Choose the right article, explain why you chose it.
1. The window measures exactly _______ metre across. 2. _______ famous actress wanted to be married in _______ British castle. 3. My new BMW motorcycle can reach speeds of over 300 kilometres _______ hour. 4. The community managed to raise quite _______ large sum of money. 5. This government doesn’t care about _______ jobless. 6. Imogen always wanted to have _______ pony as _______ child. 7. Hikers reported seeing _______ large moving figure at _______ night. 8. Timothy had to go to _______ hospital to have _______ x-ray. 9. Nancy’s got _______ migraine; she really should go _______ home. 10. _______ president stayed at _______ five-star hotel in _______ city centre. 11. Patrick is in _______ hardware shop buying _______ paint. 12. There is _______ good film on at _______ cinema, or we could go to _______ theatre, or we could stay at home and watch _______ TV. 13. Who is _______ nicest girl in your group? 14. When you want to buy sausages, you go to _______ butcher’s. 15. Is there _______ bookshop on _______ High Street? 16. _______ government is very unpopular. 17. There is _______ knife in _______ second drawer. 18. What _______ strange answer! 19. Do you know who killed _______ President Lincoln?
Homework for the 13-th of October
1. My uncle used to be _______ dentist before he retired. 2. Arthur Brown is _______ dentist I told you about. 3. London is _______ biggest city in Britain. 4. Agatha Christie was _______ well known writer of detective stories. 5. Agatha Christie is _______ writer who created Hercule Poirot. 6. My eldest son joined _______ Army and now my youngest wants to join _______ Navy. 7. I’m going to _______ baker’s to buy _______ loaf of bread. 8. In many countries the head of state is called _______ President. 9. I’ve got _______ appointment this afternoon. I’ve got to go to _______ doctor’s. 10. Look at this wonderful small computer. _______ top lifts up to form _______ screen. _______ whole thing weighs only 5 kilos. 11. I went to _______ hairdresser’s last week but my hair looks terrible. 12. I love listening to _______ piano. 13. My grandmother is dreaming of buying _______ new piano for me. 14. We have seen what _______ Earth looks like from _______ Moon. 15. Because of «the greenhouse effect» _______ climate of _______ world is changing.
1. A middle-aged woman, squished into a corner, bumps the young man beside. The woman is angry.
2. Outside of close relationships, the consequences of sending the wrong message also increase.
3. Atheists touch more than religious types.
4. The English are less liberal about it than Greeks or Italians.
Exercise 15. Supply “a/an”, “the”, or “-“.
We have ___ nice apartment in ___ centre of St. Petersburg. It is on ___ third floor of ___ new building. It is ___ three-room flat with ___ kitchen.
2. ___ individual has every right to expect personal freedom. ___ freedom of ___individual is something worth fighting for.
3. I’ve got ___ appointment this afternoon. I’ve got to go to ___ doctor’s.
4. We have seen what ____Earth looks like from ___Moon.
5. This is the front room. ___ceiling and ___ walls need decorating, but ___ floor is in order. We’ll probably cover it with ___ carpet.
6. ___history of ___world is ___ history of ___war.
7. ___exercise is good for ___body.
8. Could you pass me the salt, please?
9. There is ___ bridge over the river.
10. Do you have ___ pens and pencils?
11. Would you like ___ cup of tea?
12. He met ___ nice girl at ___ disco.
13. Yesterday I spoke to ___ man who had just returned from ___ Arctic expedition.
14. Yesterday I met ___ old friend whom I recognized at once.
15. ___ person who is sitting next to you is ____ famous painter.
16. I saw ____ beautiful hat in ___ shop but ___ hat was too expensive for me to buy.
17. They bought ___ table. ___ table is made of oak.
18. My son has ___ very good German teacher who knows ___ language perfectly.
19. What ___ strange answer.
20. What ___ wonderful news.
21. We usually have ___ breakfast at eight.
22. Let me give you ___ piece of ___ advice.
23. From back of ___ house came ___ sound of ___ vacuum-cleaner. The mother turned off ___ machine and looked at ___ boy.
24. Not ___ word was spoken, not ___ sound was made.
25. ___ sky outside ___ window was already dark, secretaries had gone home, all was quiet.
26. Roger looked at him without ___ word, took out his wallet and gave him ___ ten shilling note.
27. It was Sunday afternoon, and ___ sun, which had been shining now for several hours, was beginning to warm ___ earth.
28. He was ___ short, plump man with ___ very white face and ___ very white hands. It was rumored in London that he powered them like ____ woman.
29. To him she would always be ____ loveliest woman in ___ world.
30. ___ room has three doors; one on ___ same side as ___ fireplace, near ___ corner, leading to ___ best bedroom.
31. Jason’s father bought him ____ bicycle that he wanted for his birthday.
32. The Statue of liberty was a gift of friendship from ___ France to ____ United States.
33. ___ Lake Erie is one of ___ five Great lakes in ___ North America.
34. On our trip to ____ Spain, we crossed ___ Atlantic Ocean.
35. ___ Queen Elizabeth II is ___ monarch of ___ Great Britain.
36. ___ Florida State University is smaller that ___ University of Florida.
37. While we were in ___ Alaska, we saw ___ Eskimo village.
38. Rita plays ____ violin and her sister plays ___ guitar.
39. ___ chair that you are sitting in is broken.
40. ____ Neva is ___ very beautiful river. It is in ____ North of our country.
Артикль (the article)
скачать АРТИКЛЬ ( THEARTICLE)
Наиболее распространенным определителем сущ-ного в английском языке является артикль. Это служебная часть речи; артикль относится к сущ-ному, но не обязательно стоит непосредственно перед ним. Между артиклем и существительным могут стоять определения к существительному: a student, a good student, a very good student, a very good first-year student. Во всех приведенных примерах артикль а относится к слову student. Артикли в английском языке бывают двух видов: неопределенный (классифицирующий) – a (an) и определенный (индивидуализирующий) – the.
^ Неопределенный артикль (indefinite) a(an) произошел от числительного one(один) и употребляется с исчисляемыми сущ-ными в ед. числе : a boy, a newspaper, an article, an hour.
Артикль на р. яз., как правило, не переводится. В тех случаях, когда перед существительным при переводе на русский язык можно поставить слова «какой-то», «какой-нибудь», «один из», «любой», «всякий», «каждый», в а. я. употребляется неопред. артикль: Не is a doctor. Он врач (один из врачей). Give me а реn. Дай мне ручку (любую ручку).
