The money to him on condition that he in due time

Все английские союзы (полный список). Упражнения и тесты

В этой статье я рассмотрю все английские союзы (уровень intermediate) по группам: причины и следствия, времени, условия, цели, противопоставления и соединительные конструкции. Примеры предложений с союзами и большое количество упражнений поможет вам разобраться с ними и чувствовать себя уверенно при чтении текстов на английском языке. Итак, продолжаем изучение английских союзов.

Английские союзы. Список (уровень 2, intermediate)

Вводное упражнение. Вставьте that’s why, otherwise, because, though, in spite of the fact.

ОТВЕТЫ для самопроверки (в конце урока)

I. Сочинительные союзы

Соединительные конструкции:

both … and, either … or, neither … or, not only … but also

II. Подчинительные союзы

Причины и следствия:

as – в качестве;
for – в течение;
since– c;
because of – из-за.

ПРИМЕР He works as a teacher. – Он работает учителем.

ПРИМЕР He worked as a teacher for 2 years. – Он работал учителем в течение двух лет.

Читать подробнее Предлоги For & Since

ПРИМЕР I am late because of the traffic jam. – Я опоздал из-за этой пробки.

Времени:

Условия:

provided (союз) – при условии что

provide (глагол) – обеспечивать; to provide – provided – provided

Цели:

Противопоставления:

or else, as well as (сочинительные — 2)

На уровне изучения английского языка Advanced мы рассмотрим редко употребляемые союзы и конструкции, которые остались за кадром: as if, as though – как если бы; так как будто; lest – чтобы… не; where (wherever) – где бы, куда бы; и некоторые другие. А сейчас приступаем к упражнениям.

Английские союзы. Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Укажите русский эквивалент для выделенных английских слов.

1) в качестве
2) так как
3) как
4) по мере того как

1) так как
2) в качестве
3) когда
4) по мере того как

1) в качестве
2) так как
3) когда
4) как

1) так как
2) как
3) когда
4) в качестве

1) для
2) в течении
3) так как
4) до

1) так как
2) в течение
3) для
4) до тех пор пока

1) та
2) что
3) эти
4) который

1) те
2) эти
3) которая
4) та

1) который
2) эти
3) тот
4) что

1) что
2) то что
3) тот
4) который

Упражнение 2. Укажите английский эквивалент для выделенных русских слов.

Упражнение 3. Перепишите предложения, соединив их подходящими по смыслу союзами: as, because, though, when.

In spite of + существительное

Despite + существительное

In spite of the fact that + придаточное предложение

Упражнение 5. Вставьте a — in case, b – unless, с — as long as, d – as

Упражнение 6. Вставьте a — as if, b – like, с — for, d – during

as if — как будто

like – как

for – в течение + период времени, например for two years;

during – в течение + существительное; during that spring.

Упражнение 7. Вставьте a — while, b – until, с — so that, d – than

Упражнение 8. Выберите правильный вариант.

ПРИМЕР My flight was delayed due to (because of) the fog. — Мой рейс был задержан из-за тумана.

Упражнение 9. Переведите на английский язык. (из учебника Практическая гоамматика ангдийского языка, авторы К.Н.Качалова, Е.Е.Израилевич, стр.534)

1. Я не хотел бы идти туда; кроме того, сейчас слишком поздно. 2. Вы должны идти туда немедленно, иначе вы опоздаете. 3. Я чувствовал себя плохо, поэтому я пошел прямо домой. 4. Я устал; все же я хочу пойти туда сегодня вечером. 5. Он очень молод; однако он очень хороший инженер. 6. Этот рассказ слишком труден для него; кроме того, он не очень интересный. 7. Я должен сделать это сегодня, а то она на меня рассердится. 8. Наденьте пальто, а то вы простудитесь.

Это вся информация про английские союзы. Упражнения на союзы вы выполнили и, надеюсь, запомнили их перевод. Теперь читайте тексты на английском языке и, конечно, английские книги))

Вводное упражнение. Ответы для самопроверки.

Тест «Условные предложения в английском языке»

Тест «Условные предложения» предназначен для учащихся 9-11 классов. Проверяет знание условных предложений 0-3 типа, смешанных условных предложений и условных предложений с глаголом wish.

Содержимое разработки

Choose the right variant.

1. If the weather were fine, they … out of town.

a) go b) would go c) gone d) had gone

2. If Tom had enough money, he … to the USA long ago.

a)went b) would have gone c) have gone d) would go

3. If I … their language, I could understand what they were saying.

a) had known b) will know c) know d) knew

4. We … win the cup If we keep playing well.

a) will b) are c) are winning d) could have

5. If you touch a socket with wet hands, you … an electric shock.

a) will get b) would get c) would have got d) would have been got

6. If I … noticed Nick, I would have stopped him.

a) paid b) pay c) had paid d) would pay

8. If I … you, I would apologize to her.

a) was b) had been c) were d) will be

a) is b) was c) will be d) would be

10. If Jane … this medicine yesterday, she would feel better now.

a) take b) took c) taken d) had taken

a) will go; will eat b) will go; eat c) go; would eat d) go; eat

12. If the weather… fine, he will go out of town.

a) was b) is c)will d) were

13. If it hadn’t been raining yesterday, we … on a trip.

a) would have gone b) have gone c) would go d) will have gone

a) calm b) calmed c) will calm d) had calmed

15. If John were playing tonight, we … a better chance of winning.

a) would have b) would c) have d) will have

16. We’ll just go to another restaurant if this one … fully occupied.

a) is b) will c) will be d) has

17. Had the guests come, I … the house.

a) must clean b) will clean c) would have cleaned d) would clean

18. If Rebecca … his phone number before, she would have called him.

a) have learned b) had learned c) learned d) learnt

19. They … let you on the plane unless you have a valid passport.

a) had b) have c) will d) won’t

20. If I … a taxi, I would have been there in time.

a) had took b) took c) had taken d) have taken

a) booked b) had booked c) book d) will book

22. He won’t go to sleep … you tell him a story.

а) when b) unless c) if d) as soon as

23. If I knew his address, I … to him.

a) would write b) wrote c) will write d) write

24. I’m sure she … forgive you if you apologize.

25. If it rains this afternoon, … come round to my place!

a) can b) will c) – d) would

26. The waiter will tell you when the Picasso exhibition … close.

a) – b) might c) would d) will

27. I … more shopping in this store if things weren’t so expensive here.

a) would doing b) did c) would do d) do

28. If it rains this afternoon, then yesterday’s weather forecast … wrong.

a) was b) would be c) will be d) can be

a) would drive b) could drive c) had driven d) drive

30. I want to ask my journalist friend if this pop group … more shows this year.

a) plays b) played c) will play d) play

1. If the weather were fine, they … out of town.

a) go b) would go c) gone d) had gone

2 тип, главное предложение

2. If Tom had enough money, he … to the USA long ago.

a)went b) would have gone c) have gone d) would go

Mixed conditionals, главное предложение, следствие относится к прошлому

3. If I … their language, I could understand what they were saying.

a) had known b) will know c) know d) knew

2 тип, придаточное предложение

4. We … win the cup If we keep playing well.

a) will b) are c) are winning d) could have

1 тип, главное предложение

5. If you touch a socket with wet hands, you … an electric shock.

a) will get b) would get c) would have got d) would have been got

1 тип, главное предложение

6. If I … noticed Nick, I would have stopped him.

3 тип, придаточное предложение

a) paid b) pay c) had paid d) would pay

8. If I … you, I would apologize to her.

a) was b) had been c) were d) will be

2 тип, придаточное предложение. В данном случает вместо was необходимо употребить were. Если Вы изучаете разговорный американский английский и поэтому выбрали was, можете засчитать себе за правильный ответ.

a) is b) was c) will be d) would be

0 тип, главное предложение

10. If Jane … this medicine yesterday, she would feel better now.

a) take b) took c) taken d) had taken

a) will go; will eat b) will go; eat c) go; would eat d) go; eat

0 тип с использованием союза when

12. If the weather… fine, he will go out of town.

a) was b) is c)will d) were

1 тип, придаточное предложение

13. If it hadn’t been raining yesterday, we … on a trip.

a) would have gone b) have gone c) would go d) will have gone

3 тип, главное предложение

a) calm b) calmed c) will calm d) had calmed

1 тип, придаточное предложение. Использование will в данном случае выражает вежливое требование, просьбу.

15. If John were playing tonight, we … a better chance of winning.

a) would have b) would c) have d) will have

2 тип, главное предложение

16. We’ll just go to another restaurant if this one … fully occupied.

a) is b) will c) will be d) has

1 тип, придаточное предложение

17. Had the guests come, I … the house.

a) must clean b) will clean c) would have cleaned d) would clean

3 тип, главное предложение. Вместо союза if использована инверсия.

