The moscow metro is a that serves moscow and the neighbouring town of krasnogorsk
The moscow metro is a that serves moscow and the neighbouring town of krasnogorsk
The moscow metro is a that serves moscow and the neighbouring town of krasnogorsk
Задание №9024.
Чтение. ЕГЭ по английскому
Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A — F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1 — 7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя.
Moscow Metro The Moscow Metro is a rapid transit system serving Moscow and the neighbouring Moscow region towns of Krasnogorsk and Reutov. This is the second in intensity metro system in the world after the Tokyo subway. The system consists of 12 lines with a total length of 298.8 km, with 182 stations.
The first line was opened on May 15, 1935 ___ (A) to the station “Park Kultury”, with a branch to the station “Smolenskaya”. The Moscow Metro was originally named after L. Kaganovich. Almost from the first years of the Moscow Metro, it was intended ___ (B). In April 1941 it was declared ___ (C) a mass bomb shelter. During World War II thousands of Muscovites were hiding there from air strikes.
The Moscow Metro is known for the rich decorative design work of many stations with samples of art of socialist realism. Moscow metro stations are also called “underground palaces of Moscow” ___ (D). The underground complexes are decorated with statues and reliefs, monumental and decorative compositions such as paintings, mosaics and stained-glass windows, ___ (E) the country. For instance, stations “Pushkinskaya” and “Ploschad Revolyutsii” are decorated with 76 bronze sculptures by M. Manizer, and “Kropotkinskaya” ___ (F). Many stations belong to the most interesting monuments of architecture of 1930–1950. Some of them are officially protected by the state.
1. to be used for civil defence
2. that the Metro was to be used as
3. and ran from the station “Sokolniki”
4. as they look like magnificent palace halls
5. which were created by the leading artists of
6. which was considered a masterpiece of architecture
7. and “Komsomolskaya-Koltsevaya” with mosaics by P. Korin
| A | B | C | D | E | F |
Решение:
Пропуску A соответствует часть текста под номером 3.
Пропуску B соответствует часть текста под номером 1.
Пропуску C соответствует часть текста под номером 2.
Пропуску D соответствует часть текста под номером 4.
Пропуску E соответствует часть текста под номером 5.
Пропуску F соответствует часть текста под номером 7.
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Источник: ФИПИ. Открытый банк тестовых заданий
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Презентация по английскому языку «Moscow underground»
Курс повышения квалификации
Особенности подготовки к проведению ВПР в рамках мониторинга качества образования обучающихся по учебному предмету «Английский язык» в условиях реализации ФГОС ООО
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Теория и методика педагогического проектирования
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Актуальные вопросы преподавания английского языка в условиях реализации ФГОС
«Эффективное обучение иностранным языкам дошкольников: занятия с детьми»
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Открытая сессия для педагогов и родителей
Описание презентации по отдельным слайдам:
The Moscow Metro is a rapid transit system serving Moscow and the neighbouring town of Krasnogorsk. Opened in 1935 with one 11-kilometres line and 13 stations, it was the first underground railway system in the Soviet Union.
The Moscow Metro has 185 stations and its route length is 305.7 kilometres.
The system is mostly underground, with the deepest section 84 meters below ground at the Park Pobedy station.
The Moscow Metro is the world’s second-most-heavily-used rapid transit system, after Tokyo’s twin subway.
The first plans for a metro system in Moscow date back to the Russian Empire but were postponed by World War I, the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War.
The first line, from Okhotny Ryad to Smolenskaya, was opened to the public on 15 May 1935 at 07:00. It was 11 kilometres long and included 13 stations. The line connected Sokolniki and Park Kultury. The latter branch was extended westwards to a new station (Kiyevskaya) in March 1937, the first Metro line crossing the Moskva River over the Smolensky Metro Bridge.
The Moscow Metro is open from about 05:30 until 01:00.