Если перед существительным при переводе на р. я. можно поставить слова «этот», «тот», то в а. я. следует употребить определенный артикль: The doctor is in the room. Врач в комнате. (Тот врач, о котором идет речь, находится в комнате). Give me the pen. Дай мне ручку. (Именно ту, которая у тебя в руке или которая лежит на столе, и т.п.).
Отсутствие артикля (zero article) также имеет грамматическое значение: показывает, что сущ-ные употребляются обобщенно.
^ АРТИКЛЬ С НАРИЦАТЕЛЬНЫМИ СУЩ-НЫМИ (THE USE OF ARTICLES WITH COMMON NOUNS)
1. THE USE OF THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE (A/AN)
Неопределенный артикль употребляется:
— It happened in a small town in Siberia. — He bought a book yesterday.
— ^ A cat is a domestic animal. (— Cats are domestic animals.)
2.Когда сущ. употребляется в общем смысле и имеет значение «every«(любой, всякий, каждый из этого класса).
— A drowning man catches at a straw. — A child can understand it.
— I watched a car as it came up our road. The car stopped outside our house and a man got out. The man was carrying a case in his hand. With the case, the man looked like a salesman.
4. С сущ-ным в предикативе (часть именного сказуемого) – тогда мы говорим, что предмет принадлежит к определенному классу. Обычно такие сущ-ные обозначают профессиюилихарактеристику.
— He is a doctor. — She works as (a) chemist. — Your brother is a nice man.
5.Имеет численную функцию (значение «one») — He had hardly spoken a word since we left the house. С сущ-ными, обозначающими время,единицыизмерения,вес,частоту:
— A week passed. — It is 80 p a kilo. — The car makes 120 km an hour. — I go to the library twice a week.
Но : Мы не используем a/an+noun и one+noun, чтобы отразить одно и то же значение.
a/an + noun означает «anyone» — I’d like a coffee, please.
one + noun при счете — It was one coffee I ordered, not two.
— One day when I was staying at the Hilton I received a strange telephone call.
A/an употребляется с ценой, расстоянием, частотой:
price/weight: 80 p a kilo
distance/fuel: 30 miles a (or to the) gallon
distance/speed: 40 km an hour
frequency/time: twice a day
c)There isa book on the table.
Но : What nice weather we are having today! (помните о неисчисляемых сущ-ных)
7. С обособленнымприложением: — My friend, a history teacher, knows a lot about it.
–He is such a clever man. –She is quite a young girl. –It was rather a difficult job./It was a rather difficult job.
9. A/an или zero употребляется по отношению к болезни:
1. А/an всегда употребляется с такими заболеваниями: acold,aheadache,asorethroat.
2. А/an можно употреблять или опускать с: catch (a) cold, have (a/an) backache/earache/ stomachache/toothache.
3. Zero article употребляется с такими сущ-ными, как: measles, mumps, shingles.
1. Когда говорящий/слушающий знает, какой определенный объект имеется в виду:
— How did you like the play? — Where is the key?
2. Когда говорящий использует выделяющее определение.
— This is the house that Jack built. — Show me the telegram you received yesterday.
— The pictures in this book are very interesting.
NB! Не путайте индивидуализирующее определение с описательным, (дает дополнительную инфо о предмете). Описательное определение не влияет на употребление артикля.
— I have a wonderful clock which is 100 years old. — We went to the lake which was stormy that day.
3. Предмет определен ситуацией (контекстом).
— The wedding looked sad. The bride was too old and the bridegroom was too young.
4. Когда сущ-ное обозначает предмет или понятие, единственныйвсвоемроде: the Sun, the Moon, the Earth, the Universe, the Galaxy, the Solar system, etc. — The Sun was getting warmer. — The Earth doesn’t belong to us.
NB! Когда имеется в виду определенное состояние или аспектсолнца, луны, неба, употребляется a/an
— A pearl-white moon smiles through the green trees.
— The tragedy and the comedy appeared in Greece. — The pine grows in the North.
— When was the telephone invented? — The African elephant is taller than the Indian.
NB! Когда в обобщенном смысле используются man или woman они употребляются без артикля.
— Woman will only be equal of man when she earns her living.
6. С сущ., имеющими при себе:
a) прилагательное в превосходной степени
— Moscow has the best underground in the world. — The highest mountains are in Asia.
b) местоимения same, all и прилагательные wrong, right, very, next, following, last, only, whole
— I found him in the last carriage of the train. — You’re the very person I need. — He is the only son of the lord.
— We’ll have more time the following week. — The police searched the whole house.
7. С субстантивированными прилагательными и причастиями: the old, the dead, the rich, the poor, the blind, the wounded, the sick, etc. — There are schools for the blind & deaf. — Do you think the rich should pay more taxes?
8.Когда объект является единственным в данной ситуации: the President, the manager, the director, the captain.
— Paris is the capital of France. — The captain was standing on the deck. — The president is elected every 4 years.
9. Со словами: the country, the mountains, the seaside, the weekend, the cinema, the theatre, the radio, the police, the firebrigade, the army, the post office, the bank, the doctor, the dentist, хотя не имеется в виду ничего конкретного.
— I must go to the bank to change some money. — I’m going to the post office to buy some stamps.
— John is not very well. He went to the doctor. — We went to the cinema last night.
— We are spending the weekend in the country / in the mountains / at the seaside.
— Do you often go to the theatre? — I heard the news on the radio? — Can you turn off the television?
Но : We watchtelevision(withoutthe).
10.С музыкальнымиинструментами. — Can you play the guitar? — The piano is my favourite instrument.
-ans:the Americans, the Koreans, the Mexicans;
^ 3. THE ZERO ARTICLE
Basic uses of the zero article (Ø):
3.Перед большинством имен собственных (пишущихся с заглавной буквы):
— Wim Wenders lives in Berlin. — This was made by Fassbinder and Son.
Ex. 1. Supply a/an where necessary. Note where you can use a/an or zero (-).
1. I’m going to bed. I’ve got __a__ headache.
2. I was awake all night with _____ toothache. 3. I think Gillan’s got _____ flu. 4. The children are in bed with _____ mumps. 5. Mind you don’t catch _____ cold. 6. _____ measles can be very unpleasant. 7. Don’t come near me. I’ve got _____ sore throat. 8. I think I’ve got _____ cold! 9. I’ve had _____ terrible backache. 10. I often suffer from _____ backache.
