The water of the dead sea is so salty that live in it

Choose the correct variant :13?

Choose the correct variant :

They were in Spain last summer, ______?

(a) were they (b)isn’t it (c)didn’t they (d)weren’t they

The water of the Dead Sea is so salty that ____ live in it.

(a) nothing can (b)nothing can’t (c)nothing (d)anything can’t

It wasn’t easy for Polly ____ progress in history.

(a) to do (b)do (c)to make (d)makes

We _____ to a wonderful pop concert last Saturday.

(a) have gone (b)had gone (c)were going (d)went

I have never seen this film________.

(a) so have I (b)I haven’t too (c)never did I (d)neither have I

Mr. Adams is fond ______ speeches in public.

(a) to make (b)making (c)make (d)of making.

Put the words in the correct order to make questions?

Put the words in the correct order to make questions.

1. have / we / Tom / invited / to / a pop concert 2.

Abroad / ever / has / he / been 3.

Plane / their / has / arrived 4.

Have / seen / they / film / this.

We were late?

The bus ___ just___.

Gone где правильный ответ?

Put the words in the correct order to make questions1 have / we / Tom / invited / to / a popnconcert2 abroad / ever / has / he been3 plane / their / has / arrived4 have / seen / they / film / this?

Put the words in the correct order to make questions

1 have / we / Tom / invited / to / a popnconcert

2 abroad / ever / has / he been

3 plane / their / has / arrived

4 have / seen / they / film / this.

Дам 13 балловPut the worlds in the correct order to make questions?

Put the worlds in the correct order to make questions.

1. have / we / Tom / invited / to / a pop concert

Abroad / ever / has / he / been

Plane / their / has / arrived

Have / seen / they / film / this.

Put the worlds in the correct order to make questions?

Put the worlds in the correct order to make questions.

1. have / we / Tom / invited / to / a pop concert

Adroad / ever / has / he / been

Plane / their / has / arrived

Have / seen / they / film / this.

Английский язык?

Have / seen / they / tilm / this.

6. This bill isn t right?

6. This bill isn t right.

They ______ a mistake

The bus _____ just____

Перекладіть на українську1 Ann has just watered the flowers?

Перекладіть на українську

1 Ann has just watered the flowers.

2 Mum has already gone to her work.

3 I have already seen this film.

4 We have just taken the bus.

5 Bob has just entered the shop.

6 They have already read this book.

7 The children have made a present for their mother.

Choose the correct item?

Choose the correct item.

1 They aren’t here.

A They have gone B They have been

To Hong Kong three times.

A have gone B have been

To the shops, he will be

back in ten minutes.

A have gone B has gone.

Срочно?

Сделать за образцом THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

I / you / we / they have done it.

I / You / We / They haven’t done it.

Have I / you / we / they done it?

1 Ann has just watered the flowers.

2 Mum has already gone to her work.

3 I have already seen this film.

4 We have just taken the bus.

5 Bob has just entered the shop.

6 They have already read this book.

7 The children have made a present for their mother.

1) we were waiting for the train on the platform. 2)we ussuslly have a breakfast at 9 o’clock. 7) lf they ho to Kyiv, they will visit many musseums. 8) l will dance if they played my favourite song 9)Go to the kitchen.

Ex 2 1. D 2. E 3. B 4. A 5. F 6. C Ex 3 2. Shorter 3. Bigger 4. Older / Elder 5. Younger 6. More comfortable.

1. Kazakhstan, Astana. 2. very big country 3. Many 4. Kazakh.

1) Great Britain / London 2) busy city 3)8 million 4) english.

1 1) If it (is not) too cold, I (not put) on my coat. 2) I (will write) the composition if you (do not disturb) me. 3) His vocabulary (will increase) greatly if he ( reads) fifty pages. 4) You (will go) to the Philarmonic much more often if you re..

1) used to go swimming 2) was dancing 3) were you laughing 4) used to drink 5) rode 6) was writing 7) was raining 8) used to play 9) Sang 10) was cleaning.

Are is are aren’t are isn’t is aren’t are isn’t is is.

1)I spend the time of my life right 2)The wall is very dense 3)The mouth of the river is its end 4)We make our way through the storm 5)We will win and get the main winning.

Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык

1.Ты не должна приходить домой так поздно. 2. Сегодня Александру необходимо поехать в центр города. 3. Тебе нужно много заниматься. 4. Тебе не нужно заканчивать работу, если ты должен уйти, это подождет. 5. Он должен был участвовать в конференции. 6. Тебе нужен этот словарь? 7. Могу я посещать лекции? 8. Вы можете мне помочь перевести этот текст? 9. Она должна встать рано, чтобы подготовиться к тесту. 10. Вы говорите по-английски? 11. Он смог открыть окно. 12. Вчера я не смог позвонить твоим родителям.

Выберите правильное слово.