18. If Rebecca … his phone number before, she would have called him.

a) have learned b) had learned c) learned d) learnt

19. They … let you on the plane unless you have a valid passport.

a) had b) have c) will d) won’t

1 тип, главное предложение, обратите внимание на перевод союза unless

20. If I … a taxi, I would have been there in time.

a) had took b) took c) had taken d) have taken

3 тип, придаточное предложение

a) booked b) had booked c) book d) will book

1 тип, придаточное предложение

22. He won’t go to sleep … you tell him a story.

а) when b) unless c) if d) as soon as

23. If I knew his address, I … to him.

a) would write b) wrote c) will write d) write

2 тип, главное предложение

24. I’m sure she … forgive you if you apologize.

1 тип, главное предложение

25. If it rains this afternoon, … come round to my place!

a) can b) will c) – d) would

26. The waiter will tell you when the Picasso exhibition … close.

придаточное предложение, которое отвечает на вопрос «ЧТО»

27. I … more shopping in this store if things weren’t so expensive here.

a) would doing b) did c) would do d) do

2 тип, главное предложение

28. If it rains this afternoon, then yesterday’s weather forecast … wrong.

a) was b) would be c) will be d) can be

вывод, выраженный глаголом в прошедшем времени

a) would drive b) could drive c) had driven d) drive

30. I want to ask my journalist friend if this pop group … more shows this year.

a) plays b) played c) will play d) play

придаточное предложение, которое отвечает на вопрос «ЧТО»

FUTURE PERFECT / FUTURE SIMPLE

1. Julia (finish) all the housework by three o’clock and we’ll go for a walk.

B) will have finished

2. I promise I (get) in touch with you if I need your help.

B) will have got

3. We are going to buy a car. By the end of next month our family (save) money for it.

B) will have saved

4. The workers say that they (build up) a district by the beginning of 2000.

A) will build up

B) will have built up

5. He probably never (be) patient.

A) will probably never be

B) will probably never have been

6. She (have lunch) by the time we arrive.

B) will have had

7. If you think it over, you (see) that I’m right.

B) will have seen

Keys

1b; 2a; 3b; 4b; 5a; 6b; 7a.

FUTURE SIMPLE / FUTURE PERFECT / FUTURE CONTINUOUS

1. He (sleep) when you come back tonight.

B) will be sleeping

2. By the time I come they (go).

B) will have gone

B) will be stopping

C) will have stopped

4. My sister (know) the result of her exam on economy in three days.

B) will have known

C) will be knowing

B) will be waiting

C) will have waited

6. The work of the scientist (achieve) the proper acclaim.

B) will have achieved

Keys

1b; 2b; 3c; 4a; 5b; 6a.

FUTURE ACTIONS IN WHEN / IF CLAUSES

1. I can give Bob the message if I (see) him.

2. If I (hear) any news, I (phone) you.

A) will hear, will phone

B) will hear, phone

C) hear, will phone

3. If the weather (be) fine tomorrow, we are going to have a picnic.

4. Hurry up! If you (catch) a taxi, you (meet) Mary at the station.

A) catch, will meet

B) will catch, meet

C) will catch, will meet

5. When I (arrive) in Manchester next week, I (phone) you.

A) will arrive, will phone

B) will arrive, phone

C) arrive, will phone

6. If he (not / be) busy tomorrow morning, he probably (give) you a lift.

A) isn’t busy, will probably give

B) won’t be, will probably give

C) won’t be, probably gives

7. Call for an ambulance if he (feel) worse.

8. Mrs. Clay (go) shopping today if she (finish) her work earlier than usual.

A) goes, will finish

B) will go, will finish

C) will go, finishes

9. Watch the football match on TV at 11 p.m. if you (stay) at home tonight.

10. I’m tired, but if you (make) me strong coffee, I (go on) working.

A) will make, go on

B) will make, will go on

C) make, will go on

11. If Dad (buy) a new car, we (go) to the sea-side by car next summer.

12. If they (want) your advice, they (get) in touch with you.

A) will want, will get

B) want, will get

13. We (have) time for tea if he (be) in time.

A) will have, will be

14. If you (be) late, I can walk your dog.

15. If you (eat) less bread, you (lose) weight.

A) eat, will lose

B) will eat, will eat

C) will eat, lose

16. If Pete (go jogging), he (forget) about his health problems.

A) goes jogging, will forget

B) will go jogging, forgets

C) go jogging, will forget

17. Could you ask Bob to phone me if you (see) him tomorrow?

18. If our group mates (work) hard, we (not / lose) the next game.

A) will work, won’t lose

B) works, won’t lose

C) work, won’t lose

19. Your parents (worry), if you (be) late in the evening.

A) will worry, will be

B) are worry, will be

C) will worry, are

Keys

1b; 2b; 3a; 4a; 5c; 6a; 7b; 8c; 9b; 10c; 11b; 12b; 13c; 14b; 15a; 16a; 17a; 18c; 19c.

Практическая грамматика английского языка (стр. 7 )

Из за большого объема этот материал размещен на нескольких страницах: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

20. «Put down that gun. It’s loaded,» she warned him.

Change sentences with modal verbs and their equivalents into indirect speech.

1. «If what you have said is true I must go to the police,» he said. 2. «You don’t need to come in tomorrow,» said my employer. «You may take a day off.» 3. «I’ll be busy next week and won’t be able to help you,» she said to us. »Besides this text must be typed and as for me, I cannot type, so I’ll have to ask somebody to do it,» she added. 4. The official said, «This passport photo isn’t like you at all. You must have another one taken.» 5. «I needn’t get up till nine tomorrow,» I said. 6. «I must go to the dentist tomorrow,» she said to me. «I have an appointment.» 7. «I will go to bed. I had to get up very early today,» he said. 8. «I couldn’t meet her, I was working,» he said. 9. «Ann’s English is very poor. She must study very hard,» the teacher said. 10. «Something was wrong with the receiver, I could not hear you well yesterday,» she said.

Translate into English paying attention to the sequence of tenses.

1, Я знал, что она еще не прочитала письмо. 2. Она считала, что ананасы растут на деревьях. 3. Он сказал нам, что расплатился с долгами (pay one’s debts) боль­ше месяца назад. 4. Она сказала, что пишет это сочине­ние (composition) уже три часа. 5. Она не знала, успеш­но лл закончилась (be a success) операция. 6. Том по­звонил в полицию и сказал, что все его вещи украдены. 7. Капитан приказал всем подняться на борт (get aboard). 8. Они не знали, будут ли опубликованы ре­зультаты их исследований. 9. Я думал, что он работает, и не вошел в комнату. 10. Он попросил, чтобы она не беспокоилась. 11. Я не знаю, когда он приедет в Моск­ву. 12. Они поинтересовались, бывал ли я когда-ни­будь заграницей (abroad). 13. Он сказал им, что они не должны говорить об этом сейчас. 14. Наш гид (guide) рассказал нам, что замок (castle) был возведен в 14-ом веке. 15. Я надеюсь, что новый мост будет построен в следующем году.

Change the following into indirect speech paying attention to conditional sentences.

1. «I’ll put a book into your briefcase in case you want to read,» Mother said. 2. He said, «If she follows my advice, all will turn out well.» 3. «Annette will have come to Paris in an hour if there arevno delays,» Pete thought. 4. «These letters must be sent immediately as soon as they are translated,» the manager said. 5. «I’ll take you out for a walk after I have seen the film,» he said to his dog. 6. «I am sure she will sing to us provided we ask her,» he whispered. 7. «If she trains hard she will win the Cup,» the trainer said. 8. «If she stays in bed for a couple of days, she will be all right in a week,» the doctor said to the mother. 9. «If the train comes on time we’ll be able to see the football match,» he said to me. 10. She said, «I won’t come if I am not invited.»

Translate into English paying attention to the sequence of tenses in the clauses of time and cordition.

1. Я знал, что когда они вернутся, они обязательно позвонят нам. 2. Он сказал мне, что они не поедут туда, пока не узнают адреса. 3. Она сказала, что встретила приятеля, с которым училась в школе. 4. Она сказала мне, что вряд ли узнает район, так как он сильно изме­нился. 5. Он спросил, что я буду делать, когда выйду на пенсию (retire). 6. Он сказал, что как только докумен­ты будут получены, их пришлют нам. 7. Медсестра (nurse) сказала, что мы сможем поговорить с врачом только после того, как он осмотрит больного (examine a patient). 8. Он спросил меня, есть ли какая-нибудь на­дежда, что я изменюсь. 9. Корреспондентам сообщили, что проблема цен еще обсуждается и что, как только она будет решена, контракт будет подписан. 10. Он сказал, что прошло пять лете тех пор, как они женаты. 11. Он напомнил (remind) мне, что когда мы были сту­дентами, мы всегда помогали друг другу. 12. Профес­сор сказал, чтобы я не приходил, пока не выучу весь материал.