I live near the train station Novye Cheryomushki
Novye Cheryomushki is a train station on the Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line of the Moscow Metro. It was opened as the final segment of the Kaluzhskiy radius on 13 October 1962, serving briefely as a terminus for two years. Novye Cheryomushki was built to the standard pillar-trispan design and features pillars faced with pinkish marble and tiled walls accented with two horizontal stripes of reddish-brown tile. The architects were M. Markovskiy and A. Ryzhkov.
The entrances to the station are located on Profsoyuznaya Street at its intersection with Garibaldi street. The station has a daily passenger traffic of 52,800 people.
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The Moscow Metro
The Moscow Metro is a rapid transit system serving Moscow and the neighboring Moscow Region towns of Krasnogorsk and Reutov. This is the second in intensity metro system in the world after the Tokyo subway. The system consists of 12 lines with a total length of 298.8 km (double-track basis), on which there are 182 stations. The first line was opened on May 15, 1935, and ran from the station «Sokolniki» to the station «Park Kultury,» with a branch to the station «Smolenskaya.» The Moscow Metro was initially named after L. Kaganovich. In 1955, Metro was named after V. Lenin. Almost from the first years of the Moscow metro, it was intended as civil defense. In April 1941, it was declared that the Metro was to be used as the mas bomb shelter.
During World War II, thousands of Muscovites were hiding there from airstrikes. The Moscow Metro is known for the rich decoration work of many stations with samples of art of socialist realism. Moscow metro stations are also called «underground palaces of Moscow.» They differ by magnificent palace halls. The underground complexes are decorated with statues and reliefs, monumental and decorative compositions: paintings, mosaics, and stained glasses, created by the leading artists of the country. Stations «Pushkinskaya,» «Revolution Square» with 76 bronze sculptures by M. Manizer, «Kropotkinskaya,» «Komsomolskaya-Koltsevaya» with mosaics by P. Korin, «Novoslobodskaya» and others belong to the most interesting monuments of architecture of 1930-the 1950s. Some of them are officially protected by the government.
Школьный курс. Английския язык. Контрольная.
1. Раскройте скобки, употребив прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени. Заполните пропуски подходящими словами than, the, of.
1. My flat is (big) bigger than yours.
2. This dress is (beautiful) ………………………. that one.
3. Liz is a …………. (good) swimmer ………….. Ben.
4.Women usually live (long) ………………………….. men.
5.Which is ……………………… (fast) animal in the world?
2. Прочтите текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы:
Russia is one of the largest countries in the world. It occupies about one-seventh part of dry land. It is situated in Europe and Asia. Its total area is over 17 million square kilometers. The country is washed by seas and oceans.
There are different types of climate on the territory of the country. It is very cold in the North even in summer. The central part of the country has mild climate: winters are cold, springs and autumns are warm or cool, summers are hot and warm. In the South the temperature is usually above zero all year round, even in winter. Summer is really hot, the climate is very favorable. The climate of Siberia is continental: summers are hot and dry, winters are very cold.
Some parts of our country are covered with mountains and hills.
There are many rivers in Russia; the longest rivers are the Volga in Europe and the Yenisei and the Ob in Asia. The deepest lakes are the Baikal and the Ladoga.
The Russian Federation is very rich in mineral resources, such as oil, natural gas, coal, iron, gold and others.
Moscow is the capital of our country. It was founded in 1147. It is a wonderful city. There are many sights in Moscow. You can see many museums, art galleries, theatres, churches and monuments in our capital. People of our country are proud of the Moscow Kremlin. There are also many big beautiful cities in Russia.
1) What is the total area of Russia?
2) What kind of climate is in Russia?
3) What rivers in Russia do you know?
4) The Russian Federation is very rich in mineral resources, isn’it?
5) When was Moscow founded?
6) Name the sightseeings of Moscow.
1. Прочтите текст и заполните пропуски подходящими словами:
rapid transit system (2), stations, underground, route, subway, railway, line
2. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках в правильной форме.