1. I suppose we really …. to book our tickets in advance.

A should B must C ought D can

2. We couldn’t find a hotel room, so we … sleep in the car. It was awful!

A had to B must C could D should

3. Yes, of course you ….. open the window if you’re too hot.

A can B needn’t C must D are able to

4. The water of the Dead Sea is so salty that ….. live in it.

A nothing can B nothing C nothing can’t D anything can’t

5. Tom looked at his watch and said that he …. go.

A must to B has to C had to D had

6. Children …. to go to the dentist at least once a year.

A should B must C ought D have

7. You …. do it if you tried.

A couldn’t B must C shouldn’t D haven’t

8. You … walk on the grass.

A mustn’t B had to C have to D will have to

9. As the ship entered the harbour, we … see the Statue of Liberty.

A can B could C must D should

10. The news … be true? I don’t believe you.

A can B could C can’t D be able to

11. We read a long poem in the class yesterday. It was boring. I’m glad we …. learn it by heart.

A has to B don’t have to C can’t C must

12. You …. work tomorrow if you don’t want to.

A couldn’t B needn’t C cannot D oughtn’t

13. I was lost and … ask the policeman the way.

A may B should C must D had to

14. I ….. find a job, my parents can’t support me any longer.

A are able to B are allowed to C has to D must

A can B must C have to D may

16. She is not able to carry all these suitcase by herself. Somebody …. help her.

A may B should C can D need

Неопределенные местоимения many, much,

Why Do People Travel? Биболетова 9 класс

Биболетова 9 класс, Unit 2, Section 1, p. 68 — 71, ex. 23, 24, 25, 29, 30, 32.
Why Do People Travel? — Почему люди путешествуют?

Ex. 23 Dorian is а great traveler. AII his life he has been travelling round the world but now he has finally returned to the place where he was born. Read his story, look at the pictures and say what has been changed in his hometown. Use the model in the box. Дориан великий путешественник. Всю свою жизнь он путешествовал по всему миру, но теперь он, наконец, вернулся в то место, где он родился. Прочитайте его историю, посмотрите на фотографии и скажите, что изменилось в его родном городе. Используйте модель в рамке.

I was born in а lovely little village. We lived in а nice cottage with а garden. When I was а little boy, I used to play near the old watermill while my mum was teaching kids in the local school. I enjoyed playing in the woods near the village and hunting for frogs at the narrow green river.
I haven’t been back to my village for many years. Now I’ve returned but the place has changed а lot.
Я родился в прекрасной маленькой деревне. Мы жили в хорошем коттедже с садом. Когда я был маленьким мальчиком, я играл около старой водяной мельницы, в то время как моя мама учила детей в местной школе. Мне нравилось играть в лесу близ деревни и охотиться на лягушек в узкой зеленой реке. Я не возвращался в свою деревню в течение многих лет. Теперь я вернулся, но место сильно изменилось.

The cottage has been destroyed and a business centre has been built. — Коттедж был разрушен и был построен бизнес-центр.
The watermill has been taken down and а саfe has been built. — Водяная мельница была снесена и было построено кафе.
The local school has been destroyed and an Internet-cafe has been built. — Местная школа была разрушена и Интернет-кафе было построено.
The wood has been cut down and blocks of flats have been built. — Лес был вырублен и построены жилые дома.
The green river has been drained and a parking lot has been built. — Зеленая река была высушена и построена парковка.

Ex. 24. Listen to the story about a famous traveller. Make notes about what happened during the dates or periods indicated in your book. — Послушайте историю о знаменитом путешественнике. Запишите что произошло в даты, обозначенные в учебнике.

Vitus Jonassen Bering was born in 1681. He was Danish by birth. His family was noble but not rich. As a young man in 1703, Bering met a Russian admiral, who was looking for experienced sailors. So Bering joined the Russian fleet. He was a brave sailor and a very well-educated man. He did a lot to explore and to map the northern part of the Russian Empire. In 1725, he headed his first expedition to the far north-eastern part of Siberia. When the expedition crossed Siberia in 1728, Bering sailed to the north through the strait that was later called the Bering Strait. So the existence of the strait between Asia and America was proved and the way from Kamchatka to Japan was discovered. In the same year, Bering discovered the southern way around Kamchatka. On his next visit there in 1741, the town of Petropavlovsk was founded. The name of the city consists of two names because the expedition consisted of two ships — St Peter, commanded by Bering, and St Paul, commanded by Aleksey Chirikov. Bering died on his way back from Alaska on the eighth of December 1741. The island where he died was later called after him. His ship was wrecked there and the sailors had to stay on the island for the winter. Only a few people survived and managed to get to Kamchatka.