Choose the right variant.

1. He___for some time before a servant___and___what he___.

a) knocked, opened, asked, wanted

b) was knocking, opened, asked, was wanting

c) had been knocking, opened, asked, wanted

d) had knocked, had opened, had asked, had wanted

2. The doctor___there___nothing to worry about if the fever___above 38,5°.

a) said, was, would not go

b) tells, is, will go

c) says, had been, went

d) said, was, did not go

3.1___a wash and a brush-up before starting to go to the luncheon Tom___me to, when they___me from the desk to say that he___below.

a) had, was invited, were ringing, had been

b) was having, invited, had rung, was

c) was having, had invited, rang, was

d) had been having, had invited, had rung, had been

4. While we___at___lunch, a letter___to me from my sister.

a) were,___, was delivered

b) had been, a, was being delivered •

c) were, the, had been delivered

d) have been,___, has been delivered

5. Some day I___to Paris to revisit all the places where I___in the time of my youth. I___them for a quarter of a century or so.

a) will have gone, have lived, haven’t seen

b) am going, had lived, did not see

c) will go, lived, haven’t seen

d) will be going, had lived, hadn’t seen

6. Hardly___asleep___an alarm clock___.

a) have I gone, than, will ring

b) had I gone, when, rang

c) I had gone, then, had rung

d) was I going, as, was ringing.

7. We___continue our research unless he___us.

a) can’t, won’t help

b) will not be able to, does not help

c) can, will help

d) won’t be able to, helps

8. We___him in many moods, but none of us___him to do a cruel thing.

a) see, ever know

b) see, don’t ever know

c) have seen, have ever known

d) have seen, haven’t ever known

9. He needed to feel that he___, that he___here, and that his word___.

a) was being listened to, was commanding, was always obeyed

b) is being listened to, is commanding, is always obeyed

c) was listened to, was being commanding, was always being obeyed

d) is listened to, is being commanding, was always being obeyed

10. Look! What___beautiful view! The sun___yet, but the grey sky___near the horizon.

a) ___, was not appeared, is parted

b) ___, did not appear, parted

c) the, has not been appeared, has parted

d) a, has not appeared, is parted

11. When he saw that someone___at him, he did not immediately realize who this someone___.

b) was looking, was

c) has been looking, is

d) had looked, was being

12. While our coffee___, I___him our sad story which’impressed him___.

a) was making, told, greatly

b) was being made, said, great

c) had been made, told, great

d) was being made, told, greatly

13. It___in the night, but now there___sunshine.

a) has rained, was

b) had rained, had been

c) is raining, is being

d) has been raining, is

14. As he___the room that morning, Ann___up the letter which she___.

a) was entered, was holding, had just received

b) was entering, has held, has just received

c) entered, was holding, had just received

d) had entered, held, has just received

15.1___a note with the address of the hotel and the boy’s name into his pocket___he___his way.

a) have put, provided, will lose

b) will put, providing, will have lost

c) have put, in case, loses

d) will have put, when, have lost

16. They___, but as they___me there___a hush.

a) were talking, saw, was

b) are talking, have seen, had been

c) had been talking, will see, would be

d) have been talking, had seen, will be

e on, if the sun___before we___home, we ___our way.

a) has set, reach, will lose

b) will have set, will reach, lose

c) will have set, reach, will lose

d) has been set, will reach, lose

18.___when he___her for the first time.

a) Tell me, has met c) Say to me, met

b) Say me, had met d) Tell me, met

19. He was tired and by the time I___, he___asleep.

a) have come, has fallen

c) came, had fallen

d) had come, had fallen

20. The great majority of students___present at the conference.___great number of them___to listen to your lecture and each of them___ready to answer your questions.

a) are, A, want, is c) is, A, wants, are

b) are, The, want, is d) is, The, wants, has been

Match two parts of the sentences.

1) She goes swimming a) Why not go to the

2) They have to stay in. b) to shout at Ann? They can’t afford

3) Are you fit enough c) to have a holiday.

4) To spend too much d) to ask for help, money

5) To err is human, e) to post it?

6) Don’t hesitate to phone f) to see how she is. me

7) The weather is fine, g) to try and keep her

8) The letter is urgent, h) if you need help. Could you remind me

9) I am sure, she is OK. i) would be foolish. We could telephone

10) Who allowed you j) to take part in the

11) She is too proud k) to forgive divine.

12) Ann is tired. She is 1) to go out very much, eager

Open the brackets and choose the Infinitive in the Active or Passive Voice.

1. They are glad (invite/be invited) to the party. 2.1 don’t like (interrupt/be interrupted). 3. He will be happy (see/be seen) you. 4.1 was glad (meet/be met) at the station. 5. Children like (tell/be told) tales and always (listen/be listened) to them with interest. 6.1 did not think (interrupt/be interrupted) you. 7. He is glad (send/be sent) abroad. 8. He likes (ask/be asked) his professor questions, 9. He does not like (ask/be asked) questions because he does not know how to answer them. 10. Be careful with him. He is a very resentful person. He can’t bear (joke/be joked at). 11. He does not like (laugh/be laughed) at other people. 12. Look, a ship can (see/beseen) in thedistance. Can you (see/be seen) it?

Change the sentences according to the examples.

Example: It is simple to solve this problem. — This problem is simple to solve.

It is difficult to speak to such people. — Such people are difficult to speak to.

1. It is expensive to buy a mink coat. 2. It is impossible to get a good dinner in our canteen. 3. It was difficult to start an engine in such cold weather. 4. It is dangerous to stand on this ladder. 5. It is rather difficult to deal with stubborn people. 6. It is dangerous to drive a car in big cities. 7. It is interesting to meet new people. 8. It is simple to’communicate with people due to Internet. 9. It was unpleasant to watch their quarrel. 10. It is always funny to listen to him.

Example: He came to the party the last. — He was the last to come to the party.

1. He is the only one among us who gave up smoking. 2.1 was the next who spoke on the topic. 3, He was the first who raised this question. 4. She was the second who got an excellent mark. 5. Paul was the last who greeted me. 6. She 13 the first who was fired. 7. He was the only one who jumped with a parachute. 8.1 am the next who will be interviewed. 9. He was the only one who could speak Japanese. 10.1 was the first who noticed the mistake. 11. His horse came in the race the last. 12. She was the first among us who recognized them.

Example: It was the best time when she could find them at home. — It was the best time for her to find them at home.

1. Here is a simple English book that you can read. 2. The first thing they must do when they arrive is to phone home. 3. This is a problem you should solve by yourself. 4. There is nothing that we can add. 5. These are children you can play with. 6. It is not a question you may laugh at. 7. There is nothing that we can do now. 8. These are nice flowers you can buy. 9. It was a little town where they could live a quiet life. 10. It is quite natural that they will get married.

Make up new sentences beginning with It was. Use one of the adjectives from the box. The first is done for you.

Example: Mary invited’us to the party. — It was nice of Mary to invite us to the party. 147

Complete the sentences with what /how/ where/whether and the verbs from the box.

get act go accept phone switch on use

1.1 need advice. I have been offered a new job but I really don’t know___it or not. 2. Do you know___if the robbers burst into the bank? 3. Can you tell me___if there is a fire? 4.1 don’t know___the computer. Will this button do? 5. The countries are very interesting and

I haven’t chosen yet___. 6. The TV set is good but I haven’t decided yet ___it or not. 7. Why have you stopped? Have you forgotten___? 8. Have you understood ___this device? 9. The problem is serious. I don’t know ___in this situation. 10.1 wonder___a suitcase. The

trip will take only two days.

Fill in the blanks with the particle to where necessary.

1. I’d rather (listen) to the radio than (see) this soap opera on TV, — As for me, I prefer (watch) TV. You’d better (take) a radio and (go) for a walk. 2. You are cold. You’d better (sit) near the fireplace. 3. She’d prefer (fly) rather than (go) by train. The plane saves time. 4. I’d rather (not go) to the country tomorrow. The weather leaves much to be desired. 5. You’d better (take) an aspirin. You look bad. 6. He preferred (put on) a brown suit. 7. She prefers (not wear) shoes with high heels. 8.1 want to get thinner so I’d rather (walk) than (go) by car. 9. You’d better (buy) a mobile telephone, it’s more convenient. 10. I’d prefer (go) there in July.

Make up sentences.

Example: I/prefer/go alone/go with him. — I prefer to go alone rather than go with him.