1) In 1237 the Mongols (to burn) the city to ashes.
2) in1328 Moscow (to earn) the status of capital of the Russian region.
3) In 1812 the war with Napoleon (to lead) to big fires in Moscow destroying almost everything.
4) Moscow (to celebrate) its 850 Anniversary in 1997 and today (to be) one of the most respected cities in the world.
5) The monument to Yuri Dolgorukiy (to stand) in Red Square.
2. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках в правильной форме. 1) In 1237 the Mongols burnt the city to ashes. 2) in1328 Moscow earned the status of capital of the Russian region. 3) In 1812 the war with Napoleon led to big fires in Moscow destroying almost everything. 4) Moscow celebrated its 850 Anniversary in 1997 and today is one of the most respected cities in the world. 5) The monument to Yuri Dolgorukiy stands in Red Square.
Moscow Metro
| Moscow Metro | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Info | |
| Locale | Moscow Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast |
| Transit type | Metro |
| Number of lines | 12 |
| Number of stations | 182 |
| Daily ridership | 6.55 million (average, 2009), 8.95 million (highest in 2009) [ 1 ] |
| Chief executive | Ivan Besedin |
| Website | engl.mosmetro.ru |
| Operation | |
| Began operation | 15 May 1935 |
| Operator(s) | Moskovsky Metropoliten |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 5 ⁄6 in) |
| Electrification | 825 V DC third rail |
| Average speed | 41.55 kilometres per hour (25.82 mph) |
Contents
Overview
The Moscow Metro is a state-owned enterprise. [ 3 ] Its total length is 301.2 km (187.2 mi) and consists of 12 lines and 182 stations. The average daily passenger traffic is 6.6 million. Ridership is highest on weekdays (when the Metro carries over 7 million passengers per day) and lower on weekends. Each line is identified according to an alphanumeric index (usually consisting of a number), a name and a colour. Voice announcements refer to the lines by name. A male voice announces the next station when traveling towards the centre of the city, and a female voice when going away from it. On the circle line the clockwise direction has a male announcer for the stations, while the counter-clockwise direction has a female announcer. The lines are also assigned specific colours for maps and signs. Naming by colour is frequent in colloquial usage, except for the very similar shades of green assigned to the Kakhovskaya Line (route 11), the Zamoskvoretskaya Line (route 2), the Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line (route 10) and the Butovskaya Line (route L1).
The system operates in an enhanced spoke-hub distribution paradigm, with the majority of rail lines running radially from the centre of Moscow to the outlying areas. The Koltsevaya Line (route 5) forms a 20-kilometre (12 mi)long ring which enables passenger travel between these spokes. Signs showing the stations that can be reached in a given direction are in each station. [ 4 ] Most of the stations and lines are underground, but some lines have at-grade and elevated sections. The Filyovskaya Line is notable for being the only line with most of its route at grade.