Ex. 2. Put in a, the, or one only where necessary.
«I think that’s all, Mrs. Starling», Dr. Lecter said as she handed her _____ list of prescriptions. _____ list was very long and Mrs. Starling almost fainted as she tried to read it. She had _____ headache and _____ cold and felt as if she was getting _____ flu. On top of this, one of her children was in bed with _____ mumps. «I’ve prescribed some pills for _____ high blood pressure as well», Dr. Lecter said. «How many do I have to take — _____ pill _____ day?» «No. _____ pill with each meal. Three pills _____ day». Mrs. Starling thanked _____ doctor and walked out of her surgery with some difficulty. She staggered into the local chemist’s and handed _____ long prescription list to Mr. Demme, _____ chemist. Mr. Demme greeted her cheerfully. «Good morning, Mrs. Starling», he said, glancing at _____ list. «What _____ list! I trust you’re keeping well!»
1. A lot of people are giving up _____ meat. 2. _____ meat we had for lunch last Sunday was very tough. 3. As someone said, _____ life is just one damned thing after another. 4. I don’t know much about _____ life of Salvador Dali. 5. _____ running is supposed to be good for you. 6. I ought to be fit with all _____ running I do, but I don’t feel fit. 7. Which is your favourite colour? _____ red. 8. I think _____ red one will suit you best. _____ Red is more your colour. 9. We learnt _____ English at school, but _____ English we learnt was useless. 10. _____ London is a safe city today, but _____ London in the 18 th century was pretty rough. 11. _____ watches have become very cheap and very attractive. 12. Most of _____ watches you see today work on _____ quartz. 13. _____ indoor plants require a lot of effort and attention. 14. _____ Bach gives me a great deal of pleasure. 15. _____ Bach recording you bought for my birthday is first class. 16. What has been the longest period of _____ peace in _____ history? 17. If you study _____ history, you’ve got to read a lot. 18. _____ fasting during _____ Ramadan is more difficult in summer months. 19. _____ journeys to unknown places require a lot of preparation. 20. _____ lives of _____ poets and _____ musicians have often been unbearably difficult. 21. I’m not interested in the price of _____ silver or the price of _____ gold. 22. _____ time is _____ money. 23. I can never regret _____ time I’ve spent enjoying myself. 24. I often listen to _____ music and like _____ jazz best.
Ex. 4. Say what articles you would use for the nouns in these situations.
5. На вопрос по телефону, что делает ваша сестра, вы ответили: «Она читает книгу. Она любит читать книги.«
6. На столе тарелки с пирожными. «Можно мне взять пирожное, мама?»
7. Вчера мы купили новый стол. Я попробовала работать за ним. Стол неудобен для письма.
8. Староста напоминает дежурному: «Сегодня твоя очередь мыть столы.«
9. Вы видите в руках у мальчика камень и просите: «Отберите у мальчика камень, пожалуйста.»
11. Вы получили комнату. В ней абсолютно нет мебели. «Прежде всего мне необходим стол,» думаете вы.
12. Мальчик говорит своим родителям: «В следующем году у нас будут столы вместо парт.«
13. «Посмотри на дуб. Ему, наверное, сто лет.»
14. «Давайте посадим дуб. Он дает много тени.»
15. «Наш парк преобразился: там посадили много новых деревьев. В основном это дубы и липы.»
16. Дубы, которые мы посадили в парке, уже выросли.
17. Не можете ли вы одолжить мне конверт! Мне срочно нужно отослать письмо, а почта закрыта.
19. Девочка ищет сестру. Вы ей говорите: «Посмотри во дворе. Она, вероятно, играет там с детьми.«
20. Учительница входит в класс и, увидев там только девочек, говорит: «А где же мальчики?»
21. Вы просите помочь вам: «Вы не можете передвинуть стол!«
22. Ваша сестра готовится к экзаменам, но к вам пришли гости, вы просите ее перейти в спальню. Ее подруга спрашивает: «А в спальне есть стол?»
23. Учительница говорит: «Не пишите на столах и следите затем, чтобы всегда был мел у доски.»
24. Посмотрите на доску, пожалуйста.
25. Вы пришли за ребенком в детский сад в середине дня, вам говорят: «Вы не можете забрать ребенка, пока дети спят. Они отдыхают.»
1. I like to read newspapers like theTimes and the Washington Post.
2. I read _____ Economist every week and _____ Time magazine. 3. Do you think _____ New Yorker and _____ Punch have much in common? 4. We can’t be sure about the history of _____ human race, but _____ man developed earlier than we think, though we certainly weren’t around at the time of _____ dinosaurs. 5. I like watching old films. I recently watched _____ Graduate and _____ Jaws on video. 6. The Ancient Greeks believed in _____ gods. The idea of _____ God was not known to them. 7. I’ve read Corner’s _____ Odyssey, but I haven’t read Joyce’s _____ Ulysses. 8. _____ United Nations may be a talking shop, but so is _____ Congress. 9. A lot of people object to attempts to bring up _____ Titanic. 10. My oldest son joined _____ Navy and now my youngest wants to join _____ Army. 11. France celebrated the 200 th anniversary of _____ French Revolution in 1989. 12. In many countries, the head of state is called _____ President. 13. Do you know who killed _____ President Lincoln? 14. Because of «the greenhouse effect» _____ climate of the world is changing.
Ex. 8. CONTEXT Put in «a/an» or «the».
I read recently in the Times that big American company, _____ General Motors, has developed _____ vehicle that uses _____ power of _____ sun instead of petrol. _____ vehicle is called Sunraycer. Sunraycer has just taken part in _____ race against 25 solar-powered vehicles. _____ route of _____ race was from Darwin to Adelaide, _____ immense distance. Sunraycer covered _____ distance in 45 hours at _____ average speed of 41 miles _____ hour in temperatures as high as 48°C. It beat all other cars by two and _____ half days! Sunraycer («ray of the sun» + «racer») is certainly _____ car of _____ future!
Ex. 9. Translate into English.
