What are the functional units of cpu

The central processing unit (CPU): Its components and functionality

Posted: July 23, 2020 |

The legacies of earlier designs, such as Babbage’s difference engine and the mainframe punch card systems of the 1970s, have a significant impact on today’s computer systems. In my first article in this historical series, Computer history and modern computers for sysadmins, I discussed several precursors to the modern computer and listed characteristics that define what we call a computer today.

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In this article, I discuss the central processing unit (CPU), including its components and functionality. Many of the topics refer back to the first article, so be sure to read it if you haven’t already.

The central processing unit (CPU)

The CPU in modern computers is the embodiment of the «mill» in Babbage’s difference engine. The term central processing unit originated way back in the mists of computer time when a single massive cabinet contained the circuitry required to interpret machine level program instructions and perform operations on the data supplied. The central processing unit also completed all processing for any attached peripheral devices. Peripherals included printers, card readers, and early storage devices such as drum and disk drives. Modern peripheral devices have a significant amount of processing power themselves and off-load some processing tasks from the CPU. This frees the CPU up from input/output tasks so that its power is applied to the primary task at hand.

Early computers only had one CPU and could only perform one task at a time.

We retain the term CPU today, but now it refers to the processor package on a typical motherboard. Figure 1 displays a standard Intel processor package.

There is really nothing to see here other than the processor package itself. The processor package is a chip containing the processor(s) sealed inside a metal container and mounted on a small printed circuit (PC) board. The package is simply dropped into place in the CPU socket on a motherboard and secured with a locking lever arrangement. A CPU cooler attaches to the processor package. There are several different physical sockets with specific numbers of contacts, so getting the correct package to fit the motherboard socket is essential if you build your own computers.

How the CPU works

Let’s look at the CPU in more detail. Figure 2 is a conceptual diagram of a hypothetical CPU so that you can visualize the components more easily. The RAM and system clock are shaded because they are not part of the CPU and are only shown for clarity. Also, no connections between the CPU clock and the control unit to the CPU components are drawn in. Suffice it to say that signals from the clock and the control unit are an integral part of every other component.

This design does not look particularly simple, but the reality is even more complicated. This figure is sufficient for our purposes without being overly complex.

Arithmetic logic unit

The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs the arithmetic and logical functions that are the work of the computer. The A and B registers hold the input data, and the accumulator receives the result of the operation. The instruction register contains the instruction that the ALU is to perform.

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For example, when adding two numbers, one number is placed in the A register and the other in the B register. The ALU performs the addition and puts the result in the accumulator. If the operation is a logical one, the data to be compared is placed into the input registers. The result of the comparison, a 1 or 0, is put in the accumulator. Whether this is a logical or arithmetic operation, the accumulator content is then placed into the cache location reserved by the program for the result.

There is another type of operation performed by the ALU. The result is an address in memory, and it is used to calculate a new location in memory to begin loading instructions. The result is placed into the instruction pointer register.

Instruction register and pointer

The instruction pointer specifies the location in memory containing the next instruction to be executed by the CPU. When the CPU completes the execution of the current instruction, the next instruction is loaded into the instruction register from the memory location pointed to by the instruction pointer.

After the instruction is loaded into the instruction register, the instruction register pointer is incremented by one instruction address. Incrementing allows it to be ready to move the next instruction into the instruction register.

Cache

The CPU never directly accesses RAM. Modern CPUs have one or more layers of cache. The CPU’s ability to perform calculations is much faster than the RAM’s ability to feed data to the CPU. The reasons for this are beyond the scope of this article, but I will explore it further in the next article.

Cache memory is faster than the system RAM, and it is closer to the CPU because it is on the processor chip. The cache provides data storage and instructions to prevent the CPU from waiting for data to be retrieved from RAM. When the CPU needs data—and program instructions are also considered to be data—the cache determines whether the data is already in residence and provides it to the CPU.

If the requested data is not in the cache, it’s retrieved from RAM and uses predictive algorithms to move more data from RAM into the cache. The cache controller analyzes the requested data and tries to predict what additional data will be needed from RAM. It loads the anticipated data into the cache. By keeping some data closer to the CPU in a cache that is faster than RAM, the CPU can remain busy and not waste cycles waiting for data.

Our simple CPU has three levels of cache. Levels 2 and 3 are designed to predict what data and program instructions will be needed next, move that data from RAM, and move it ever closer to the CPU to be ready when needed. These cache sizes typically range from 1 MB to 32 MB, depending upon the speed and intended use of the processor.

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The Level 1 cache is closest to the CPU. In our CPU, there are two types of L1 cache. L1i is the instruction cache, and L1d is the data cache. Level 1 cache sizes typically range from 64 KB to 512 KB.

Memory management unit

The memory management unit (MMU) manages the data flow between the main memory (RAM) and the CPU. It also provides memory protection required in multitasking environments and conversion between virtual memory addresses and physical addresses.