The Moscow Metro is open from about 05:30 until 01:00. The precise opening time varies at different stations according to the arrival of the first train, but all stations close their entrances simultaneously at 01:00 for maintenance. The minimum interval between trains is 90 seconds, during the morning and evening rush hours. [ 1 ]
Lines
The colours in the table below correspond with the colours of the lines in the map above:
| Index & colour | English transliteration | Russian name | First opened | Latest extension | Length | Stations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Sokolnicheskaya | Сокольническая | 1935 | 1990 | 26.1 km | 19 |
 | Zamoskvoretskaya | Замоскворецкая | 1938 | 1985 | 36.9 km | 20 |
 | Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya | Арбатско-Покровская | 1938 | 2009 | 43.5 km | 21 |
 | Filyovskaya | Филёвская | 1958 1 | 2006 | 14.9 km | 13 |
 | Koltsevaya | Кольцевая («Circle») | 1950 | 1954 | 19.3 km | 12 |
 | Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya | Калужско-Рижская | 1958 | 1990 | 37.6 km | 24 |
 | Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya | Таганско-Краснопресненская | 1966 | 1975 | 35.9 km | 19 |
 | Kalininskaya | Калининская | 1979 | 1986 | 13.1 km | 7 |
 | Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya | Серпуховско-Тимирязевская | 1983 | 2002 | 41.2 km | 25 |
 | Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya | Люблинско-Дмитровская | 1995 | 2010 | 23.7 km | 14 |
 | Kakhovskaya | Каховская | 1995 2 | 3.3 km | 3 | |
 3 | Butovskaya | Бутовская | 2003 | 5.5 km | 5 | |
| Total: | 301 km | 182 | ||||
Notes
1 – Four central stations of the Filyovskaya Line – Alexandrovsky Sad (formerly Imeni Kominterna), Arbatskaya, Smolenskaya and Kiyevskaya – were originally opened in 1935–1937, when they were a branch of the Sokolnicheskaya Line. Between 1938 and 1953, they were part of the Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line. The stations were closed between 1953 and 1958 and then reopened as part of the (new) Filyovskaya Line.
A branch line from the Filyovskaya is in operation (as of July 2009) starting from the Alexsandrovsky Sad Station and continuing on the Filyovskaya Line to Kiyevskaya Station, where it departs to stop at the (new) Vystavochnaya and Mezhdunarodnaya Stations.
2 – All three stations of the Kakhovskaya Line were built in 1969. They were an integral part of the Zamoskovoretskaya Line until 1983, becoming a branch of that line until 1995. In 1995, they were split off from the Zamoskovoretskaya Line to form the Kakhovskaya Line.
3 – The «L» in «L1» does not stand for «Light rail» but (somewhat confusingly) for «Light Metro»—lines which are mainly elevated, with shorter platforms. These lines, as a result, do not need expensive tunnelling and are supposed to be financially «light». However, «light» and «normal» metro lines use the same rolling stock. See Butovskaya Light Metro Line for further explanation.
The Moscow Monorail is a 4.7 km, six-station monorail line between Timiryazevskaya and VDNKh which opened in January 2008. Prior to the official opening, the monorail had operated in «excursion mode» since 2004. Trains departed every 20 minutes between 8:00 and 20:05, and tickets cost four times the normal price (50 rubles,
$2.10). Since 2008, train intervals have been shortened and the price is equal to the Metro ticket price.
History
The first plans for a metro system in Moscow date back to the Russian Empire but were postponed by World War I, the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War. In 1923, the Moscow City Council formed the Underground Railway Design Office at the Moscow Board of Urban Railways. It carried out preliminary studies, and by 1928 had developed a project for the first route from Sokolniki to the city centre. At the same time, an offer was made to German company Siemens Bauunion to submit its own project for the same route. In June 1931, the decision to begin construction of the Moscow Metro was made by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In January 1932 the plan for the first lines was approved, and on March 21, 1933 the Soviet government approved a plan for 10 lines with a total route length of 80 km.
The first lines were built using the Moscow general plan designed by Lazar Kaganovich in the 1930s, and the Metro was named after him until 1955 named after him ( Metropoliten im. L.M. Kaganovicha ). [ 5 ] The Moscow Metro construction engineers consulted with their counterparts from the London Underground, the world’s oldest metro system. Partly because of this connection, the design of Gants Hill tube station (although not completed until much later) is reminiscent of a Moscow Metro Station. [ 6 ] [ 7 ]
First stage
The first line, from Okhotny Ryad to Smolenskaya, was opened to the public on 15 May 1935 at 07:00. [ 8 ] It was 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) long and included 13 stations. The line connected Sokolniki and Park Kultury. [ 9 ] The latter branch was extended westwards to a new station (Kiyevskaya) in March 1937, the first Metro line crossing the Moskva River over the Smolensky Metro Bridge.