1. Они вошли в вагон, в котором не было свободных мест. 2. В вагоне, в который они вошли, не было свободных мест. 3. Сегодня группа туристов, которая состоит из студентов, отправляется в горы. 4. Группа туристов, которая отправилась в горы, состоит из студентов. 5. Роль Анны играла молодая талантливая актриса, которая недавно окончила театральный институт. 6. В газетах очень много писали о молодой талантливой актрисе, которая сыграла роль Анны. 7. Она посмотрела на часы на углу и поняла, что опоздает на поезд. 8. На углу вашей улицы висят часы, которые приводятся в действие электричеством.
Ex. 10. Translate into English.
Ex. 11. Translate into English.
1. Дверь закрыта. 2. У тебя есть телефон? 3. Телефон не работает. 4. В холле темно. 5. Ты любишь собак? 6. Не мучай (to tease) собаку. 7. Никогда не пытайся погладить (to stroke) собаку, если ты ее не знаешь. 8. Ручка не пишет. 9. У вас есть ручки в продаже? 10. Где можно купить пальто? 11. Где тебе сшили пальто? 12. Где ключ? 13. Сколько квартир в доме? 14. Сколько стоят эти сервизы? 15. Сколько предметов в сервизе? 16. Сколько стоят сервизы сегодня?
Ex. 12. Translate into English.
I. 1. Это очень хороший совет. 2. Совет хороший. 3. Что нового? 4. Новости хорошие? 5. Он привез плохие вести. 6. Такие сведения всегда нужны. 7. Сведения уже поступили? 8. Не стоит трогаться в путь в плохую погоду. 9. Мы не тронемся, пока погода не переменится. 10. Дай деньги мне. Ты ведь их всегда теряешь.
II. Какой мудрый совет! Какие полезные советы! Какая была скверная погода! Был чудесный день. Какой неожиданный визит! Это такая неожиданная новость! Он нашел такую хорошую работу! Какая интересная работа! Группа сделала такие успехи! Какой успех имела книга!
Ex. 13. Translate into English, paying special attention to the words in italics.
Ex. 14. Insert articles where necessary. (Articles with class nouns).
1. Not _____ word was spoken in _____ parlour. 2. _____ room itself was filling up, so was _____ staircase. 3. Though _____ earth was cold and wet, _____ sky was clear and _____ Sun rose bright and beautiful. 4. He made them provide not one car, but half _____ dozen. 5. _____ compass was invented in ancient China. 6. Not _____ word was spoken, not _____ sound was made. 7. _____ sky outside _____ window was already dark, secretaries had gone home, all was quiet. 8. Edward remained _____ week at _____ cottage. 9. I tell you, he is as brave as _____ man can reasonably be. 10. Danny looked up at _____ house, and suddenly saw _____ face in _____ window of _____ dining-room. 11. You know I never cared for _____ drama. 12. He looks older than he is, as _____ dark men often do. 13. Roger looked at him, without _____ word, took out his wallet and gave him _____ ten-shilling note. 14. As _____ man sows, so shall he reap. 15. It was Sunday afternoon, and _____ sun, which had been shining now for several hours, was beginning to warm _____ earth.
16. I have _____ long story to tell you. Come and sit down on _____ sofa and let us have _____ comfortable chat. 17. It was _____ cottage built like _____ mansion, having _____ central hall with _____ wooden gallery running round it, and _____ rooms no bigger than _____ closets. 18. And what _____ beautiful moth there is over there on _____ wall. 19. She had _____ key of her own. 20. He was _____ short, plump man with _____ very white face and _____ very white hands. It was rumoured in London that he powdered them like _____ woman. 21. _____ old couldn’t help _____ young. 22. To him she would always be _____ loveliest woman in _____ world. 23. _____ strongest have their hours of depression. 24. Her aunt, in _____ straw hat so broad that it covered her to _____ very edges of her shoulders, was standing below with two gardeners behind her. 25. _____ rich think they can buy anything. 26. _____ room has three doors; one on the same side as _____ fireplace, near _____ corner, leading to _____ best bedroom. 27. Thank you, Stephen: I knew you would give me _____ right advice. 28. Sometimes _____ visitors rang _____ wrong bell. 29. I just wanted to have _____ look at _____ place, and ask you _____ question or two. 30. _____ woman will only be equal of _____ man when she earns her living in _____ same way that he does.
31. He arrived half _____ hour before dinner time, and went up to _____ schoolroom at _____ top of _____ house, to see _____ children. 32. There is something in _____ very expression of his face that tells me so. 33. Far away in _____ little street there is _____ poor house. One of _____ windows is open and through it I can see _____ woman sitting at _____ table. She is _____ seamstress. 34. _____ man who entered was short and broad. He had black hair, and was wearing _____ grey flannel trousers with _____ red woollen shirt, open at _____ neck, whose collar he carried outside _____ lapels of his dark tweed jacket. 35. Then it was night and he was awake, standing in _____ street looking up at _____ dark windows of _____ place where he lived. _____ front door was locked and there was no one in _____ house. 36. I believe I can tell _____ very moment I began to love him. 37. «I must do it», said Adam; «it’s _____ right thing». 38. Mr. Boythorn lived in _____ pretty house with _____ lawn in front, _____ bright flower garden at _____ side and _____ kitchen-garden in _____ rear, enclosed with _____ wall. _____ house was _____ real old house. 39. _____ bartender was _____ pale man in _____ vest and _____ apron, with _____ pale, hairy arms and _____ long, nervous nose. 40. _____ face to _____ face, he was as warm and easy-natured as he had ever been.
41. During _____ country house parties one day is very like another. _____ men put on _____ same kind of variegated tie, eat _____ same breakfast, tap _____ same barometer, smoke _____ same pipes and kill _____ birds. 42. Almost at _____ very moment when she had returned Aileen had appeared. 43. _____ old man quitted _____ house secretly at _____ same hour as before. 44. We are told that _____ wicked shall be punished. 45. _____ arm in _____ arm we walked on, sometimes stumbling over _____ hump of earth or catching our feet in _____ rabbit-holes. 46. Clare was _____ most vivid member of _____ family. She had dark fine shingled hair and pale expressive face, of which _____ lips were slightly brightened. _____ eyes were brown, with straight and eager glance, _____ brow low and very white. Her expression was odd for _____ girl of twenty, being calm and yet adventurous.