1. I’d rather/stay at home/go out 2. He/prefer/solve a problem immediately/postpone it 3. I’d/prefer/buy it tonight/go shopping early in the morning 4. They’d/ prefer/go to the restaurant/cook dinner at home 5. I’d rather/die/betray my friends 6. She/prefer/go to the country/stay in town 7. I’d rather/go to the movies/ watch the VCR 8. We’d/prefer/read a book/see a screened version 9. She/prefer/drink a cup of juice/have a substantial breakfast 10. I’d rather/go to the museum/ stay at home

Open the brackets and put the verb into | the corresponding form.

Example: I’d rather you (do) the job yourself. — I’d rather you did the job yourself.

1. I’d rather he (go) on holiday in March. 2. Would you rather I (cook) the supper? 3. I’d rather they (go) with us. 4. Would you rather he (play) the leading part? 5. I’d rather she (buy) a new TV instead of a freezer. 6. Would you rather I (not know) anything? 7′. I’d rather you (ask) me a straight question. 8. Would you rather he (make) a new attempt? 9. I’d rather she (enter) the university. 10. Would you rather she (not interfere)?

Make up sentences according to the example.

Example: time/he/come back. — It’s time for him to come back.

1) high time/we/say goodbye to everybody; 2) time/ the child/go to bed; 3) time/she/put up with his behavior; 4) high time/they/develop a new model; 5) about time/ we/leave the house; 6) high time/he/speak English fluently; 7) time/she/choose a profession; 8) high time/ we/buy a new TV set; 9) high time/he/ring me up; 10) time/he/temper justice with mercy.

Change your sentences according to the example.

Example: It is high time for them to come back. — It is high time they came back.

1. It is time for her to make a decision. 2. It is high time for her cousin to find a job. 3. It is high time for us to put up with it. 4. It is time for you to get married. 5. It is high time for me to hand in the composition. 6. It is about time lor the chairman to make a break. 7. It is high time for Granny to have a nap. 8. It is high time for Pete to take his mother from the hospital. 9. It is high time for the government to change their policy. 10. It’s high time for the local authorities to pull down this house.

Find and correct the mistakes if any.

1. I’d prefer to speak to you in private than phone you, 2. There is a reporter for interview you. 3. The meat is too hot to eat. 4. You would better help her carry these suitcases. 5. It was very generous from them to give us such a present. 6. Sorry to have failed to keep the appointment. 7.1 had rather go without him. 8. She the first to finish the hometask. 9.1 don’t like to be listened to him. 10.1 am not sure where going now. 11. Such books are interesting reading, 12,1 am the next to fire.

Translate into English.

1. Она была слишком мала, чтобы запомнить про­исшествие (incident). 2. Он тот самый человек, с кото­рым можно поговорить по этому вопросу. 3. Для него важно получить информацию сегодня. 4. Вот деньги, которые мы можем потратить на мебель, 5. Они очень довольны (pleased), что их пригласили на конферен­цию (conference). 6. Вы будете выступать (speak) пер­вым. 7. На эту ошибку надо обратить особое (particular) внимание. 8. Ты бы лучше остался дома. 9. С его сто­роны благородно (great) сделать все (do one’s best) для того, чтобы спасти их. 10. Он не знал, что делать дальше и к кому обращаться с просьбой (make a request). 11. Он позже всех разгадал ее намерения (intentions). 12. Я бы предпочел поехать туда на ма­шине, а не на самолете. 13. Уже совсем темно, давно пора включить свет. 14. Ему пора обратиться к вра­чу. 15. Я предпочитаю отдыхать где-нибудь на море, а не сидеть на даче.

The Complex Object

Open the brackets and use the Complex Object.

Example: He expected (they, arrive) at 5. — He expected them to arrive at 5.

1. Do you want (they, stay) at the hotel or with us? 2. I’d like (the professor, look through) my report. 3. Do you want (I, show) you the sights of the city? 4. We expect (he, arrange) everything by the time we come. 5.1 want (she, tell) me the news in brief. 6. He expected (the meeting, hold) in the Red Room. 7.1 would like (they, fix) an appointment for me for Tuesday. 8. We want (she, introduce) us to the president. 9.1 don’t want (they, be late) for dinner. 10. He expected (she, invite) to the party by the Smiths. 11. I’d like (the dress, bxiy) by Saturday. 12.1 don’t want (she, treat) like Alice. 13. We considered (he, be) an honest person. 14.1 don’t like (she, prevent) me from doing it. 15.1 suspect (he, help) by her.

Combine the sentences using the Complex Object.

Example: I did not see him. He entered the house, — J did not see him enter the house. I saw him. He was entering the house. — / saw him entering the house.

1. They did not notice us. We passed by. 2. He heard her. She was playing the piano. 3. He saw her. She burst into tears. 4.1 felt her hand. It was shaking. 5. He hasn’t heard us. We called his name. 8. They haven’t seen the accident. It occurred at the corner. 7.1 heard them. They were arguing. 8. She heard the footsteps. They were dying away. 9. She felt something. It was crawling around her neck. 10. We many times heard him. He told this story. 11. She noticed the expression of his face. It changed suddenly. 12.1 heard somebody. He mentioned my name. 13.1 felt something hard. It hurt my leg.

Change complex sentences into sentences with the Complex Object.

1.1 did not expect that she would forget about my birthday. 2. She saw how the children were playing in the park. 3. Do you know that he went abroad two days ago? 4.1 like to watch how she dances. 5. She could hardly believe that he had been rescued. 6. He expects that everybody will be ready to do this work. 7.1 don’t like when the children are late for dinner. 8. Don’t consider that he is a hero. He is an ordinary man. 9. I’ve heard how he was arguing with his father. 10.1 suspect that he has taken my money. 11. She likes to watch how the sun sets. 12.1 hate when people shout at each other. 13. They suppose that he will cope with this work. 14. I’ve heard how she was crying. 15. We expect that he will solve this problem soon.

Open the brackets and use the proper form of the Complex Object.

1. Where is Nick? — I saw (he, talk) to Kate a few minutes ago. 2, Parents always want (their children, be) the best. 3.1 wouldn’t like (such valuable presents, give) to me. 4.1 noticed (he, write) something and (pass) it to Alice. 5. We suppose (they, apologize) to us. 6. She watched (the stars, sparkle) in the dark sky. 7. I did not expect (he, behave) in such a way. 8. We don’t want (our planet, pollute). 9.1 heard (he, work) in his study at night. 10. They expected (he, buy) a more expensive car.

Open the brackets and write the correct form of the infinitive.

1. The doctor wanted the patient___

b) to be examined

c) being examined

2. There are a lot of people who expect your country ___the same as their own.

3. Did you hear the chairman___an announcement?

4. When I was waiting in the hall, I saw a girl___with a file in her hand.

5. Nobody expected the president of the company___ to the party.

6. I saw him___round the corner and___.

a) turn, disappear

b) to turn, to disappear

c) turning, disappearing

7. She noticed the children___behind the tree but pretended to see nothing.

8.1 want his article___in November.

b) to be published

9. He did not expect her___about it.

10. We did not want his speech___.

b) to be interrupted

Translate into English using the Complex Object.

1. Я не ожидал, что этот полицейский будет таким невежливым (impolite) человеком. 2. Мы бы хотели, что­бы вы доставили (deliver) товары к концу июня. 3. Я ожидал, что ее пригласят туда. 4. Они не ожидали, что его спросят об этом. 5. Я слышал, как его имя несколько раз упоминалось на собрании. 6. Он не заметил, как мы подошли к нему. 7. Вы видели, как они над чем-то смея­лись? 8. Мы не ожидали, что об этом объявят (announce) по радио. 9. Мне бы хотелось, чтобы она сказала нам, что она будет делать сегодня вечером. 10. Я думаю, что сегод­ня вы услышите, как она поет. 11. Когда он услышал, что его сын плачет, он встал и пошел в детскую комнату (nursery). 12. Я бы хотел, чтобы никто не брал мои вещи.

Open the brackets and use the Complex Subject.

Example: He is thought (study) now. — He is thought to be studying now. 155

1. He is considered (be) a good musician. 2. They are thought (go away) some days ago. 3. James is expected (make) a report next Wednesday. 4. Steve is known (help) them to solve a problem when they were in trouble. 5. Mozart is known (compose) a lot of wonderful pieces of music. 6. The film is considered (be) the worst of the year. 7. She is supposed (work) in the laboratory from 2 to 6 p. m. tomorrow. 8. They are known (make) a new discovery a month ago. 9. He is expected (manage) the business himself. 10. He is said (be) at the customs office now. 11. The delegation is reported (leave) Prague tonight at ll a. m. 12. They are known (live) in Egypt for a long time. 13. He is believed (work) at an urgent problem now.

Change these sentences using be likely, be unlikely, be. sure.

