would see two sunsets and

have two shadows. So actually Science Fiction got some things right (Tatooine from

Star Wars) and I have a couple of other favorite exoplanets to tell you about. This one

is Kepler-10b; it’s a hot, hot planet. It orbits over 50 times closer to its star than our

Earth does to our sun. And actually it’s so hot we can’t visit any of these planets, but

if we could, we would melt long before we got there. We think the surface is hot

enough to melt rock and has liquid lava lakes. Gliese-1214b: This planet, we know

the mass and the size and it has a fairly low density, it’s somewhat warm; we actually

don’t know anything about this planet but one possibility is that it’s a water world, like

a scaled up version of one of Jupiter’s icy moons that might be 50% water by mass

and in this case it would have a thick steam atmosphere overlaying an ocean not of

liquid water but of a[n] exotic form of super fluid, not of quite a gas, not quite a liquid

and under that wouldn’t be rock, but a form of high pressure ice like ice-nine. So out

of all these planets out there, and the variety is just simply astonishing, we mostly

want to find the planets that are Goldilocks Planets, we call them; not too big, not too

small, not too hot, not too cold, but just right for life. But to do that, we’d have to be

able to look at the planet atmosphere, because the atmosphere acts like a blanket

trapping heat (the greenhouse effect). We have to be able to assess the greenhouse

gases on other planets. Well Science Fiction got some things wrong: The Star Trek

Enterprise had to travel vast distances at incredible speeds to orbit other planets so

that First Officer Spock could analyze the atmosphere and look to see to see if the

planet was habitable or if there were life forms there. But we don’t need to travel at

warp speeds to see other planet atmospheres, although I don’t want to dissuade any

budding engineers from figuring out how to do that; we actually can and do study

planet atmospheres from here. From Earth orbit, this is a picture, a photograph of the

Hubble Space Telescope taken by the, um, shuttle Atlantis as it was departing after

the last human space flight to Hubble. They installed a new camera actually, uh, that

we, use for exoplanet atmospheres, and, um, so far we’ve been able to study dozens

of exoplanet atmospheres (about six of them in great detail.) But those are not small

planets like Earth; those are big, hot planets that are easy to see. We’re not ready,

we don’t have the right technology yet to study exo, small exoplanets. But

nevertheless, I wanted to try to explain to you, um, how we study exoplanet

atmospheres. I want you to imagine for a moment a rainbow, but if we could look at

this rainbow closely, we would see that some dark lines are missing. And here is our

sun, the white light of our sun split up, not by raindrops, but by a spectrograph and

you can see all these dark vertical lines; some are very narrow, some are wide, some

are shaded at the edges and this is actually how astronomers have studied objects in

the Heaven’s for literally over a century. And so here, each different atom and

molecule has a special set of lines, a fingerprint if you will, and that’s how we study

exoplanet atmospheres. And I’ll just never forget, when I started working on exoplanet

atmospheres, twenty years ago, how many people just told me «This will never

happen.» «We’re never going to be able to study them.» «Why are you bothering?»

And that’s why I’m pleased to tell you about all the atmosphere studied now, and this

is really a whole field of its own. So, when it comes to, um, other planets, other Earths,

in the future when we can observe them, what kind of gases would we be looking for?

Well our own Earth has oxygen in the atmosphere that to 20% by volume; that’s a lot

of oxygen. But without plants and photosynthetic life, there would be no oxygen,

virtually no oxygen, in our atmosphere. So oxygen is here because of life and our

goal then is to look for gases in other planet atmospheres, um, gases that don’t

belong that we might be able to attribute to life, but which molecules should we search

for? I actually told you how diverse exoplanets are; we expect that to continue for the

future when we find other Earths. And that is one of the main things I’m working on

now. I have a theory about this; it reminds me that nearly every day I receive an

e-mail, e-mail or e-mails, um, from someone with a crazy theory about physics of

gravity or cosmology or some such, so please don’t e-mail me one of your crazy

theories. Well I had my own crazy theory, but who does the MIT professor got to?