Витус Йонассен Беринг родился в 1681 году. Он был датчанином по рождению. Его семья была благородного происхождения, но не богатая. Будучи молодым человеком в 1703 году, Беринг встретил российского адмирала, который искал опытных моряков. Так Беринг присоединился к российскому флоту. Он был храбрым моряком и очень хорошо образованным человеком. Он сделал много, чтобы исследовать и нанести на карту северную часть Российской империи. В 1725 году он возглавил свой первый поход в далекую северо-восточную части Сибири. Когда экспедиция пересекла Сибирь в 1728 году, Беринг отплыл на север через пролив, который позже был назван Берингов пролив. Таким образом, существование пролива между Азией и Америкой было доказано и открыт путь от Камчатки до Японии. В том же году, Беринг открыл южный путь вокруг Камчатки. Во время его следующего визита туда в 1741 году, был основан город Петропавловск. Название города состоит из двух имен, потому что экспедиция состояла из двух кораблей — Святого Петра под командованием Беринга, и Павла, под командованием Алексея Чирикова. Беринг умер на обратном пути с Аляски восьмого декабря 1741. Острова, где он умер, позже назвали в его честь. Его корабль потерпел крушение там и матросам пришлось перезимовать на острове. Только несколько человек выжили и сумели добраться до Камчатки.

Ex. 25 Listen to Vitus Jonassen Bering’s biographical facts and check if your notes are correct. – Послушайте биографические факты из жизни Витуса Йонассен Беринга и проверьте свои догадки.

in 1681 — Vitus Jonassen Bering was born — Витус Йонассен Беринг родился
in 1703 — Bering joined the Russian fleet — Беринг присоединился к российскому флоту
in 1725 — Bering headed his first expedition to Siberia — Беринг возглавил свою первую экспедицию в Сибирь
in 1728 — the Bering Strait was discovered – был открыт Берингов пролив
in 1741 — the town of Petropavlovsk was founded on August 12th — город Петропавловск был основан 12 августа
1741 — Bering died — Беринг умер

Ex. 29 a) Form nouns from the verbs. Use the suffixes sion, tion, ment, ive or no suffix. – Образуйте существительные от глаголов, используя суффиксы.

1. exploration — исследование
2. equipment — оборудование
3. revision — пересмотр
4. detection, detective — обнаружение, детектив
5. arrangement — расположение
6. entertainment — развлечения
7. protection — защита
8. prevention – профилактика, предотвращение
9. crash – авария.

b) Read the verbs and the adjectives formed from them. Remember the suffixes of the adjectives. Прочитайте глаголы и прилагательные, образованные от них. Вспомните суффиксы прилагательных.

sink — unsinkabIe – тонуть — непотопляемый
drink — undrinkabIe – пить – непригодный для питья
eat — eatabIe – есть — несъедобный
eat — edibIe — есть — несъедобный
avoid — unavoidabIe – избежать — неизбежный
read — readabIe – читать – пригодный для чтения, читабельный

Read, compare and remember! – Прочитай, сравни и запомни!
1. I didn’t like her cooking. The vegetables were too watery and the meat was too salty. Only the cake was eatable. – Мне не понравилась ее готовка. Овощи были слишком водянистыми, и мясо было слишком соленым. Только торт был съедобный.
2. Don’t touch those berries! I don’t think they are edible. They might be poisonous! – Не прикасайся к тем ягодам! Я не думаю, что они съедобны. Они могут быть ядовитыми!

Ex. 30 Change the verbs at the end of the line into nouns or adjectives and complete the sentences. The first one is done for you. – Преобразуйте глаголы в конце строки в существительные или прилагательные, и дополните предложения. Первое сделано для вас.

1. Nobody thought that anything could happen to the Titanic. The ship was considered unsinkable. — Никто не думал, что такое может случиться с Титаником. Корабль считался непотопляемым.
2. The invention of the steam engine made travelling easier and faster. — Изобретение парового двигателя сделало путешествие проще и быстрее.
3. We were able to understand what the strangers were speaking about though their pronunciation was rather strange. — Мы смогли понять, о чем говорили незнакомцы, не смотря на то, что их произношение было довольно странным.
4. А new seaway from Europe to India was discovered and it caused the further development of trade. – Был открыт новый морской путь из Европы в Индию, и это вызвало дальнейшее развитие торговли.
5. The car was moving at а low speed and that prevented it from а crash with а biker. — Автомобиль двигался на низкой скорости и это позволило ему избежать столкновения с байкером.
6. Everybody realised that the hurricane was unavoidable and so they had to look for а safe place to hide from it. — Все понимали, что ураган был неизбежен, и поэтому они были вынуждены искать безопасное место, чтобы спрятаться от него.

Ex. 32 Read the first passage of the text to see if I you were right or wrong. — Прочитайте первый отрывок текста и посмотрите, были ли вы правы.

Where do the names of places come from? – Откуда пошли названия мест?

A
We do not know when men began to give names to the places they lived and to the seas, rivers, lakes and mountains around them. Very often they invented а name that described а place in а certain way, for example, Bear Mountain, White Lake or Big Canyon. The water in the Dead Sea is so salty that nothing can live in it so the reason for the name is clear. The water in the Black Sea is not black but blue. However, when the ancient Greeks looked to the east, they often saw dark storm clouds over the water, and so they named it the Black Sea.
The Pacific Ocean is known for its terrible storms. Yet, on the day when the Spanish explorer Ваlbоа, first saw I, the ocean was quiet in the bright sunlight, and so he called it the Pacific which means peaceful.