Артикль
Наиболее распространенным определителем сущ-ного в английском языке является артикль. Это служебная часть речи; артикль относится к сущ-ному, но не обязательно стоит непосредственно перед ним. Между артиклем и существительным могут стоять определения к существительному: a student, a good student, a very good student, a very good first-year student. Во всех приведенных примерах артикль а относится к слову student. Артикли в английском языке бывают двух видов: неопределенный (классифицирующий) – a(an) и определенный (индивидуализирующий) – the.
Неопределенный артикль (indefinite) a(an) произошел от числительного one(один) и употребляется с исчисляемыми сущ-ными в ед. числе: a boy, a newspaper, an article, an hour.
Артикль на р. яз., как правило, не переводится. В тех случаях, когда перед существительным при переводе на русский язык можно поставить слова «какой-то», «какой-нибудь», «один из», «любой», «всякий», «каждый», в а. я. употребляется неопред. артикль: Не is a doctor. Он врач (один из врачей). Give me а реn. Дай мне ручку (любую ручку).
Если перед существительным при переводе на р. я. можно поставить слова «этот», «тот», то в а. я. следует употребить определенный артикль: The doctor is in the room. Врач в комнате. (Тот врач, о котором идет речь, находится в комнате). Give me the pen. Дай мне ручку. (Именно ту, которая у тебя в руке или которая лежит на столе, и т. п.).
Отсутствие артикля (zero article) также имеет грамматическое значение: показывает, что сущ-ные употребляются обобщенно.
АРТИКЛЬСНАРИЦАТЕЛЬНЫМИСУЩ—НЫМИ(THE USE OF ARTICLES WITH COMMON NOUNS)
1. THE USE OF THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE (A/AN)
Употребляется только с исчисляемыми сущ-ными в ед. числе.
Неопределенный артикль употребляется:
1.Объект (сущ.) относится к определенному классу. В этом случае он имеет значение «какой-нибудь», «какой-то, один», «некий». Во множ. числе артикль в таком случае опускается.
— It happened in a small town in Siberia. — He bought a book yesterday.
— A cat is a domestic animal. (— Cats are domestic animals.)
2.Когда сущ. употребляется в общем смысле и имеет значение «every«(любой, всякий, каждый из этого класса).
— A drowning man catches at a straw. — A child can understand it.
3.Когда лицо или предмет упоминается в первый раз. После первого упоминания употребляется «the».
— I watched a car as it came up our road. The car stopped outside our house and a man got out. The man was carrying a case in his hand. With the case, the man looked like a salesman.
4.С сущ-ным в предикативе (часть именного сказуемого) – тогда мы говорим, что предмет принадлежит к определенному классу. Обычно такие сущ-ные обозначают профессиюилихарактеристику.
— He is a doctor. — She works as (a) chemist. — Your brother is a nice man.
5.Имеет численную функцию (значение «one») — He had hardly spoken a word since we left the house. С сущ-ными, обозначающими время,единицыизмерения,вес,частоту:
— A week passed. — It is 80 p a kilo. — The car makes 120 km an hour. — I go to the library twice a week.
Но: Мы не используем a/an+noun и one+noun, чтобы отразить одно и то же значение.
a/an + noun означает «anyone» — I’d like a coffee, please.
one + noun при счете — It was one coffee I ordered, not two.
А/an or one употребляется с:
a)целымичислами и дробями: a/one hundred, thousand; a/one half, quarter;
Оne употребляется с day,morning,evening в связном рассказе:
— One day when I was staying at the Hilton I received a strange telephone call.
A/an употребляется с ценой, расстоянием, частотой:
price/weight: 80 p a kilo
distance/fuel: 30 miles a (or to the) gallon
distance/speed: 40 km an hour
frequency/time: twice a day
c)There is a book on the table.
Но: What nice weather we are having today! (помните о неисчисляемых сущ-ных)
e) She saw a wonderful flower.
7. С обособленнымприложением: — My friend, a history teacher, knows a lot about it.
–He is such a clever man. –She is quite a young girl. –It was rather a difficult job./It was a rather difficult job.
9.A/an или zero употребляется по отношению к болезни:
2. А/an можно употреблять или опускать с: catch (a) cold, have (a/an) backache/earache/ stomachache/toothache.
3. Zero article употребляется с такими сущ-ными, как: measles, mumps, shingles.
1. Когда говорящий/слушающий знает, какой определенный объект имеется в виду:
— How did you like the play? — Where is the key?
2. Когда говорящий использует выделяющее определение.
— This is the house that Jack built. — Show me the telegram you received yesterday.
— The pictures in this book are very interesting.
NB! Не путайте индивидуализирующее определение с описательным, (дает дополнительную инфо о предмете). Описательное определение не влияет на употребление артикля.
— I have a wonderful clock which is 100 years old. — We went to the lake which was stormy that day.
— We’ve received a letter containing interesting information about.
3. Предмет определен ситуацией (контекстом).
— The wedding looked sad. The bride was too old and the bridegroom was too young.
4. Когда сущ-ное обозначает предмет или понятие, единственныйвсвоемроде: the Sun, the Moon, the Earth, the Universe, the Galaxy, the Solar system, etc. — The Sun was getting warmer. — The Earth doesn’t belong to us.
NB! Когда имеется в виду определенное состояние или аспектсолнца, луны, неба, употребляется a/an
— A pearl-white moon smiles through the green trees.
-организации: the United Nations (но Congress, Parliament)
— корабли: the Titanic
— документы: the Constitution
— государственные органы: the police, the Government
— климат: the weather
— исторические события: the French Revolution
— политические партии: theLabourParty
— пресса: the Times
— The tragedy and the comedy appeared in Greece. — The pine grows in the North.
— When was the telephone invented? — The African elephant is taller than the Indian.
NB! Когда в обобщенном смысле используются man или woman они употребляются без артикля.
— Woman will only be equal of man when she earns her living.
6. С сущ., имеющими при себе:
a) прилагательное в превосходной степени
— Moscow has the best underground in the world. — The highest mountains are in Asia.
b) местоимения same, all и прилагательные wrong, right, very, next, following, last, only, whole
— I found him in the last carriage of the train. — You’re the very person I need. — He is the only son of the lord.
— We’ll have more time the following week. — The police searched the whole house.
7. С субстантивированными прилагательными и причастиями: the old, the dead, the rich, the poor, the blind, the wounded, the sick, etc. — There are schools for the blind & deaf. — Do you think the rich should pay more taxes?