Second stage
The second stage was completed before the war. In March 1938, the Arbatskaya branch was split and extended to the Kurskaya station (now the dark-blue Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line). In September 1938, the Gorkovskaya Line opened between Sokol and Teatralnaya. Here the architecture was based on that of the most popular stations in existence (Krasniye Vorota, Okhotnyi Ryad and Kropotkinskaya); while following the popular art-deco style, it was merged with socialist themes. The first deep-level Column station Mayakovskaya was built at the same time.
Third stage
Building work on the third stage was delayed (but not interrupted) during World War II, and two Metro sections were put into service; Teatralnaya–Avtozavodskaya (three stations, crossing the Moskva River through a deep tunnel) and Kurskaya–Partizanskaya (four stations) were inaugurated in 1943 and 1944 respectively. War motifs replaced socialist visions in the architectural design of these stations. During the Siege of Moscow in the fall and winter of 1941, Metro stations were used as air-raid shelters; the Council of Ministers moved its offices to the Mayakovskaya platforms, where Stalin made public speeches on several occasions. The Chistiye Prudy station was also walled off, and the headquarters of the Air Defence established there.
Fourth stage
After the war construction began on the fourth stage of the Metro, which included the Koltsevaya Line, a deep part of the Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line from Ploshchad Revolyutsii to Kievskaya and a surface extension to Pervomaiskaya during the early 1950s. The decoration and design characteristic of the Moscow Metro is considered to have reached its zenith in these stations. The Koltsevaya Line was first planned as a line running under the Garden Ring, a wide avenue encircling the borders of Moscow’s city centre. The first part of the line – from Park Kultury to Kurskaya (1950) – follows this avenue. Plans were later changed and the northern part of the ring line runs 1–1.5 kilometres (0.62–0.93 mi) outside the Sadovoye Koltso, thus providing service for seven (out of nine) rail terminals. The next part of the Koltsevaya Line opened in 1952 (Kurskaya–Belorusskaya), and in 1954 the ring line was completed.
Cold War era
The beginning of the Cold War led to the construction of a deep section of the Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line. The stations on this line were planned as shelters in the event of nuclear war. After finishing the line in 1953 the upper tracks between Ploshchad Revolyutsii and Kiyevskaya were closed, and later reopened in 1958 as a part of the Filyovskaya Line. In the further development of the Metro the term «stages» was not used any more, although sometimes the stations opened in 1957–1959 are referred to as the «fifth stage».
During the late 1950s the architectural extravagance of new Metro stations was toned down, and decorations at some stations (such as VDNKh and Alexeyevskaya) were simplified by comparison with the original plans. This was done on the orders of Nikita Khrushchev, who favoured more spartan decoration. A typical layout (which quickly became known as Sorokonozhka–»centipede», from early designs with 40 concrete columns in two rows) was developed for all new stations and the stations were built to look almost identical, differing from each other only in colours of the marble and ceramic tiles. Most stations were built with simpler, less-costly technology; this was not always appropriate, and resulted in utilitarian design. For example, walls with cheap ceramic tiles were susceptible to train vibration and some tiles eventually fell off. It was not always possible to replace the missing tiles with the ones of the same color, which eventually led to variegated parts of the walls. Not until the mid-1970s was the architectural extravagance restored and original designs again popular. However, the newer design of «centipede» stations (with 26 more-widely-spaced columns) continued to dominate.
Moscow Metro and Stalinism
Glorification
The Moscow Metro was one of the USSR’s most extravagant architectural projects. Stalin ordered the metro’s artists and architects to design a structure that embodied svet (radiance or brilliance) and svetloe budushchee (a radiant future). [ 10 ] With their reflective marble walls, high ceilings and grandiose chandeliers, many Moscow Metro stations have been likened to an “artificial underground sun”. [ 11 ] This underground communist paradise [ 12 ] reminded its riders that Stalin and his party had delivered something substantial to the people in return for their sacrifices. Most importantly, proletarian labor produced this svetloe budushchee.