Мы не знаем, когда люди начали давать названия местам, в которых они жили, морям, рекам, озерам и горам вокруг них. Очень часто они изобретали название, которое описывало место определенным образом, например, Медвежья Гора, Белое Озеро или Большой Каньон. Вода в Мертвом Море настолько соленая, что ничто не может жить в ней, поэтому причина названия ясна. Вода в Черном море не черная, а синяя. Однако, когда древние греки смотрели на восток, они часто видели темные тучи над водой, и поэтому они назвали его Черное Море. Тихий океан известен своими страшными бурями. Тем не менее, в день, когда испанский исследователь Балбоа, впервые увидел его, океан был тихим в ярком солнечном свете, и поэтому он назвал его Тихий что означает мирный.

B
From the name of places we are often able to tell who the people in the past were. There are lots of towns and cities, whose names end in –pol. We can be sure even without reading history books, that the Greek settled in certain places during ancient times and give them their names with –polis, which means “city” in Greek.

C
There are also lots of places that have taken their names from famous people such as Saratov, Washington etc. The process of name-giving is not just а thing of the past. It is still very much alive today and shows the main events in а country’s history. For example, Bratsk speaks of young people of different nationalities who went to the wild taiga and founded a new town there.

Есть также много мест, которые получили свои названия благодаря известным людям, таким как Саратов, Вашингтон и т.д. Процесс имя образования не только в прошлом. Он все еще очень жив сегодня, и показывает основные события в истории страны. Например, Братск говорит о молодых людях разных национальностей, которые пошли в дикую тайгу и основали там новый город.

D
Sometimes elements of different languages influence the names of places. In the name of Shakespeare’s birthplace, Stratford-upon-Avon, we see four words from three different languages. In this town, а Roman road (in Latin strata) crossed the Avon (in the Welsh language, the word afon means а river). The English word ford means а place where we can cross а river. So the name Stratford-upon-Avon means the place where the road crosses the river. From this we know that at different times Roman, Welsh and English people lived here.

Иногда элементы разных языков влияют на названия мест. В названии родины Шекспира, Stratford-upon-Avon (Стрэдфорд-на-Эйвоне), мы видим четыре слова из трех разных языков. В этом городе, римская дорога (по латыни страта) пересекает Эйвон (в валлийском языке, слово afon значит река). Английское слово форд означает место, где мы можем пересечь реку. Таким образом, название Стратфорд-на-Эйоне означает место, где дорога пересекает реку. Из этого мы знаем, что в разное время римский, валлийский и английский народы жили здесь.

E
Latin words started to be used in the names of English places а very long time ago. The Latin word strata later developed into the English word street. The Latin роrtus became the English port and is seen in the names of many English places: Southport, Portland, Portsmouth.
The oldest names of places in the USA, as you can guess, are American Indian. They are mostly the names of what people saw in nature: mountains, lakes, rivers and waterfalls.
The name of America’s greatest river, the Mississippi, is made from two American Indian words: misi (great) and sipi (water).
Like all ancient names these American Indian names were passed on from father to son by word of mouth. They were not written down, only spoken. Europeans found the names very difficult to pronounce and so they said them in ways closer to their own languages. Even in their changed form the unusual and poetic sounds of the American Indian words remain: Niagara, Chicago and others.

Латинские слова стали использоваться в названиях английских мест очень давно. Латинское слово страта позже превратилось в английское слово улица. Латинский портус стал английским портом, и он есть в названии многих английских мест: Сауспорт, Портленд, Портсмут.
Самые старые названия мест в США, как вы можете догадаться, пошли от американских индейцев. Это в основном названия того, что люди видели в природе: горы, озера, реки и водопады. Название самой большой реки Америки, Миссисипи, состоит из двух индейских слов: МИСИ (большой) и SIPI (вода). Как и все древние названия, эти индейские названия передавались от отца к сыну из уст в уста. Они не были записаны, только сказаны. Европейцы считали эти названия очень трудными для произношения, и они произносили их ближе к своим языкам. Даже в их измененном виде, остались необычные и поэтические звуки индейских слов: Ниагара, Чикаго и другие.

F
The Europeans who came to America renamed many of the mountains, lakes and rivers, and gave names of the new towns they built. We can easily tell where Europeans from different countries settled in America by looking at the original names. There are English names in the northeast and along the eastern coast, for example, New London, Portland, New York. There are Dutch names in many districts of New York City (Brooklyn, Harlem) and in other parts of New York State and Spanish names in Florida. There are lots of French names in the southern states and along the Mississippi. The oldest names in the west – in the states of California, Texas, New Mexico and Arizona – are Spanish.