8.Когда объект является единственным в данной ситуации: the President, the manager, the director, the captain.
— Paris is the capital of France. — The captain was standing on the deck. — The president is elected every 4 years.
9. Со словами: the country, the mountains, the seaside, the weekend, the cinema, the theatre, the radio, the police, the firebrigade, the army, the post office, the bank, the doctor, the dentist, хотя не имеется в виду ничего конкретного.
— I must go to the bank to change some money. — I’m going to the post office to buy some stamps.
— John is not very well. He went to the doctor. — We went to the cinema last night.
— We are spending the weekend in the country / in the mountains / at the seaside.
— Do you often go to the theatre? — I heard the news on the radio? — Can you turn off the television?
Но: We watch television(withoutthe).
10.С музыкальнымиинструментами. — Can you play the guitar? — The piano is my favourite instrument.
11.Перед сущ-ными, обозначающими национальности (в общем). Их можно разделить на четыре группы:
b)the + plural ending:
-ians:the Austrians, the Belgians, the Brazilians, the Egyptians, the Russians;
-ans:the Americans, the Koreans, the Mexicans;
-s:the Arabs, the Germans, the Greeks, the Poles, the Scots, the Turks;
c)the Danes / the Danish,the Spaniards/the Spanish, the Swedes/the Swedish;
d)the + ch/sh:the British, the English, the French, the Irish, the Dutch.
Но: Мы говорим: She is an American.
3. THE ZERO ARTICLE
Basic uses of the zero article (Ø):
1.Перед сущ-ными во множ.числе (В обобщенныхутверждениях):
— people: Ø Women need better pay.
— animals: Ø Cats don’t like cold weather.
— food: Ø Beans are good for you.
— places: Ø Museums are closed on Mondays.
— products: Ø Watches aren’t expensive.
(Не «The beans are good for you», etc.)
2.Перед неисчисляемыми сущ-ными (всегда в единственном числе) в обобщенных утверждениях:
— food: I like Ø butter.
— colours: Ø Red is my favourite colour.
— abstract: Ø Life is short.
— substances: Ø Oil is produced in Alaska.
— languages: Ø English is a world language.
(Не «The life is short», etc.)
3.Перед большинством имен собственных (пишущихся с заглавной буквы):
— Wim Wenders lives in Berlin. — This was made by Fassbinder and Son.
Сравните: the используется при особом упоминании:
a) in front of plural countable nouns: The beans I like best are kidney beans.
b) in front of uncountable nouns: I used all the butter that was in the butter dish.
c) in front of proper nouns: The Wim Wenders I know lives in Vienna.
Ex. 1. Supply a/an where necessary. Note where you can use a/an or zero (-).
1. I’m going to bed. I’ve got __a__ headache.
2. I was awake all night with _____ toothache. 3. I think Gillan’s got _____ flu. 4. The children are in bed with _____ mumps. 5. Mind you don’t catch _____ cold. 6. _____ measles can be very unpleasant. 7. Don’t come near me. I’ve got _____ sore throat. 8. I think I’ve got _____ cold! 9. I’ve had _____ terrible backache. 10. I often suffer from _____ backache.
Ex. 2. Put in a, the, or one only where necessary.
«I think that’s all, Mrs. Starling», Dr. Lecter said as she handed her _____ list of prescriptions. _____ list was very long and Mrs. Starling almost fainted as she tried to read it. She had _____ headache and _____ cold and felt as if she was getting _____ flu. On top of this, one of her children was in bed with _____ mumps. «I’ve prescribed some pills for _____ high blood pressure as well», Dr. Lecter said. «How many do I have to take — _____ pill _____ day?» «No. _____ pill with each meal. Three pills _____ day». Mrs. Starling thanked _____ doctor and walked out of her surgery with some difficulty. She staggered into the local chemist’s and handed _____ long prescription list to Mr. Demme, _____ chemist. Mr. Demme greeted her cheerfully. «Good morning, Mrs. Starling», he said, glancing at _____ list. «What _____ list! I trust you’re keeping well!»
1. A lot of people are giving up _____ meat. 2. _____ meat we had for lunch last Sunday was very tough. 3. As someone said, _____ life is just one damned thing after another. 4. I don’t know much about _____ life of Salvador Dali. 5. _____ running is supposed to be good for you. 6. I ought to be fit with all _____ running I do, but I don’t feel fit. 7. Which is your favourite colour? _____ red. 8. I think _____ red one will suit you best. _____ Red is more your colour. 9. We learnt _____ English at school, but _____ English we learnt was useless. 10. _____ London is a safe city today, but _____ London in the 18th century was pretty rough. 11. _____ watches have become very cheap and very attractive. 12. Most of _____ watches you see today work on _____ quartz. 13. _____ indoor plants require a lot of effort and attention. 14. _____ Bach gives me a great deal of pleasure. 15. _____ Bach recording you bought for my birthday is first class. 16. What has been the longest period of _____ peace in _____ history? 17. If you study _____ history, you’ve got to read a lot. 18. _____ fasting during _____ Ramadan is more difficult in summer months. 19. _____ journeys to unknown places require a lot of preparation. 20. _____ lives of _____ poets and _____ musicians have often been unbearably difficult. 21. I’m not interested in the price of _____ silver or the price of _____ gold. 22. _____ time is _____ money. 23. I can never regret _____ time I’ve spent enjoying myself. 24. I often listen to _____ music and like _____ jazz best.
Ex. 4. Say what articles you would use for the nouns in these situations.
— Я хочу быть учителем.
2. К вам подбегает мальчик с газетами и спрашивает:
— Вы не купите газету, пожалуйста?
— Купите одну из газет, пожалуйста.
3. Вы видите у сына новую ручку и говорите: «Где ты купил ручку?«
5. На вопрос по телефону, что делает ваша сестра, вы ответили: «Она читает книгу. Она любит читать книги.«
6. На столе тарелки с пирожными. «Можно мне взять пирожное, мама?»
7. Вчера мы купили новый стол. Я попробовала работать за ним. Стол неудобен для письма.
8. Староста напоминает дежурному: «Сегодня твоя очередь мыть столы.«
9. Вы видите в руках у мальчика камень и просите: «Отберите у мальчика камень, пожалуйста.»
11. Вы получили комнату. В ней абсолютно нет мебели. «Прежде всего мне необходим стол,» думаете вы.