Stalin developed a cult of personality through various methods of political and cultural propaganda. This propaganda effort was a concerted effort to encourage Soviet citizens to deify Stalin. Stalin referred to himself as «the god of the sun» because the sun is the source of all life, symbolizing a radiant future, eternal life and happiness. It was crucial that Stalin associate himself with the sun god, because the Communist Party’s power hinged on its promise to the people that the party could provide all that was symbolized by the sun. [ citation needed ]
The metro design’s emphasis on verticality was a reinforcement of Stalin’s deification. He directed his architects to design structures which would encourage citizens to look up, admiring the station’s art (as if they were looking up to admire the sun and—by extension—him as a god. [ 13 ] Another aspect of the apotheosis propaganda was the metro’s electrification; the Moscow Metro’s chandeliers are one of the most beautiful and technologically-advanced aspects of the project.
The chief lighting engineer was Abram Damsky, a graduate of the Higher State Art-Technical Institute in Moscow. By 1930 he was a chief designer in Moscow’s Elektrosvet Factory, and during World War II was sent to the Metrostroi (Metro Construction) Factory as head of the lighting shop. [ 14 ] Damsky recognized the importance of efficiency, as well as the potential for light as an expressive form. His team experimented with different materials (most often cast bronze, aluminum, sheet brass, steel, and milk glass) and methods to optimize the technology. [ 15 ] Damsky’s discourse on “Lamps and Architecture 1930–1950” describes in detail the epic chandeliers installed in the Kaluzhskaia (now called the Oktiabrskaia) Station and the Taganskaia Station:
This is an example of how the artistic composition of the Moscow Metro incorporated the Communist Party’s propaganda messages. The work of Abram Damsky facilitated the dissemination of this propaganda, so the people would associate the party with svetloe budushchee.
Industrialisation
Stalin’s First Five-Year Plan (1928–1932) facilitated rapid industrialisation to build a socialist motherland. The plan was ambitious, seeking to reorient an agrarian society towards industrialism. It was Stalin’s fanatical energy, large-scale planning, and ambitious resource allocation that kept up industrialisation’s punishing pace. The First Five-Year Plan was instrumental in the completion of the Moscow Metro; without industrialisation, the Soviet Union would not have had the raw materials necessary for the project. For example, steel was a main component of many subway stations. Before industrialisation, it would have been impossible for the Soviet Union to produce enough steel to incorporate it into the metro’s design; in addition, a steel shortage would have limited the size of the subway system and its technological advancement.
The Moscow Metro furthered the construction of a socialist Soviet Union because the project accorded with Stalin’s Second Five-Year Plan. The Second Plan focused on urbanisation and the development of social services. The Moscow Metro was necessary to cope with the influx of peasants who migrated to the city during the 1930s; Moscow’s population grew to 3.6 million in 1933 from 2.16 million in 1928. The Metro also bolstered Moscow’s shaky infrastructure and the its communal services, which hitherto were nearly nonexistent. [ 17 ]
Mobilisation
The Communist Party had the power to mobilise; because the party was a single source of control, it could focus its resources and inspire its people. The most notable example of mobilisation in the Soviet Union occurred during World War II. The country also mobilised in order to complete the Moscow Metro with unprecedented speed. A main motivation of the mobilization was to overtake the West and prove that a socialist metro could surpass capitalist designs. It was especially important to the Soviet Union that socialism succeed industrially, technologically, and artistically in the 1930s, since capitalism was at a low ebb during the Great Depression.
The person in charge of Metro mobilization was Lazar Kaganovich. A prominent Party member, he assumed control of the project as chief overseer. Kaganovich was nicknamed the «Iron Commissar»; he shared Stalin’s fanatical energy, dramatic oratory flare, and ability to keep workers building quickly with threats and punishment. [ 18 ] He was determined to realise the Moscow Metro, regardless of cost. Without Kaganovich’s managerial ability, the Moscow Metro might have met the same fate as the Palace of the Soviets: failure.