Европейцы, прибывшие в Америку, переименовали многие из гор, озер и рек, и дали названия новым городам, которые они построили. Мы можем легко определить, где европейцы из разных стран обосновались в Америке, глядя на оригинальные названия. Английские названия есть на северо-востоке и на восточном побережье, например, Нью-Лондон, Портленд, Нью-Йорк. Голландские названия есть во многих районах в Нью-Йорке (Бруклин, Гарлем) и в других частях штата Нью-Йорк и испанские названия встречаются во Флориде. Много французских названий есть в южных штатах и вдоль Миссисипи. Самые старые названия на западе — в штатах Калифорния, Техас, Нью-Мексико и Аризона — испанские.

G
All these names and many others are language monuments of the early days of American history when the first Europeans arrived in the new world. They came as adventurers who expected to find gold and riches, as conquerors who wanted to set up empires, or as people ready to go anywhere to escape from tyranny in the Old World.

Все эти названия и многие другие являются языковыми памятниками первых дней американской истории, когда первые европейцы прибыли в Новый Мир. Они приехали как авантюристы, которые ожидали найти золото и богатства, как завоеватели, которые хотели построить империи, или как люди, готовые пойти в любое место, чтобы спастись от тирании в Старом Свете.

Why Is the Dead Sea So Salty?

By Mindy Weisberger published 9 September 16

Bordered by Jordan to the east and by Israel and Palestine to the west, the Dead Sea is a landlocked lake rather than a true sea, and is recognized as one of the saltiest bodies of water on Earth.

Its name is well earned — no fish, birds or plants can survive in its high-saline environment. Along the shores, salt buildup collects in rocky ridges, peaks and towers, and visitors find that the Dead Sea’s extra-salty water is so buoyant that they can practically sit on its surface.

Recently, an artist used the Dead Sea to transform an ordinary dress into a brittle, glittering, salty sculpture. After spending two months immersed in the «sea,» the dress emerged thickly coated in brilliant white crystals, a gleaming testament to the quantity of salt in the water. [Crystal Bride Gown Transformed by Dead Sea Salt (Photos)]

But what is it that makes the Dead Sea so excessively salty — nearly 10 times saltier than normal seawater?

Salt of the Earth

Famed author Mark Twain visited the Dead Sea in 1867, describing the unusual experience in his travel book, «The Innocents Abroad, or The New Pilgrims’ Progress» (American Publishing Company, 1869) as «a funny bath» that left him with «a splendid brand-new smell.»

«Some of us bathed for more than an hour, and then came out coated with salt till we shone like icicles,» Twain wrote.

Most ocean water is typically about 3.5 percent dissolved salts, according to the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). This salt originates in rocks on land; acids in rainwater dissolve the rocks and create ions — charged atomic particles — that runoff carries into the ocean. The most common of these ions are sodium and chloride, which accumulate in the ocean as salt.

If all of the salt in the ocean were removed and spread over all of the dry land on Earth, the layer would reach a height of 500 feet (150 meters), according to NOAA.

But all of that salt is still just a drop in the bucket compared to the quantities in the Dead Sea’s waters.

How low can you go?

NOAA estimates that the water in the Dead Sea is five to nine times as briny as seawater. Salinity increases in the sea’s deeper waters; at depths below 300 feet (100 m), the water becomes so concentrated with salt that it can hold no more, and the salt builds up on the seafloor.

The Dead Sea lies in a fault valley that covers more than 620 miles (1,000 km), beginning at the Sinai Peninsula’s tip and extending northward to Turkey. Its elevation is the lowest on the planet — 1,407 feet (429 m) below sea level. A series of lakes once occupied this valley, but the last of them disappeared 15,000 years ago, leaving only the Dead Sea behind, according to the Minerva Dead Sea Research Center (MDSRC).

One source of freshwater feeds the Dead Sea: the Jordan River. But without any outlets, when freshwater reaches the sea, it has nowhere else to go. In the arid low-lying desert, the water that collects in the Dead Sea evaporates more quickly than water in the open ocean, leaving vast quantities of salt behind, the MDSRC explains.

Left for dead

In recent years, human activity has siphoned still more precious water from the Dead Sea by diverting the Jordan River for agricultural use, thus shrinking the sea’s boundaries and making the remaining water even saltier.

In fact, the Dead Sea is disappearing at an alarming rate, receding by about 3 feet (1 m) each year, according to a study published in 2010 in the journal Environmental Economics. The study authors further noted that the Dead Sea has retreated by about 100 feet (30 m) since the start of the 20th century.

And research suggests that even without human intervention, the Dead Sea could be in trouble. In 2010 and 2011, scientists drilled below the Dead Sea to look for clues about its geologic past. They found that about 120,000 years ago, during a warm period that preceded the last ice age, the Dead Sea dried up completely, leaving all of its salt behind.

But though its future may be uncertain, the body of water long known for being a «dead zone» still has a few surprises to offer scientists. In a 2011 expedition, researchers donned specialized diving equipment and descended to previously unreachable depths in the salty water, finding freshwater springs that were surrounded by colonies of microbes.

It looks like the Dead Sea might still have some life in it after all.

The Bank and the Money Supply 7 страница

The man who was thought to be the discoverer of America was born in 1451 in Italy. His name was Christopher Columbus. He probably worked as a weaver before going to sea.