12. Мальчик говорит своим родителям: «В следующем году у нас будут столы вместо парт.«
13. «Посмотри на дуб. Ему, наверное, сто лет.»
14. «Давайте посадим дуб. Он дает много тени.»
15. «Наш парк преобразился: там посадили много новых деревьев. В основном это дубы и липы.»
16. Дубы, которые мы посадили в парке, уже выросли.
17. Не можете ли вы одолжить мне конверт! Мне срочно нужно отослать письмо, а почта закрыта.
19. Девочка ищет сестру. Вы ей говорите: «Посмотри во дворе. Она, вероятно, играет там с детьми.«
20. Учительница входит в класс и, увидев там только девочек, говорит: «А где же мальчики?»
21. Вы просите помочь вам: «Вы не можете передвинуть стол!«
22. Ваша сестра готовится к экзаменам, но к вам пришли гости, вы просите ее перейти в спальню. Ее подруга спрашивает: «А в спальне есть стол?»
23. Учительница говорит: «Не пишите на столах и следите затем, чтобы всегда был мел у доски.»
24. Посмотрите на доску, пожалуйста.
25. Вы пришли за ребенком в детский сад в середине дня, вам говорят: «Вы не можете забрать ребенка, пока дети спят. Они отдыхают.»
Ex. 6. Rewrite these sentences using nationality nouns to refer to «the people in general».
1. The people from Portugal are very different from the people from Spain.
The Portuguese are very different from the Spaniards.
2. The people from America and the people from Russia understand each other better.
3. The people from Brazil speak Portuguese, but the people from Mexico speak Spanish.
4. The people from Germany and the people from Japan work very hard.
5. The people from Greece buy ships from the people from Korea.
6. The people from Britain and the people from Holland do a lot of foreign trade.
1. I like to read newspapers like theTimes and the Washington Post.
2. I read _____ Economist every week and _____ Time magazine. 3. Do you think _____ New Yorker and _____ Punch have much in common? 4. We can’t be sure about the history of _____ human race, but _____ man developed earlier than we think, though we certainly weren’t around at the time of _____ dinosaurs. 5. I like watching old films. I recently watched _____ Graduate and _____ Jaws on video. 6. The Ancient Greeks believed in _____ gods. The idea of _____ God was not known to them. 7. I’ve read Corner’s _____ Odyssey, but I haven’t read Joyce’s _____ Ulysses. 8. _____ United Nations may be a talking shop, but so is _____ Congress. 9. A lot of people object to attempts to bring up _____ Titanic. 10. My oldest son joined _____ Navy and now my youngest wants to join _____ Army. 11. France celebrated the 200th anniversary of _____ French Revolution in 19In many countries, the head of state is called _____ President. 13. Do you know who killed _____ President Lincoln? 14. Because of «the greenhouse effect» _____ climate of the world is changing.
I read recently in the Times that big American company, _____ General Motors, has developed _____ vehicle that uses _____ power of _____ sun instead of petrol. _____ vehicle is called Sunraycer. Sunraycer has just taken part in _____ race against 25 solar-powered vehicles. _____ route of _____ race was from Darwin to Adelaide, _____ immense distance. Sunraycer covered _____ distance in 45 hours at _____ average speed of 41 miles _____ hour in temperatures as high as 48°C. It beat all other cars by two and _____ half days! Sunraycer («ray of the sun» + «racer») is certainly _____ car of _____ future!
Ex. 9.Translate into English.
1. Они вошли в вагон, в котором не было свободных мест. 2. В вагоне, в который они вошли, не было свободных мест. 3. Сегодня группа туристов, которая состоит из студентов, отправляется в горы. 4. Группа туристов, которая отправилась в горы, состоит из студентов. 5. Роль Анны играла молодая талантливая актриса, которая недавно окончила театральный институт. 6. В газетах очень много писали о молодой талантливой актрисе, которая сыграла роль Анны. 7. Она посмотрела на часы на углу и поняла, что опоздает на поезд. 8. На углу вашей улицы висят часы, которые приводятся в действие электричеством.
Ex. 10.Translate into English.
1. Дверь закрыта. 2. У тебя есть телефон? 3. Телефон не работает. 4. В холле темно. 5. Ты любишь собак? 6. Не мучай (to tease) собаку. 7. Никогда не пытайся погладить (to stroke) собаку, если ты ее не знаешь. 8. Ручка не пишет. 9. У вас есть ручки в продаже? 10. Где можно купить пальто? 11. Где тебе сшили пальто? 12. Где ключ? 13. Сколько квартир в доме? 14. Сколько стоят эти сервизы? 15. Сколько предметов в сервизе? 16. Сколько стоят сервизы сегодня?
Ex. 12.Translate into English.
I. 1. Это очень хороший совет. 2. Совет хороший. 3. Что нового? 4. Новости хорошие? 5. Он привез плохие вести. 6. Такие сведения всегда нужны. 7. Сведения уже поступили? 8. Не стоит трогаться в путь в плохую погоду. 9. Мы не тронемся, пока погода не переменится. 10. Дай деньги мне. Ты ведь их всегда теряешь.
II. Какой мудрый совет! Какие полезные советы! Какая была скверная погода! Был чудесный день. Какой неожиданный визит! Это такая неожиданная новость! Он нашел такую хорошую работу! Какая интересная работа! Группа сделала такие успехи! Какой успех имела книга!
Ex.13. Translate into English, paying special attention to the words in italics.
Ex. 14. Insert articles where necessary.(Articles with class nouns).
1. Not _____ word was spoken in _____ parlour. 2. _____ room itself was filling up, so was _____ staircase. 3. Though _____ earth was cold and wet, _____ sky was clear and _____ Sun rose bright and beautiful. 4. He made them provide not one car, but half _____ dozen. 5. _____ compass was invented in ancient China. 6. Not _____ word was spoken, not _____ sound was made. 7. _____ sky outside _____ window was already dark, secretaries had gone home, all was quiet. 8. Edward remained _____ week at _____ cottage. 9. I tell you, he is as brave as _____ man can reasonably be. 10. Danny looked up at _____ house, and suddenly saw _____ face in _____ window of _____ dining-room. 11. You know I never cared for _____ drama. 12. He looks older than he is, as _____ dark men often do. 13. Roger looked at him, without _____ word, took out his wallet and gave him _____ ten-shilling note. 14. As _____ man sows, so shall he reap. 15. It was Sunday afternoon, and _____ sun, which had been shining now for several hours, was beginning to warm _____ earth.