This was a comprehensive mobilisation; the project drew resources and workers from the entire Soviet Union. In his article, archeologist Mike O’Mahoney describes the scope of Metro mobilisation:
Skilled engineers were scarce, and unskilled workers were instrumental to the realisation of the metro. The Metrostroi (the organisation responsible for the Metro’s construction) conducted massive recruitment campaigns. It printed 15,000 copies of Udarnik metrostroia (Metrostroi Shock Worker, its daily newspaper) and 700 other newsletters (some in different languages) to attract unskilled laborers. Kaganovich was closely involved in the recruitment campaign, targeting the Komsomol generation because of its strength and youth.
Social engineering
The completion of the Moscow Metro was important, because the party used it as a means to build a socialist society. The Metro was perhaps the Soviet Union’s most effective social-engineering tool [ 20 ] not only due to the project’s scale, but also because Socialist Realism (the movement according to which the Metro was designed and built) was an instrument for such experimentation. Socialist Realism was in fact a method, not a style. [ 21 ] This method was influenced by Nikolay Chernyshevsky, Lenin’s favorite 19th-century nihilist, who stated that “art is no use unless it serves politics”. [ 22 ] This maxim explains why the stations combined aesthetics, technology and ideology. Any plan which did not incorporate all three areas cohesively were rejected. Without this cohesion, the Metro would not reflect Socialist Realism. If the Metro did not utilize Socialist Realism, it would fail to illustrate Stalinist values and transform Soviet citizens into socialists. Anything less than Socialist Realism’s grand artistic complexity would fail to inspire a long-lasting, nationalistic attachment to Stalin’s new society. [ 23 ]
Propaganda value
The first 13 stations of the Moscow Metro opened on May 15th, 1935, a day which was celebrated as a technological and ideological victory for socialism (and, by extension, Stalinism). 285,000 people rode the Metro at its debut, and its design was greeted with pride; street celebrations included parades, plays and concerts. The Bolshoi Theatre presented a choral performance by 2,200 Metro workers; 55,000 colored posters (lauding the Metro as the busiest and fastest in the world) and 25,000 copies of «Songs of the Joyous Metro Conquerors» were distributed. [ 24 ] This publicity barrage, produced by the Soviet government, stressed the superiority of the Moscow Metro over all other metros in capitalist societies and the Metro’s role as a prototype for the Soviet future. In reality, the Moscow Metro averaged 16 miles per hour (26 km/h) and could not exceed 32 miles per hour (51 km/h). In comparison, New York City subway trains averaged 25 miles per hour (40 km/h) and had a top speed of 45 miles per hour (72 km/h). [ 25 ] While the celebration was an expression of popular joy it was also an effective propaganda display, legitimizing the Metro and declaring it a success.
Metro 2.1
It has been alleged that a second and deeper metro system code-named «D-6», [ 26 ] designed for emergency evacuation of key city personnel in case of nuclear attack during the Cold War, exists under military jurisdiction. It is believed that it consists of a single track connecting the Kremlin, chief HQ (General Staff–Genshtab), Lubyanka (FSB Headquarters), the Ministry of Defence and several other secret installations. [ citation needed ] There are alleged to be entrances to the system from several civilian buildings, such as the Russian State Library, Moscow State University (MSU) and at least two stations of the regular Metro. It is speculated that these would allow for the evacuation of a small number of randomly chosen civilians, in addition to most of the elite military personnel. A suspected junction between the secret system and the regular Metro is behind the Sportivnaya station on the Sokolnicheskaya Line. The final section of this system was completed in 1997. [ 27 ]
Specifications
The Moscow Metro uses the Russian gauge of 1,520 millimetres (60 in) (like other Russian railways) and an underrunning third rail with a supply of 825 V DC. The average distance between stations is 1.7 kilometres (1.1 mi); the shortest (502 metres (1,647 ft) long) section is between Vystavochnaya and Mezhdunarodnaya and the longest (6,627 metres (21,742 ft) long) is between Krylatskoye and Strogino. Long distances between stations have the positive effect of a high cruising speed of 41.7 kilometres per hour (25.9 mph). Since the beginning, platforms have been at least 155 metres (509 ft) long to accommodate eight-car trains. The only exceptions are on the Filyovskaya Line: Vystavochnaya, Mezhdunarodnaya, Studencheskaya, Kutuzovskaya, Fili, Bagrationovskaya, Filyovsky Park and Pionerskaya, which only allow six-car trains (note that this list includes all ground-level stations on the line, except Kuntsevskaya).