At that time the life of a sailor was full of adventure and danger; so Columbus had many exciting experiences. Once during a battle with a vessel off the coast of Portugal, he had to leave his boat and swim to the shore a long distance away. He afterwards lived in Portugal a number of years, and while there, he married the daughter of a sea captain. For some time he earned his living, partly by making sea voyages, and partly by drawing maps and selling them.

Knowing that the earth was round, he decided to reach India by sailing to the west. It was very difficult for him to organize his expedition as nobody wanted to help him. Many years after, the Spanish government gave him some money for his expedition.

In 1492 he sailed with three small ships into the Atlantic Ocean. They soon met a northeastern wind that drove them farther and farther south-west. They had been sailing for more than two months. The sailors began a mutiny. They were afraid that they would not be able to return home. At last they saw land. When they landed they saw strange trees and flowers. Men and women with olive-colored skins gathered around them and looked at them with great surprise.

Columbus was certain that the lands he discovered were part of India, and he called these islands the West Indies. The people living there have been called Indians since then, though they have nothing in common with the real Indians – inhabitants of India.

Columbus’ second voyage to America took place in 1493. This time he discovered some other islands of the West Indies.

Twice more Columbus tried to find India. During his third voyage, enemies spread false rumours about him. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella were led to believe that he was a tyrant. Columbus was sent home in chains. Back in Spain, he quickly proved his innocence. His last voyage was made in 1502-1504. After that, seriously ill, he remained in Spain until his death. He died believing that Cuba was part of Asia.

Columbus was tall and imposing. No real portrait of him exists, but he is described in the writings of the men of his time as having blue eyes, red hair, and a freckled complex­ion, which reddened when he was excited.

Columbus’ voyages gave Europe its first important knowledge of the New World. Other explorers, their imaginations fired by his discoveries, sailed for the Americas after Columbus. In the western hemisphere many places have been named in his honour. The Americas, however, were named after another explorer, Amerigo Vespucci.

Вариант 6

George Washington, the first president of the United States, was born on a plantation in Virginia, on February 22, 1732. At the death of his father,

Примерный вариант пересказа первого текста:

The text is entitled ‘My London’. I think this is an abstract from a book. The story runs about the capital of Great Britain, which the narrator regards as his Home though being not a native Londoner. The speaker tells us about parks and restaurants, theatres and museums. He admires greenery, food and culture of the city. We can feel his admiration in every word.

I liked the story, it was interesting to read because it represents informal picture of London rather than traditional dull description of sights which we usually read in text-books.

Примерный вариант пересказа второго текста:

The text is entitled ‘The school-teacher’. The author of the story is A. Cronin. This is an abstract from a book. The main characters are Doctor Manson and Miss Barlow. The story runs about a measles case in school. The main issues discussed are hard work, distinction between theory and practice, poverty and illness.

The things that impressed me mostly are the love of miners to good classical music and the sounds of a piano which could be heard from this or that house. I didn’t like the story because it tells us about sad events. The text was not difficult to read because there are dialogues which are easy to understand.

III. Студентам предоставляется возможность раскрыть тему «Центральный банк и финансовые рынки» в устном рассказе, а также повествовать о своей будущей профессии экономиста.

IV. Экзаменационный билет содержит три вопроса: 1) чтение и перевод текста экономического содержания; 2) чтение и перевод текста художественного/ страноведческого содержания; 3) монологическое высказывание по предложенной теме. Список экзаменационных тем дается в Приложении № 5. При подготовке к экзамену рекомендуется внимательно просмотреть Словарные комментарии к текстам Приложения № 1, а также сами тексты. Чем большим объемом экономической терминологии овладеет студент, тем более легким будет перевод первого экзаменационного текста. Приложения № 4 содержит рекомендации успешного перевода экзаменационного текста: советуется прочитать и овладеть методикой перевода до экзамена.

Словарный комментарий к тексту Market and Command Economies

* Традиционно существительное goods в значении «товар, товары» употребляется только во множественном числе, напр., goods and services. В специальных экономических текстах это слово используется и в

upside-down world. New Year is at midsummer, midwinter is in June. Hot winds blow from the north: cold winds blow from the south. The farther north we go, the hotter it gets. The trees look strange; it will seem odd to you that they never lose their leaves, and you will miss the bare branches in winter.

Australia is a land of strange birds and beasts such as the kangaroo, koala, echidna, dingo.

What about the climate? Australians boast that they can sleep out-of-doors all the year round. The sun shines in winter and in summer. Snow and ice are rare, except in the high mountains. There is not much rain, and drought is a constant anxiety. In bad times, and in the driest parts, many animals may die for want of water.

Australia was discovered by the Dutch in 1606, but the continent was not settled till captain Cook discovered the east coast in 1770.

When settlement of Australia began in 1788 the continent was inhabited by about 300,000 people, who are now called aborigines. These people generally had black, wavy hair and brown skin. They kept no domestic animals except the dingo and used weapons made of wood and stone. They had no permanent homes but moved about hunting and gathering food.