16. I have _____ long story to tell e and sit down on _____ sofa and let us have _____ comfortable chat. 17. It was _____ cottage built like _____ mansion, having _____ central hall with _____ wooden gallery running round it, and _____ rooms no bigger than _____ closets. 18. And what _____ beautiful moth there is over there on _____ wall. 19. She had _____ key of her own. 20. He was _____ short, plump man with _____ very white face and _____ very white hands. It was rumoured in London that he powdered them like _____ woman. 21. _____ old couldn’t help _____ young. 22. To him she would always be _____ loveliest woman in _____ world. 23. _____ strongest have their hours of depression. 24. Her aunt, in _____ straw hat so broad that it covered her to _____ very edges of her shoulders, was standing below with two gardeners behind her. 25. _____ rich think they can buy anything. 26. _____ room has three doors; one on the same side as _____ fireplace, near _____ corner, leading to _____ best bedroom. 27. Thank you, Stephen: I knew you would give me _____ right advice. 28. Sometimes _____ visitors rang _____ wrong bell. 29. I just wanted to have _____ look at _____ place, and ask you _____ question or two. 30. _____ woman will only be equal of _____ man when she earns her living in _____ same way that he does.
31. He arrived half _____ hour before dinner time, and went up to _____ schoolroom at _____ top of _____ house, to see _____ children. 32. There is something in _____ very expression of his face that tells me so. 33. Far away in _____ little street there is _____ poor house. One of _____ windows is open and through it I can see _____ woman sitting at _____ table. She is _____ seamstress. 34. _____ man who entered was short and broad. He had black hair, and was wearing _____ grey flannel trousers with _____ red woollen shirt, open at _____ neck, whose collar he carried outside _____ lapels of his dark tweed jacket. 35. Then it was night and he was awake, standing in _____ street looking up at _____ dark windows of _____ place where he lived. _____ front door was locked and there was no one in _____ house. 36. I believe I can tell _____ very moment I began to love him. 37. «I must do it», said Adam; «it’s _____ right thing». 38. Mr. Boythorn lived in _____ pretty house with _____ lawn in front, _____ bright flower garden at _____ side and _____ kitchen-garden in _____ rear, enclosed with _____ wall. _____ house was _____ real old house. 39. _____ bartender was _____ pale man in _____ vest and _____ apron, with _____ pale, hairy arms and _____ long, nervous nose. 40. _____ face to _____ face, he was as warm and easy-natured as he had ever been.
41. During _____ country house parties one day is very like another. _____ men put on _____ same kind of variegated tie, eat _____ same breakfast, tap _____ same barometer, smoke _____ same pipes and kill _____ birds. 42. Almost at _____ very moment when she had returned Aileen had appeared. 43. _____ old man quitted _____ house secretly at _____ same hour as before. 44. We are told that _____ wicked shall be punished. 45. _____ arm in _____ arm we walked on, sometimes stumbling over _____ hump of earth or catching our feet in _____ rabbit-holes. 46. Clare was _____ most vivid member of _____ family. She had dark fine shingled hair and pale expressive face, of which _____ lips were slightly brightened. _____ eyes were brown, with straight and eager glance, _____ brow low and very white. Her expression was odd for _____ girl of twenty, being calm and yet adventurous.
Articles. Grammar Exercises
Articles. Grammar Exercises
Let’s have practice in using articles.
1. I’m really tired and I’m going to … bed.
2. Your shoes are under … bed.
3. Tim’s been in … bed for hours.
4. We’ve bought … lovely new bed.
5. We took some photos outside … church.
6. We always go to … church on Sunday.
7. Have you ever worked in … factory?
8. Susan’s in … class at the moment.
9. My father went to … sea when he was 14.
10. When do you hope to go to … university?
11. Martha’s been taken to … hospital.
12. How long will she be in … hospital?
13. There’s a strike at … hospital.
14. We’ve got … fine new hospital.
15. When do you get home from … office?
16. John’s at … work at the moment.
17. We were looking for … place to spend … night. … place we found turned out to be in … charming village. … village was called … Lodsworth.
18. … individual has every right to expect personal freedom. … freedom of … individual is something worth fighting for.
19. Yes, my name is … Simpson. But I’m not … Simpson you’re looking for.
20. Who’s at … door? – It’s … postman.
21. When you go out, would you please go to … supermarket and get some … butter.
22.I’ve got … appointment this afternoon. I’ve got to go to … doctor’s.
23. We went to … theatre last night and saw “Flames”. It’s … wonderful play.
24. We prefer to spend our holidays in … country, … mountains or by … sea.
25. We have seen what … earth looks like from … moon.
26. This is the front room. … ceiling and … walls need decorating, but … floor is in good order. We’ll probably cover it with … carpet.
27. You’re imagining … things. All your fears are in … mind.
28. … history of … world is … history of … war.
29. Is there … moon round … planet Venus?
30. What’s … John doing these days? – He’s working as … postman.
31. … exercise is good for … body.
32. Could you pass me … salt, please?
33. They’re building … new supermarket in … centre of our town.
34. Where’s your mother at … moment? – I think she’s in … kitchen.
35. If you were a cook, you’d have to work in … all day long.
36. … pork is kind of … meat.
37. … pork we had for dinner last night was excellent.
38. Jack is wearing … straw hat today.
39. Jack likes to wear … hats.
40. … hat is … article of clothing.
41. … hats are … articles of clothing.
42. … brown hat on that hook over there belongs to Mark.
43. Everyone has … adventures in life.
44. My grandfather had … long life.
45. That book is about … life of Hellen Keller.
46. Tommy wants to be … engineer when he grows up.
47. John Roebling is … name of … engineer who designed the Brooklyn Bridge. He died in 1869 from … infection. He died before … bridge was completed.
48. … people wear … jewelry to make themselves more attractive.
49. … jewelry Diana wearing today is beautiful.
50. Mary is wearing … beautiful ring today. It is made of … gold and rubies. … gold in her ring was mined in …Canada. … rubies came from Burma.
Exercise 2. Put a or an before each of the following words:
Choose the right article, explain why you chose it.
Homework for the 13-th of October