Trains on the Zamoskovretskaya, Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya, Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya, Kalininskaya, Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya and Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya lines have eight cars, on the Sokolnicheskaya line seven cars and on the Koltsevaya and Kakhovskaya lines six cars. The Filyovskaya and Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya lines had six- and seven-car trains as well, but now use four- and five-car articulated 81-740/741 trains. Rolling stock on the Koltsevaya line is being replaced with four-car Rusich trains. The Butovskaya Line light metro was designed by different standards, and has shorter (96-metre (315 ft)long) platforms. It employs articulated 81-740/741 trains, which consist of three cars (although the line can also use traditional four-car trains).
The Moscow Metro encompasses 182 stations, of which 73 are deep below ground and 88 shallower. Of the deep stations 52 are pylon-type, 18 are column-type and one is «single-vault» (Leningrad technology). The shallow stations comprise 63 pillar-type (a large portion of them following the «centipede» design), 20 single-vaults (Kharkov technology) and three single-decked. In addition, there are 11 ground-level stations and four above ground. Two of the stations exist as double halls, and two have three tracks. Five of the stations have side platforms (only one subterranean; that station Vorobyovy Gory is on a bridge). Three other metro bridges exist, but are covered or hidden. In addition, there are two closed stations and one that is in disrepair. Four stations are reserved for future service: Volokolamskaya on the Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line, Delovoy Tsentr stations on the Kalininskaya and Solntsevskaya lines and Park Pobedy on the Solntsevskaya line.
Expansion plans
Current
The Moscow Metro has a set of expansion plans which are due to be achieved by 2015. Major projects include:
According to plans by the Moscow city government and Russia’s transport ministry (announced in September 2008), by 2015 79 kilometres (49 mi) of new lines, 43 new underground stations and 7 metro depots should be added to the system.
Recent developments
Since the turn of the 21st century several projects have been completed, and more are underway. The first was the Annino-Butovo extension, which extended the Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line from Prazhskaya to Ulitsa Akademika Yangelya in 2000, Annino in 2001 and Bulvar Dmitriya Donskogo in 2002. A new, elevated Butovskaya Light Metro Line was inaugurated in 2003. Another major project was the reconstruction of the Vorobyovy Gory station, which initially opened in 1959 and was forced to close in 1983 after the concrete used to build the bridge was found to be defective. After many years the station was rebuilt, and reopened in 2002.
Another recent project included building a branch off the Filyovskaya Line to the Moscow International Business Center. This included Delovoy Tsentr (opened in 2005) and Mezhdunarodnaya (opened in 2006). After many years of construction, the long-awaited Lyublinskaya Line extension was inaugurated with Trubnaya in August 2007 and Sretensky Bulvar in December of that year.
The Strogino-Mitino extension began with Park Pobedy in 2003. Its first stations (an expanded Kuntsevskaya and Strogino) opened in January 2008, and Slavyansky Bulvar followed in September. Myakinino, Volokolamskaya and Mitino opened in December 2009. Myakinino station was built by a state-private financial partnership, unique in Moscow Metro history. [ 28 ] In June 2010, the Lyublinskaya Line was extended with the Dostoyevskaya and Maryina Roscha stations.