Diseases brought by settlers caused many deaths among the aborigines. Now there are only about 60,000 of them left- Some of them live on mission stations where they are housed and fed. Others are employed as stockmen on the ranches of northern Australia. Many of them still live a difficult nomadic life in the desert region.

The first white settlers were convicts, soldiers, and a few free men from England. In the early years people depended upon farming and sheep raising for a living. Merino sheep were brought to Australia from Africa in 1797. This breed, raised for its high-quality wool, now makes up about 80 per cent of Australia’s sheep.

Not until the discovery of gold in the 1850’s was there a large migration to Australia. Some of the gold seekers who were unsuccessful turned to cattle or sheep raising or to farming. Others began exploring elsewhere in Australia for minerals.

Before World War II more than 95 per cent of the population was of English descent; since then, however, people from other nations have moved to Australia in growing numbers.

Вариант 8

New York is the largest city in the United States and one of the largest cities in the world. It is situated in the natural harbour of the mouth of the Hudson River. In 1626 the Dutch Trade Company bought Manhattan Island from the local Indians for twenty four dollars. Here the Dutch founded their colony and gave it the name New Amsterdam. Forty years later the English fleet entered the harbour, captured the city and renamed it New York.

There are five «boroughs» in New York: Brooklyn, the Bronx, Manhattan, Queens and Richmond. Only one of them, Bronx, is not on an island. All districts of New York are linked together by numerous bridges.

«But Miss Barlow says he may come to school.»

«Oh? Who is Miss Barlow?»

«She is the teacher.»

«Miss Barlow has no right to let him come to school when his brother has measles,» Andrew said angrily.

Five minutes later he entered a classroom of the school. A very young woman of about twenty or twenty-two was writing something on the blackboard. She turned to him.

«Are you Miss Barlow?»

«Yes.» Her large brown eyes were looking at him friendly.

«Are you Doctor Page’s new assistant?»

Andrew reddened suddenly.

«Yes,» he said, «I’m Doctor Manson. You know Idris’ brother has measles and so Idris must not be here.»

«Yes, I know, but the family is so poor and Mrs Howells is so busy. If Idris stays at home, he won’t get his cup of milk. And, Doctor Manson, most of the children here have had measles already.»

«And what about the others? You must send that boy home at once.»

«You can’t have him here, Miss Barlow. If you don’t send him home at once, I’ll have to reportyou.»

«Then report me, or have me arrested 3 if you like.» She quickly turned to the class. «Stand up, children, and say: ‘Good-bye, Doctor Manson. Thank you for coming.'»

1 keep from school – не пускать в школу

2 here it’s my word that counts – зд. здесь я хозяйка

3 have me arrested – пусть меня арестуют

4 in his face – зд. у него перед носом

II. Составьте пересказ в соответствии с предложенным планом:

The title of the text is …

The author of the text is…

This is an abstract (article) from a book (magazine, newspaper) …

The main characters are …

The story runs about …

The main issues discussed are…

The things that interested (impressed) me mostly are …

I liked (disliked) the story because …

The text (story) was easy to read because I read it in Russian (saw the film) / The text (story) was difficult to read because there were many new words and expressions.

Manhattan, the smallest island in New York, is the real centre of the city. When peo­ple say «New York City» they usually mean Manhattan. Only 1,500,000 people live in Manhattan, but five million people work here every day. Many live in the suburbs and come to work on the subway. Wall Street in Manhattan is the financial heart of the USA and the most important banking centre in the world. The United Nations has its headquarters in Manhattan.

The «Big Apple», as New York City is nicknamed, has an energy that few other cities can equal. John F. Kennedy International Airport is one of the busiest in the world. More ships come into New York’s harbour than into any other port in the world.

New York is a city of «skyscrapers», those incredible, high buildings which Americans invented. If you want to have a good view of New York City you can do it from the top of the World Trade Centre (110 stories) or from the Empire State Building (102 stories). Not far from the Empire State Building there is an interesting architectural ensemble – Rockefeller Centre. It was built according to one general plan. Rockefeller Centre consists of 15 skyscrapers. Rockefeller Centre houses all kinds of offices, enterprises, theatres and music halls.

New York is the national leader in business, finance, manufacturing, advertising, fashion and the arts. New York is often called the cultural capital of the USA. The city has the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Museum of Modern Art, the Lincoln Arts Centre. You can see the newest plays and shows on Broadway. Broadway is the symbol of American theatre, as Hollywood is of American cinema.

Вариант 9

We do not know when men began to give names to the places where they lived, and to the seas, rivers, lakes and mountains around them. Very often they invented a name that described a place in some way, for example, Bear Mountain or White Lake. The water of the Dead Sea is so salty that nothing can live in it; the reason for the name is clear. The water of the Black Sea is a beautiful blue colour. But the ancient Creeks, when they looked to the East, often saw dark storm clouds over the water and they named the sea the Black Sea. The Pacific Ocean is known for its terrible storms. But on the day when the Spaniard Balboa first saw it, the ocean lay quiet in the bright sunlight, and he called it Pacific, which means «peaceful, quiet».