Example: He may come on Sunday. — He is likely to come on Sunday. She may not allow us to go there. — She is unlikely to allow us to go there. They will certainly help us. — They are sure to help us.

1. They may have a good time in the bar tonight. 2. He will certainly win this match. 3. The plane may not reach the place of destination on time. 4. You may miss the train unless you hurry. 5. She may not go by plane. 6. He may not be invited to the conference. 7. They will certainly get married soon. 8. They may not follow my recommendations. 9. They may go on a world tour. 10. This picture will certainly be the best at the exhibition.

Open the brackets and use the Complex Subject.

A Make sentences in bold type less definite and express one’s uncertainty of the following.

Example: Do you remember his name? — Unfortun­ately, I don’t remember his name. — / don’t seem/appear to remember his name.

1. They got married a month ago. Is she happy? — No, she is not happy. 2. Does she have a key to her suitcase? — No, she has lost it. 3. We are so late. I am sure he has gone. — No, he is waiting for us. 4. She looks nice. — Yes, but she has put on weight. 5.1 want to be introduced to Mrs. Smith. — Peter will help you. He knows her well. 6.1 have much trouble with my new washing machine. — No problem. I know this type very well. 7. Does he work at the same office? — No, he changed his job. 8. Is she still abroad? — No, she returned two months ago and now is working at her new book. 9. Look, this man is overhearing us. Speak more quietly. 10. The president has left his country residence and is returning to the capital.

В Change your sentences using the verb happen with the verbs in bold type.

Example: Do you know Mr. Brown? — Do you happen to know Mr. Brown?

1. I’ll visit Trafalgar Square if I am in London. 2. If anybody knows him, call the police. 3. If you see Kate, ask her to phone me. 4. Do you know how to get to the Tower? 5. He’ll arrange everything if he goes on a tour. 6. Does he know with whom Mary has gone to the Canaries? 7. Have you seen them leave? 8. Can you change a pound? 9. Has she seen where they parked their ear? 10. If I meet them, I’ll phone the police.

С Change your sentences using verbs turn out or prove.

Example: He knows Mr. Brown. — He turned out/ proved to know Mr. Brown.

1. The interview with the young artist was rather interesting. 2. The prices at the hotel were reasonable. 3. The conversation with them was rather unpleasant. 4. The young man was a smuggler. 5. He was a qualified economist. 6. The student’s knowledge of mathematics was above the average. 7. Yesterday’s party was entertaining. 8. The weather in this part of the country was rainy. 9. The workshop was rather useful for economists, but for managers it was rather dull. 10.1 bought a book which was a best-seller. 11. This unpleasant man who found faults with me during the interview was my manager.

Exercise 200. Choose the right variant.

1. The rain seems___. Call the children in. I don’t want them___.

a) to be, to be got wet through

b) to be starting, to get wet through

c) to have started, to have got wet through

d) to have been started, to be getting wet through

2. The English colony, Plymouth, in Massachusetts, is known___by the Pilgrims who arrived on the Mayflower in 1620.

a) to be established

b) to have established

c) to have been establishing

d) to have been established

3. Look, they are likely___to the news. They seem

a) to be listening, to be excited

b) to listen, to be excited

c) to have been listening, to have excited

d) to have listened, to be being excited

4. He is sure___a liar. Everybody heard him___ that in so many words.

5. When I came in, the discussion seemed___to an end. They appeared___patience because they turned out___for it.

a) to have been coming, to have been losing, be ready

b) to be coming, to be losing, not to be ready

c) to come, to lose, to be ready

d) to have come, to have lost, not to be being ready

6. Jack, you seem___too fast. The speed is already 100 miles. I am afraid. I want you___the speed till 40 miles.

a) to have driven, slow down

b) to drive, to slow down

c) to be driving, to be slowing down

d) to be driving, to slow down

Translate into English using the Complex Subject.

1. Стивен обязательно выиграет эту игру. 2. Изве­стно, что Питер уехал в Осло. 3. Предполагают, что президент выступит на конференции. 4. Эту пьесу счи­тают самой интересной в театре. 5. Кажется, она гото­вит яблочный пирог (apple pie). Пахнет очень вкусно. 6. Боб, наверное, нам поможет. — Он наверняка нам поможет. 7. Полагают, что они уехали вчера. 8. По-видимому, переговоры (talks) закончатся завтра. 9. По­лагают, что эта работа была выполнена успешно. 10. Вряд ли этот факт имеет большое значение (be of

great importance). 11. Это, вероятно, случится, если ве­тер не переменится. 12. Говорят, что делегаты на кон­ференцию уже приехали. 13. Известно, что этот коми­тет был создан несколько лет тому назад. 14. Он, по-видимому, пишет новую книгу. 15. Предполагают, что они смогут решить этот вопрос тотчас же. 16. Известно, что Джек Лондон написал много прекрасных книг.

and Have / Got something done

Write sentences in the way shown.

Example: He did not paint the walls. — He had (got) them painted.

1. He did not fix the fridge. 2.1 did not wash the floor. 3. She did not type the article, 4. He did not translate the letter. 5. They did not repair the house. 6.1 did not wash the car. 7. She did not make the dress. 8. He did not cook supper. 9. He did not iron the shirt. 10. They did not build the fence.

Choose the right variant.

1. Get your children (to feel/feel/felt) responsible for their studies. 2. She had her husband (to entertain/ entertain/entertained) the guests while she was making tea. 3. He got them (to pay/pay/paid) for the damage. 4. She had her carpets (to clean/clean/cleaned). 5. He couldn’t get the dog (to rise/rise/risen). 6. She had the porter (to carry/carry/carried).her luggage. 7. She got her baggage (to carry/carry/carried) in. 8. Peter the Great got his noblemen (to have/have/had) their beards (to shave/shave/shaven). 9. The rebellions had the president (to leave/leave/left) the country. 10. She had to get the tyre (to change/change/changed). 11. The manager had his employees (to work/work/worked) till seven. 12. She got him (to buy/buy/bought) an expensive gold bracelet for her. 13. Din has his things (to wash/wash/washed) in the laundry. 14. She couldn’t get the child (to go/go/ gone) to bed. 15. Speak to him, please; try to get him (to refuse/refuse/refused) this offer.

Use the correct form of the verb.

1. Her remark made everybody (feel) uncomfortable. 2. They got the manager (sign) the contract. 3. She was made (give up) smoking. 4. They got him (sell) the car. 5. Let him (do) the task himself. 6. He had a fireplace (install) in the corner of the sitting room. 7. She bought a nice dress but she had to get the sleeves (shorten). 8. The professor let Mike (leave) the room. 9. They were made (hand) in their reports on Thursday. 10. He let me (decide) for myself. 11. They had him (contribute) to expenses. 12. The teacher got the pupils (learn) the poem by heart. 13. He took a lot of photos during his holiday and got them (develop). 14. The robber had the teller (open) the safe. 15. The opposition got the government (decrease) prices. 16. Don’t let them (attend) the conference. 17. They were made (go) to the police station. 18. He got the chairman (make) an announcement, 19. She made him (forget) the incident. 20. Do you let your children (watch) TV till late at night? 21.1 got my son (shave) his moustache. 22. Let your children (have) tastes in music different from yours.

Find and correct the mistakes if any.

1. My mother won’t let anybody to think ill of him. 2. It was so difficult for me to get him to believe us again. 3. The party was dull, and we decided to tell stories to make the time to pass. 4. Nick got Mary given him a lift to the school. 5. He will try to get her to replace him. 6. Let’s to try to get them join our company. 7. She got the telephone to repair. 8. The thought of his coming made me to feel ill. 9. The wind made the windows rattled. 10. They must have the problem settle. 11. She had the secretary to make another copy. 12. He had the copy to make. 13. They did their best to make themselves agreeing to the proposal. 14. He changed his mind to have his house to paint green, 15. Let him choosing his friends himself. 16. Your enthusiasm makes me to feel young again. 17. She had a desire let her life to go on as though nothing had happened. 18. The director got his paper to type. 19. The teacher made the girl do the exercise again. 20. What makes you to think so? 21. The boy was made to water the garden. 22. She is getting her hair to cut tomorrow. 23. She did not let her daughter to go to discos. 24. Let’s try to have him come to the party. 25.1 got him to go to India.

Translate the sentences with causative verbs into English (you may have several variants).

Повествовательные предложения

Повествовательное предложение в косвенной речи обычно преобразуется в придаточное предложение, введенное союзом that. При необходимости происходит изменение формы глагола в придаточном предложении, замена наречий места и времени, а также личных, притяжательных и указательных местоимений (в зависимости от изменения лица, от которого ведется повествование):

My assistant said, “I reserved a room at the hotel yesterday.” – Мой помощник сказал: «Я забронировал номер в отеле вчера».