Well I wrote (emailed) a, um, Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine and he said

«sure, you come and talk to me.» So I brought my two biochemistry friends and we

went to him about our crazy theory and that theory was actually that life produces all

small molecules or you know so many molecules. Like I everything that I could think

of, but not being a chemist, you know, think about it. Carbon dioxide, carbon

monoxide, um, molecular hydrogen, molecular nitrogen, methane, methyl chloride, I

mean so many gases, they also exist for other reasons, but just life even produces

ozone, so we go to talk to him about this, and he immediately, he shot down the

theory and he found an example that didn’t exist, so we went back to the drawing

board and we actually think we have found something very interesting, in another

field, but back to exoplanets, the point is that life produces so many different types of

gases; literally thousands of gases and so what we’re doing now is just trying to figure

out on which type of exoplanets, which gases could be attributed to life. And so when

it comes time and we find gases in exoplanet atmospheres that we won’t know if their

being produced by intelligent aliens or by trees, or swamp, or even just by simple

single cell microbial life. But, so working on the models and thinking about

biochemistry, it’s all well and good, but a really big challenge is how. How are we

gonna find these planets? There are actually many ways to find planets, several

different ways, but the one that I’m most focused on is: «How can we open a gateway

so that in the future we can find hundreds of Earths?» We have a real shot at finding

signs of life. And actually, I just finished leading a two year project in this very special

phase of a concept we call the star shade. And the star shade is a very specially

shaped screen and the goal is to fly that star shade so it blocks out the light of a star

so that the telescope can see the planets directly. And here you can see myself and

two team members holding up one small part of the star shade. It’s shaped like a

giant flower and this is one of the prototype petals. The concept is that a star shade

and telescope could launch together with the petals unfurling from a still position. The

central truss would expand with the petals, um, snapping into place. Now this has to

be made very precisely. Literally the petals to microns and they have to deploy to

millimeters and this whole structure would have to fly tens of thousands of kilometers

away from the telescope. It’s about tens of meters in diameter and the goal is to block

out the starlight to incredible precision so that we’d be able to see the planets directly.

And it has to be a very special shape because of the physics of diffraction. Uh, this is

a real project that we worked on, literally, you would not believe how hard. Um, and

just so you believe it’s not just in movie format, here’s the real photograph of a

second generation star shade, um, deployment tested in the lab. And in this case I

just wanted you to know that that central truss has heritage left over from large radio

deployables in space. So after all that hard work that we tried of all the gases, crazy

gases that might be out there and we built the very complicated space telescopes

that might be out there. «What are we going to find?» Well the best case, we will find

the image of another exo-Earth. Here is Earth as a pale blue dot and this is actually a

real photograph of Earth taken by the Voyager 1 spacecraft at four billion miles away

and that red light is just scattered light in the optics. But what’s so awesome to

consider that if there are intelligent aliens orbiting on a planet, around a star near to

us, and they build complicated space telescopes of the kind that we’re trying to build,

all they’ll see is this pale blue dot, a pin prick of light. And so sometimes when I pause

to think about my, professional struggle, you know, and huge ambition, it’s hard to

think about that in contrast to the vastness of the universe. But, nonetheless, I am

devoting the rest of my life to finding another Earth. And I can guarantee, that the

next generation of space telescopes, and the second generation, we will have the

capability to find and identify other Earths and a capability to split up the starlight so

that we can look for gases and assess the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,

estimate the surface temperature, and look for signs of life. But there’s more. In this

case of searching for other places like Earth, we are making a new kind of map of the

nearby stars and of the planets orbiting them including stars that actually might be

inhabitable by humans. And so I envision that our descendants, hundreds of years

from now, will embark on an interstellar journey to other worlds. And they will look

back to all of us as the generation who first found the Earth like worlds. Thank you!

Host: And I give you for a question from Zeta Mission Manager Fred Jensen.

Fred Jensen: You mentioned halfway through that the technology to actually look at

the spectrum of an exoplanet like Earth is not there yet. When do you expect it will

be there, and what’s needed?