From the name of places, we are often able to tell who the inhabitants were at some time in the past. There are cities and towns in the Crimea and the Ukraine whose names end in «pol»: Simferopol, Sevastopol, Melitopol. We can be sure, even without reading history books, that Greeks settled there in ancient times and gave the places their names: «polis» means «city» in Greek.

Sometimes elements of different languages enter into the names of places. In the name of Shakespeare’s birthplace, Stratford-on-Avon, we see four words from three different languages. At this place, a Roman road (in Latin «strata») crossed the Avon Cm the Welsh language the word «afon» means «a river»). The English word «ford» means a place where we can cross a

unbeatable, and that’s a real strength at the Connaught where the food is very classical. I like the Connaught for its grandeur. The staff are very polished and attentive, and this is particularly noticeable in the game season when you can see them carving at the table. That’s when you get a sense of the artistry of the job – they are not simply loading a plate, they are waiters rather than «plate porters».

London is very erudite city; there are so many theatres and museums that it must be a great source of inspiration to visitors who want to learn something. I can’t think of any other capital in the world where so much culture is provided at so little cost; most of the museums here have free admission, and theatre tickets, compared with prices charged elsewhere, are still extremely cheap – tickets on Broadway must be about double the price. Entertainment is very good value here; I go to Ronnie Scott’s some evenings if I’m not too tired and have a drink and listen to the jazz. It’s a fantastic place and not overpriced.

I’m very fond of jazz but really I like most music. I also love ballet, so I make sure I get to see the Royal Ballet at Covent Garden once or twice a year. A trip to the ballet would definitely be part of my ideal day in London.

I’ve always felt that London is a very safe city and one in which you can wander around quite freely. The architecture here is very solid, nothing frivolous; it gives the impression that it was built for a purpose and not to entertain. But once you get inside, what a wonderful surprise – inside is on a par with what you would find in France or Italy, but you would never guess it from the facade. Maybe it’s something to do with the famous British reserve!

THE SCHOOL-TEACHER

Three months passed. Little by little Andrew got used to this strange town, surrounded by the mountains, and to the people most of whom worked in the mines. The town was full of mines, factories, churches and small dirty old houses. There was no theatre, not even a cinema the workers could go to after work. But Andrew liked the people. They spoke little and worked much. They liked football, and what was more interesting, they were fond of music, good classical music. He often heard the sound of a piano, coming from this or that house.

He thought about all that walking in the direction of Riskin Street. There in Number 3 he found a small boy of nine years of age ill with measles.

«I am sorry, Mrs Howells,» Andrew said to the boy’s mother. «But you

river. So the name Stratford-on-Avon means «the place where the road crosses the river.» From this we know that at different times, Roman, Welsh and English people lived there.

Latin words began to be used in English place-names very long ago. The Latin word «strata» later developed into the English word «street.» The Latin «portus» became the English «port,» and is seen in the names of many English places: Southport, Portland, Portsmouth.

The oldest place-names in the United States are, of course, Indian. They are mostly names of what the people saw in nature: mountains, lakes, rivers and waterfalls. The name of America’s greatest river, the Mississippi, is made up of two Indian words: «misi» (great) and «sipi» (water). Like all ancient names, these Indian names were passed on from father to son by word of mouth: they lived not on maps or in writing, but in the speech of the people.

Europeans found the Indian names very difficult to pronounce, and they pronounced them according to the rules of pronunciation in their own languages. But even in their changed form, the unusual and poetic sound of these Indian words remains: Niagara, Chicago, Kalamazoo.

The Europeans who arrived in America renamed many of the mountains, lakes and rivers, and gave names to the new towns that they built. We can easily tell where Europeans from different countries settled in America, by analyzing the old place-names. There are English names in the north east and along the eastern coast, for example, New London, Portland, New York; there are Dutch names in many districts of New York City (Brooklyn, Harlem) and in other parts of New York State; Spanish names in Florida. There are many French names in the southern states and along the Mississippi. The oldest names in the west – in the states of California, Texas, New Mexico and Arizona are Spanish.

All these names and many others are language monuments of the early days of American history, when the first Europeans arrived in the new world.

Вариант 10

One of the most striking features of English life is the self-discipline and courtesy of people of all classes. There is little noisy behaviour, and practically no loud disputing in the street. People do not rush excitedly for seats in buses or trains, but take their seats in queues at bus stops in a quiet and orderly manner.

Englishmen are naturally polite and are never tired in saying «Thank you», «I’m sorry», «Beg your pardon». If you follow anyone who is entering a building or a room, he will hold a door open for you. Many foreigners have commented on a remarkable politeness of the English people.

English people don’t like displaying their emotions even in dangerous and tragic situations, and ordinary people seem to remain good-tempered and cheerful under difficulties.