→ My assistant said that he had reserved a room at the hotel the day before. – Мой помощник сказал, что он забронировал номер в отеле вчера.

She said, “I will let you know as soon as I receive the results.” – Она сказала: «Я сообщу тебе, как только получу результаты».

→ She said that she would let me know as soon as she received the results. – Она сказала, что сообщит мне, как только получит результаты.

Вопросительные предложения

Вопросительные предложения, передаваемые в косвенной речи, называются косвенными вопросами. В отличие от вопроса в прямой речи, порядок слов в косвенном вопросе такой же, как в обычном повествовательном предложении (подлежащее стоит перед сказуемым):

She asked me, “Where are you going?” (прямой вопрос)

→ She asked me where I was going. (косвенный вопрос)

Общий вопрос в косвенной речи вводится союзами if или whether:

He asked, “Do you speak English?” – Он спросил: «Вы говорите по-английски?»

→ He asked me if I spoke English. – Он спросил, говорю ли я по-английски.

He enquired, “Did you hear the news?” – Он поинтересовался: «Вы слышали новости?»

→ He enquired whether we had heard the news. – Он поинтересовался, слышали ли мы новости.

Специальный вопрос вводится тем же вопросительным словом, что и соответствующий вопрос в прямой речи:

He asked, “What is she going to do?” – Он спросил: «Что она собирается делать?»

→ He asked what she was going to do. – Он спросил, что она собирается делать.

“Why are you so late?” she asked me. – Она спросила меня: «Почему вы так опоздали?»

→ She asked me why I was so late. – Она спросила меня, почему я так опоздал.

I. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:

1. We notified the bank that we (changed / had changed) our legal address.

2. The interviewer asked me if I (was / am) good at meeting deadlines.

3. Mr. Tigerman advised me (to talk / that he will talk) to the CEO in person.

4. Could you tell me where their head office (is / was) situated?

5. The employees complained that the contractor (doesn’t pay / didn’t pay) them any benefits.

6. Did Mrs. Shalley say why (had she called / she had called)?

7. I cannot believe it! Milla has just asked me how (to / could she)send an e-mail!

8. The Prime Minister said that the level of unemployment gradually (is falling / was falling) those days.

9. My chief asked me (not to put / didn’t put) any calls through to his office.

10. The current law states that an employee (has / had) the right to appeal against dismissal.

11. He wonders what (he should do / should he do) to set the situation right.

12. I knew from the beginning that our plan (won’t work / wouldn’t work).

13. Brenda’s informed me that she (will be stepping / would step) down in the wake of the scandal.

14. We found out that the new worker (was promoted / had been promoted) over the heads of several of his seniors.

15. My superior told me that I (can / could)take a day off, but later he changed his mind for some reason.

16. The Marketing Director inquired when the launch campaign of the new product (is going / was going) to take place.

17. A consumer research study found that price (was / is) the most important consideration when buying a cell phone.

18. The Chief Executive announced that the company (was taking / took) a new direction.

19. The personnel officer informed the staffers that they (will be given / would be given) a few days off.

20. The secretary asked her boss what time (would he leave / he was leaving) for the airport.

II. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:

1. The employees argued that the reduction in wages … unlawful.

b. will be d. was being

2. Katherine’s told me that at the moment she … for a better job.

a. was looking c. looked

b. looks d. is looking

4. The correspondent asked the Returning Officer … on the election results.

a. to comment c. to not comment

b. don’t comment d. to commented

5. Mr Rayner had nothing to say except that he … guilty of the charges.

a. is not c. has not been

b. was not d. did not be

6. The Executive Director convinced the Board that the new project … a success.

a. will be c. would be

b. is going to be d. was

7. I suppose you already … the news about our merger with Atlantic Co.

a. heard c. have heard

b. hear d. had heard

8. The suppliers asked us not to worry as the duplicate invoice … by 4 o’clock.

a. would have been sent c. will be sent

b. was being sent d. will have been sent

9. Could you tell me what time … as a rule?

a. do the committee meetings finish c. the committee meetings finished

b. would the committee meetings finish d. the committee meetings finish

10. At the meeting the shareholders asked how the company … in the previous year.

a. did c. was doing

b. had been doing d. would do

11. I’d like to know … additional staff to develop a new sales campaign.

a. would they be employing c. will they be employing

b. if they would be employing d. if they will be employing

12. My financial adviser warned me … my shares yet.

a. do not sell c. to not sell

b. did not sell d. not to sell

a. the new equipment cost c. the new equipment costs

b. did the new equipment cost d. does the new equipment cost

a. are your salary requirements c. your salary requirements are

b. were your salary requirements d. your salary requirements were

15. The manager threatened … the clerk if he didn’t change his attitude to work.

a. that he will dismiss c. to dismiss

b. dismissing d. that he dismissed

16. Last year’s financial statement indicates that it … a very profitable year for the enterprise.

a. is c. has been

b. was d. had been

a. suspend; is completed c. suspending; completes

b. to suspend; was completed d. not to suspend; completed

a. has bought c. had bought

b. bought d. will buy

19. My personal assistant informed me that Ms Sullivan … while I … out.

a. had phoned; was c. was phoning; had been

b. phoned; had been d. phoned; was

20. The Managing Director said at the meeting that he … a joint venture … the best way to break into the foreign market.

a. thinks; was c. thought; is

b. thinks; is d. thought; was

III. Передайте следующие предложения в косвенной речи:

1. Sheila phoned me and said, “I’ll probably arrivelate due to heavy traffic.”

2. The manager asked, “Has the date for the next meeting been fixed yet?”

3. “Could I have the bill, please?” I asked the waiter.

4. The chairman said, “Your issue is outside the scope of the meeting.”

5. “What time have you arranged to see the clients?” he’s asked her.

6. “I’m taking my qualifying exam next week,” my fellow worker said.

7. The suppliers threatened us, “We’ll sue you if you cancel the agreement.”

8. “Were there any phone calls for me yesterday?” asked Mr. McNamara.

9. Miranda complained, “I have to work ten hours a day without overtime pay.”

10. “You’ve made a lot of progress since you started working here,” Mike’s superior admitted.

11. The customs officer asked Mr. Sullivan, “Do you have anything to declare?”

12. One clever person said, “Customers are always right even if they are wrong.”

13. We asked the corporate management, “When are you planning to set up a subsidiary?”

14. The secretary said, “I reserved the room at the hotel for tomorrow.”

15. The Vice President announced, “We’re not going to compromise with our rivals.”

16. I told him in confidence, “The company management decided not to promote you yet.”

17. The director asked the personnel officer, “Could you tell Miss Benson that she has been made redundant?”

18. They cautioned me, “Don’t make a statement before you’ve consulted the lawyer.”

19. The chief accountant promised the employees, “You’ll be given a 10% salary increase next month.”

20. My teacher once recommended me, “Think like a wise man but communicate in the language of the ordinary people.”

IV. Прочитайте статью. Найдите и исправьте в ней 10 ошибок:

Fancy Toys, the toy manufacturer, has warned that they would have to make over 50 employees redundant over the next month. The Chief Executive, Mark Horton, explained to employees that the world economic recession is to blame. He confessed to the workers that management has been surprised by the downturn, but he denied that the governing body had been incompetent. When asked whether would the staff receive redundancy payment, Mr. Horton replied that an announcement will be made within a few days, but reassured the employees that they got financial compensation. He went on to complain that the government help for the company was insufficient and demanded the ministers to provided more support. He asked the staff would continue working as normal until details about the redundancy will be given. He reassured the workers that the company will not close completely.

V. Представьте, что агент по подбору управленческого персонала пригласил вас на ужин вчера вечером. Сейчас ваш коллега спрашивает вас, о чем вы беседовали. Ответьте на его вопросы, употребляя косвенную речь.

1. Why was he headhunting you?

2. What questions did he ask you?

3. What personal details did you give him about yourself?

4. What did you tell him about the company?

5. What did you say your responsibilities were?

6. What did you tell him about the salary you would need?

7. What did he tell you about the new company?

8. What did he tell you about the new job?

9. How much did he promise to pay you?

10. So in the end what did you say to him?

11. When did he ask you to give him the final answer?

12. What do you think you are going to tell him?

Типы условных предложений

Обратите внимание!

Для обозначения маловероятных или нереальных желаний, а также для выражения сожаления о выполненном действии используется вводная конструкция I wish, которая переводится на русский язык словами «мне бы хотелось», «как жаль, что не». В придаточном предложении после I wish употребляется:

− Past Simple, если речь идето невозможности выполнить действие в настоящем:

I wish I knew where he is. – Мне бы хотелось знать, где он сейчас. = Жаль, что я не знаю, где он сейчас.

I wish I were you. – Мне бы хотелось быть на вашем месте. = Жаль, что я не на вашем месте. (Глагол to be имеет форму were для всех лиц.)