Sara: Well actually what we expect is our next, we call it our next generation Hubble

space telescope, and this is called the James Webb space telescope and that will

launch in 2018 and that’s what we’re going to do. We’re going to look at a special

kind of planet called Transit Exoplanets and that will be our first shot at studying small

planets for gases that might indicate the planet is habitable. Thank you.

Host: You know, I am going to ask you just one more question, Sarah, as the

generalist: So, I’m, um, really struck by the notion in you career of the opposition you

face, that when you began thinking about exoplanets, there was extreme skepticism in

the scientific community that they existed. What did (and you proved them wrong.)

What did it take, to take that on?

Sara: Well, the thing is that scientists were supposed to be skeptical because it’s our

job to make sure that what the other person is saying actually makes sense or not.

Um, but, you know, being a scientist, people, I think you’ve seen it from this session,

that it’s like being an explorer. You have this immense curiosity, a stubbornness of

sort of resolute will that you will go forward, um, no matter what other people say.

Host: I love that, thank you Sarah.

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Feature

It’s fitting that Sara Seager is fascinated by stories of explorers visiting uncharted places. From her groundbreaking work on the detection of exoplanet atmospheres to her innovative theories about life on other worlds, Seager has been a pioneer in the vast and unknown world of exoplanets.

In addition to her role as a professor of planetary science and physics at MIT, Seager is also a part of numerous planet hunting committees and projects. She’s served on NASA’s Exoplanet Task Force and on the Terrestrial Planet Finder science teams. She is currently a participating scientist on the Kepler planet-hunting mission, a co-investigator on the planet-studying EPOXI mission, and is the science team lead on the eXtrasolar Planet Characterizer (XPC) concept study.

PlanetQuest caught up with Seager recently to find out what life is like on astronomy’s cutting edge.

PlanetQuest: Do you think that an Earth-like planet will be discovered in your lifetime?

Sara Seager: I like to live in the future, and I’m getting older, so I’m determined to find another Earth-like planet in my lifetime. The super-Earths are interesting, but the difference between them and a real Earth is like the difference between finding your long-lost twin and finding a very, very distant cousin that you have nothing in common with. So I’m working on a concept study for a mission that will look at the very brightest stars in the sky, because those are the only ones that are bright enough for follow-up observations to detect the atmosphere of an Earth-like planet.

Seager is one of the scientists involved with the Kepler planet-hunting mission, scheduled to be launched in 2009.

My idea involves small telescopes in space, each looking at a bright star for signs of a Earth-like planet going in front of the star as seen from Earth, which is called «transiting». I’m convinced that it’s going to be successful and that we’ll be able to complete the Copernican Revolution.

PQ: You’re well-known in scientific circles these days, but how did you get your start in exoplanets?

PQ: That’s an amazing achievement. What does your work involve these days?

PQ: What keeps you interested in studying exoplanets?

Seager is the science team lead for the eXtrasolar Planet Characterizer, a future NASA exoplanet mission concept.
> Larger Image

PQ: What’s been the most surprising thing you’ve learned during the course of your career?

Seager: I can think of two surprises: one, any kind of planet is out there, at every semi-major axis. The process of planet formation is random and we’ve seen planet masses and orbits we never thought could exist. And the second surprise is about the physical characteristics of some planets. For example, how did the «hot Jupiters» get so huge and close to their host stars? Some are bigger than we thought planets could be, too big for us to understand why right now.

PQ: What Earth-bound hobbies do you pursue when you aren’t planet hunting?

Seager: Well, I have two little kids, so I don’t have that much spare time anymore, but I really like canoeing in the Arctic; the northern environment really forces you to push yourself. I like to read, too, books and magazines. My favorite book is «Sleeping Island: The Story of One Man’s Travels in the Great Barren Lands of the Canadian North.» (book titles in quotes, per AP style) It’s about a Midwest schoolteacher around the 1930s who, every summer, went canoeing in parts of northern Canada that hadn’t been mapped yet, just exploring and meeting natives. I like the idea of modern-day-explorers, that sense of adventure about the unknown.