− Past Perfectдля сожаления о прошлом действии:

I wish you had paid your bills on time. – Мне бы хотелось, чтобы вы оплатили счета вовремя. = Жаль, что вы не оплатили счета вовремя.

I wish I had not phoned him yesterday. – Мне бы хотелось, чтобы я не звонил ему вчера. = Жаль, что я позвонил ему вчера.

− Would с инфинитивомдля обозначения будущего действия:

I wish they would come tomorrow. – Мне бы хотелось, чтобы они приехали завтра. = Жаль, что они не приедут завтра.

Кроме того, сочетание I wish … would …используется для выражения недовольства по поводу существующего положения дел:

I wish you would not interrupt me. – Мне хотелось бы, чтобы вы меня не перебивали.

Выразить сожаление о том, что некоторое действие, скорее всего, не сможет осуществиться в будущем, можно употребив в придаточном предложении глагол could:

I wish we could meet more often. – Мне бы хотелось, чтобы мы могли встречаться чаще. = Жаль, что мы не можем встречаться чаще.

Однако нельзя употреблять wouldпосле wish, если подлежащие главного и придаточного предложений совпадают. В этом случае можно использовать could с инфинитивом или глагол в форме Past Simple:

I wish I could do (= I did)it myself.– Мне бы хотелось сделать это самому.

I. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Определите тип каждого из них:

1. Report the police if you witness a crime in progress.

2. If I had more practice, I would speak English much better.

3. It would have been unwise if we had declined their offer.

4. You’ll succeed if you get some professional advice.

5. If Mr. Brown had learned the truth, he would have been very angry.

6. We would stay in a more expensive hotel if we had enough money.

7. If you throw something away, you will definitely need it the next day.

8. If he had got higher education, he would have a highly-paid job now.

9. If John had picked me up this morning, I would have got to work earlier.

10. If you don’t tell me why you did it, I will have to fire you.

11. If you won a lot of money, what would you do with it?

12. My father would be the president of the company now if he had got promotion.

13. Those candidates would have been hired, if they had had relevant working experience.

14. If any further information is needed, please let me know.

15. If Brian were more sensible, he would have put on a suit to the interview.

16. If everyone spoke the same language, life would be different.

17. If a task looks easy, it is difficult. If it looks difficult, it is impossible.

18. We would have postponed the meeting if you had told me about your busy schedule.

19. If Bill had not found that job advert a few weeks ago, he would not work in the City now.

20. Nothing like this would have happened if someone in authority had taken the matter seriously.

II. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:

1. Where would you like to work if you (had / have) the chance to choose?

2. If I (was / were) you, I would never trust my first impression!

3. If you (do / will do) that again, I will have to call the police!

4. How (will / would) things change if there wereno civil servants?

5. If they (had contacted / contacted) us earlier, we could have set up a meeting.

6. If you (were / are) interested in my proposal, email me at offer@mail.by.

7. If a company doesn’t advertise, it (would lose / loses) its market share.

8. If we hired a factoring agency, we (would recover / will recover) our debts more quickly.

9. I hope that if I (do / will do) my best, they will give me a permanent contract after a few months.

10. If I were on the Board of this company, I (will argue / would argue) against the merger.

11. If you (granted / would grant) us a 15% trade discount, we’d make firm orders in advance for one year.

12. If you’ve lost your plastic card, you (can reapply / could reapply) to the bank for a new one.

13. If we (anticipated / had anticipated) the financial collapse, we wouldn’t have lost so much money.

14. Unless you (don’t send / send) us all the documents, we won’t be able to deliver you the merchandise.

15. We (would accepted / would have accepted) their terms of the agreement if they had prolonged the warranty period.

16. Human rights (will be / would be) fully realised, if all human beings had secure access to the objects of these rights.

17. If you (would have been / had been) in his situation, what would you (do / have done)?

18. She (wouldn’t have missed / wouldn’t miss) the deadline if she (hadn’t been / weren’t) so disorganised.

19. If he (took / has taken) his job more seriously, he (would be promoted / would have been promoted) long ago.

20. If the Democrats (won / had won) the election of 1860, we still (would have / would have had) slavery in North America.

III. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:

1. I wish you (would receive / will receive) the position you’ve applied for.

2. I wished we (booked / had booked) our tickets in advance.

3. I wish you (stopped / would stop) contradicting me!

4. I wish I (were / would be) a senior staff member so that I can use the car park.

5. I wish you (attended / had attended) the meeting yesterday.

6. The staffers wish you (was / would be) less bossy and wouldn’t order them about.

7. Val thinks that everyone likes her. I wish she (had known / knew) what people say behind her back!

8. Mr. Monrow wishes his secretary (would cease / had stopped) coming late.

9. Nick hates commuting every day. He wishes his workplace (would be / were) a bit closer to his house.

10. I wish I (had passed / passed) my qualifying test. But unfortunately I failed.

11. You are always changing your mind. I wish you (would be / are) more decisive.

12. The President wishes the proportion of women in the public sector (would grow / will grow).

13. They wish they (hadn’t given / didn’t give) the job to an external candidate. Now they regret about it.

14. I wish I (could see / would see) the results of the marketing research before my boss does.

15. I wish the company’s objectives (would be reviewed / should be reviewed) in terms of new management approaches.

16. Peter wished it (were / had been) the weekend already. He was so tired working overtime the whole week.

17. My boss keeps giving me extra work. I wish he (would employ / had employed) a personal assistant.

18. Mary wishes she (would become / had become) a lawyer. She is in business now but she doesn’t like her job at all.

19. I wish our partners (wouldn’t infringe / hadn’t infringed)terms and conditions of contracts from now on.

20. Tony wished he (studied / had studied) harder at college and (got / had got) some qualifications.

IV. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:

1. What … if you lost your job?

a. will you do c. did you do

b. had you done d. would you do

2. If you … to work in an advertising agency, you need to be very creative.

a. want c. will want

b. wanted d. would want

3. We have a suggestion to make. How would you feel if we … you the position of assistant manager?

a. offer c. offered

b. will offer d. would offer

4. I sometimes wonder what I’d do if I … a mobile phone.

a. don’t have c. won’t have

b. didn’t have d. wouldn’t have

a. hadn’t complained c. wouldn’t have complained

b. wouldn’t complain d. didn’t complain

6. We’ll have to send them a reminder unless they … the invoice in due time.

a. pay c. won’t pay

b. will pay d. don’t pay

7. If he … in time, he would have taken all necessary measures.

a. were warned c. was warned

b. had warned d. had been warned

8. We exchange goods only if you … a receipt.

a. will produce c. produce

b. produced d. would produce

9. If he … so willing and energetic, he would never have got the position of the Managing Director.

a. weren’t c. isn’t

b. hadn’t been d. wasn’t

10. If you … goods on the Internet, they always … you an email confirmation.

a. order; will send c. had ordered; would have sent

b. order; send d. ordered; would send

11. If you … all pros and cons, the answer … a definite no.

a. had weighed; had been c. had weighed; will be

b. weighed; would be d. weighed; would have been

12. The bank … you money to set up a company unless you … some kind of business plan.

a. wouldn’t have lent; had c. won’t lend; have

b. wouldn’t lend; didn’t have d. will lend; don’t have

13. Why didn’t you phone? If I … you were coming, I … you at the airport.

a. knew; would meet c. knew; would have met

b. had known; would meet d. had known; would have met

a. saw; would you do c. ü had seen; will you do

b. had seen; would you do d. saw; did you do

15. If … in cash, … the price by 10%?

a. I paid; will you reduce c. I paid; would you reduce ü

b. did I pay; you would reduce d. I pay; you will reduce

16. If you … effectively in the interview, you probably … the job.

a. will communicate; get c. communicate; will get

b. will communicate; will get d. communicate; get

17. If … about their financial problems, I … business with them.

a. I’d known; wouldn’t have done c. I knew; wouldn’t have done

b. I’d know; didn’t do d. I’d have known; hadn’t done

18. If you … sales by over 15%, the company … you a performance bonus.

a. increase; will paid c. would increase; paid

b. increased; would pay d. had increased; will pay

19. If Mason … so short-sighted, he … the change in the figures at once.

a. wasn’t; would notice c. hadn’t been; would notice

b. hadn’t been; will have noticed d. weren’t; would have noticed

20. The meeting … called off if John … at the last moment.

a. would be; didn’t arrive c. were; wouldn’t arrive

b. would have been; hadn’t arrived d. had been; wouldn’t have arrived

V. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол в требующейся форме:

1. What laws you (changewould change) if you (bewere) the Prime Minister?

2. Sometimes if you (taketake) a chance, it (paypays) off.

3. If our side (be) better prepared, we (succeed) in yesterday’s talks.

4. We (stop) the meeting now if there (be) nothing else to discuss.

5. They (survive) that awful recession if they (invest) in new technology.

6. Just imagine what chaos there (be) if we (live) in a society without laws!

7. If he (tell) me about his resignation earlier, I (hire) someone else for his position.

8. If the election campaign (not be) a success, he (not be) in power now.

9. Will you inform them that if they (not settle) their account, we (have) to take them to court?

10. As a rule we (not employ) people unless they (be) experienced and eager to work hard.

11. If I (be) you, I (not waste) time. I would learn foreign languages. It’s very important for getting a good job.

12. If you (look) carefully at your copy of the contract, you (see) that this clause applies to you.

13. If the complaints of the customer who came yesterday (be) well-grounded, his losses (compensate).

14. If they (promote) the brand better, they (gain) their share of market. But unfortunately, they can’t.

15. Unless we (meet) the debts by the end of December, we (force) to declare ourselves bankrupt.

16. If I (be) in your position, I (insist) on having more staff in the finance and accounts department.

17. Don’t you think if I (obtain) a Master of Business Administration degree, I (improve) my job prospects?

18. I have no idea what the other party is going to propose in the negotiations.

Neither do I. If I (know), I (tell) you.

19. If we (break) into the Western market, our turnover (increase) substantially. So we should do our best to implement this plan.

20. If we (pay) more attention to the company’s problems last month, we (not be) in such a situation now.

VI. Закончите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на типы условных предложений и употребление глагольных форм для выражения нереальных действий после I wish:

1. If I inherited 10 million dollars …

2. If you have dreams …

3. I wish I could …

4. If I were the CEO of the company I work for …

5. If my company’s competitors offered me a good job …

6. If I were more industrious …

7. If I had more time time …

8. I wish my superior …

9. If I could have changed one thing in my life …

10. If I had started learning English earlier in my life …

11. We’ll probably make a loss this year …

12. If I governed my country …

13. I wish the world …

14. If I could buy myself a skill …

Неличные формы глагола

Неличные формы глагола, к которым относятся инфинитив, причастие и герундий не имеют грамматических признаков лица, числа и наклонения. Они лишь указывают на соотнесенность во времени, то есть является ли выраженное ими действие одновременным с действием сказуемого или предшествует ему. Подобно личным формам глагола, неличные формы могут употребляться в действительном и страдательном залоге. Например:

It is wonderful to love and to be loved. – Прекрасно любить и быть любимым. (инфинитивы)

The man living upstairs got his carsmashed up in an accident. – Мужчина, живущий на верхнем этаже, разбил свою машину в аварии. (причастия)

The file has finished downloading. – Файл закончил загрузку. (герундий)

Инфинитив, причастие и герундий образуются от глагола и имеют одинаковое с ним лексическое значение. Каждая неличная форма, помимо свойств глагола, обладает свойствами какой-либо другой части речи. Например, инфинитив и герундий обладают некоторыми свойствами имени существительного, а причастия I и II – некоторыми свойствами прилагательного.

Не изменяясь по лицам и числам, инфинитив, причастие и герундий не могут согласовываться с подлежащим и, следовательно, никогда не употребляются в предложении в функции простого глагольного сказуемого. При этом глаголы в неличной форме могут выполнять функции других членов предложения: подлежащего, части составного сказуемого, дополнения, обстоятельства или определения.

Инфинитив

Инфинитив – это неличная форма глагола, которая только называет действие, не указывая ни лица, ни числа, ни реального времени его осуществления. Английский инфинитив соответствует в русском языке неопределенной форме глагола, которая отвечает на вопросы что делать? что сделать?: to read – читать, прочитать, to hear – слышать, услышать и т. п. Отличительным признаком инфинитива является частица to.

Употребление инфинитива

1) Инфинитив употребляется после определенных глаголов:

We cannot afford to buy a new car. – Мы не можем позволить себе купить новую машину.

2) Инфинитив употребляется после многих прилагательных, выражающих чувства, отношение к действию, качество и т.п.:

It’s important to make a good impression on the clients. – Важно произвести хорошее впечатление на клиентов.

3) Инфинитив употребляется после многих существительных:

I did not have an opportunity to talk to him. – У меня не было возможности поговорить с ним.

4) Инфинитив употребляется после наречий too (слишком) и enough(достаточно). Например:

She is too young to vote in the election. – Она слишком молода, чтобы голосовать на выборах.

We did not have enough time to prepare for the exam. – У нас было недостаточно времени, чтобы подготовиться к экзамену.

He is experienced enough to be a chairman. – Он достаточно опытный,ю чтобы быть председателем.

5) Инфинитив употребляется после относительных местоимений who, what, which, where, when, how. Например:

I don’t know what to do and whom to address. – Я не знаю, что делать и к кому обратиться.

6) Инфинитив употребляется после местоимений somebody, anyone, nothing, a lot и т.п. Например:

I have something to tell you. – Мне нужно кое-что сказать вам.

There was no one to turn to. – Не к кому было обратиться.

7) Инфинитив употребляется после порядковых числительных (the first – первый,the second – второй и др.), после прилагательных в превосходной степени(the best – самый лучший и др.), а также после слов next (следующий),last (последний), only(единственный). Например:

He is always the firstto come and the lastto leave. ­– Он всегда приходит первым и уходит последним.

I was the only one to notice it. – Я был единственным, кто это заметил.

8) Инфинитив употребляется в некоторых устойчивых выражениях:

to be honest – честно говоря

to begin with – для начала

to cut a long story short – короче говоря

to get to the point – переходить к сути дела

to put it another way – другими словами

to tell (you) the truth – по правде сказать

Употребление инфинитива без частицы to

1) Инфинитив без частицы to употребляется после модальных глаголов can / could (мочь), may / might (разрешать), must (должен), should (следует), за исключением модальных глаголов have to (должен), be to (должен) и ought to (следует). Например:

He can speak several languages. – Он умеет говорить на нескольких языках.

We must congratulate them. – Мы должны их поздравить.

She will have totellme the truth. – Ей придется сказать мне правду.

2) Инфинитив без частицы to употребляется после глаголов to let (позволять) и to make (заставлять), например:

Let me use your phone. – Разреши мне воспользоваться твоим телефоном.

The boss madehim stay overtime. – Босс заставил его остаться сверхурочно.

Однако если глагол to make употребляется в форме страдательного залога, его сопровождает инфинитив с частицейto, например:

He was made to stay overtime. – Его заставили остаться сверхурочно.

3) Инфинитив без частицы to употребляется после глаголов, выражающих восприятие посредством органов чувств:

Everyone saw him leave his office at 6. – Все видели, как он вышел из офиса в 6 часов.

Однако если глаголы чувственного восприятия употреблены в форме страдательного залога, за ними следует инфинитив с частицей to. Например:

He was seen to leave his office at 6. – Видели, как он вышел из офиса в 6.

4) После выражений had better, would rather(лучше бы) частица to перед инфинитивом не употребляется. Например:

You had better notrun the risk. – Ты бы лучшене рисковал.

I would rathergo home. – Я бы лучше пошел домой.

5) Инфинитив без частицы to употребляется после вопросительных слов Why(зачем, с какой стати) или Why not(почему бы не). Например:

Why get upset about little things? – Зачем расстраиваться по пустякам?

Why not take a few days off? – Почему бы не взять несколько выходных?

Формы инфинитива

Отрицательная форма инфинитива образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится перед инфинитивом (перед частицей to): She asked me not to lock the door. – Она попросила меня не запирать дверь.

Инфинитив в форме Simple обозначает действие, которое происходит одновременно с действием глагола-сказуемого, либо относится к будущему: I managed to settle the account in time. – Я смог оплатить счет вовремя. I don’t like to be asked questions. – Я не люблю, когда мне задают вопросы. I hope to return your hospitalitysoon. – Я надеюсь, что скоро отвечу на ваше гостеприимство.

Инфинитив в форме Continuous обозначает длительное действие, одновременное с действием глагола-сказуемого: He must be drawing up the annual report now. – Он, должно быть, сейчас готовит годовой отчет.

Инфинитив в форме Perfect обозначает действие, предшествующее действию глагола-сказуемого: I am glad to have helped you. – Я рад, что помог вам.

Инфинитив в форме Perfect Continuous обозначает длительное действие, предшествующее действию глагола-сказуемого: He is known to have been working on this problem for many years. – Известно, что он работает над этой проблемой много лет.

Поперечные профили набережных и береговой полосы: На городских территориях берегоукрепление проектируют с учетом технических и экономических требований, но особое значение придают эстетическим.

Общие условия выбора системы дренажа: Система дренажа выбирается в зависимости от характера защищаемого.