CPU clock and control unit

All of the CPU components must be synchronized to work together smoothly. The control unit performs this function at a rate determined by the clock speed and is responsible for directing the operations of the other units by using timing signals that extend throughout the CPU.

Random access memory (RAM)

Although the RAM, or main storage, is shown in this diagram and the next, it is not truly a part of the CPU. Its function is to store programs and data so that they are ready for use when the CPU needs them.

How it works

CPUs work on a cycle that is managed by the control unit and synchronized by the CPU clock. This cycle is called the CPU instruction cycle, and it consists of a series of fetch/decode/execute components. The instruction, which may contain static data or pointers to variable data, is fetched and placed into the instruction register. The instruction is decoded, and any data is placed into the A and B data registers. The instruction is executed using the A and B registers, with the result put into the accumulator. The CPU then increases the instruction pointer’s value by the length of the previous one and begins again.

The basic CPU instruction cycle looks like this.

The need for speed

Although the basic CPU works well, CPUs that run on this simple cycle can be used even more efficiently. There are multiple strategies for boosting CPU performance, and we look at two of them here.

Supercharging the instruction cycle

One problem early CPU designers encountered was wasted time in the various CPU components. One of the first strategies for improving CPU performance was overlapping the portions of the CPU instruction cycle to utilize the various parts of the CPU more fully.

For example, when the current instruction has been decoded, the next one is fetched and placed into the instruction register. As soon as that has occurred, the instruction pointer is updated with the next instruction’s memory address. The use of overlapping instruction cycles is illustrated in Figure 4.

This design looks nice and smooth, but factors such as waiting for I/O can disrupt the flow. Not having the proper data or instructions in the cache requires the MMU to locate the correct ones and move them to the CPU, and that can take some time. Certain instructions also take more CPU cycles to complete than others, interfering with smooth overlapping.

Nevertheless, this is a powerful strategy for improving CPU performance.

Hyperthreading

Another strategy to improve CPU performance is hyperthreading. Hyperthreading makes a single processor core work like two CPUs by providing two data and instruction streams. Adding a second instruction pointer and instruction register to our hypothetical CPU, as shown in Figure 5, causes it to function like two CPUs, executing two separate instruction streams during each instruction cycle. Also, when one execution stream stalls while waiting for data—again, instructions are also data—the second execution stream continues processing. Each core that implements hyperthreading is the equivalent of two CPUs in its ability to process instructions.

Remember that this is a very simplified diagram and explanation of our hypothetical CPU. The reality is far more complex.

More terminology

I have encountered a lot of different CPU terminology. To define the terminology a little more explicitly, let’s look at the CPU itself by using the lscpu command.

The Intel processor shown above is a package that plugs into a single socket on the motherboard. The processor package contains six cores. Each core is capable of hyperthreading, so each can run two simultaneous threads for a total of 12 CPUs.

The terms socket, processor, and package are often used interchangeably, which can cause some confusion. As we see from the lscpu command results above, Intel provides us with its own terminology, and I consider that the authoritative source. In reality, we all use those terms in various ways, but as long as we understand each other at any given point, that is what really matters.

Notice that the processor above has two Level 1 caches of 512 KiB each, one for instructions (L1i) and one for data (L1d). The Level 1 cache is closest to the CPU, and it speeds things up to have instructions and data separate at this point. Level 2 and Level 3 caches are larger, but instructions and data co-exist in each.

What does this all mean?

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Good question. Back in the early days of mainframes, each computer had only a single CPU and was incapable of running more than one program simultaneously. The mainframe might run payroll, then inventory accounting, then customer billing, and so on, but only one application could run at a time. Each program had to finish before the system operator could start the next.

Some early attempts at running multiple programs at once took a simple approach and were aimed at better utilization of a single CPU. For example, program1 and program2 were loaded, and program1 ran until it was blocked waiting for I/O to occur. At that point, program2 ran until it was blocked. This approach was called multi-processing and helped to fully utilize valuable computer time.

Early attempts at multitasking all involved switching the execution context of a single CPU very rapidly between the execution streams of multiple tasks. This practice is not true multitasking as we understand it because, in reality, only a single thread of execution is processed at a time. It is more correctly called time-sharing.

Modern computers, from smart watches and tablets to supercomputers, all support true multitasking with multiple CPUs. Multiple CPUs enable computers to run many tasks simultaneously. Each CPU performs its own functions at the same time as all the other CPUs. An eight-core processor with hyperthreading (i.e., 16 CPUs) can run 16 tasks simultaneously.

Final thoughts

We looked at a conceptualized and simplified CPU to learn a bit about structures. I barely skimmed the surface of processor functionality in this article. You can learn more by taking the embedded links for the topics we explored.

Remember that the diagrams and descriptions in this article are purely conceptual and do not represent any actual CPU.

In the next part of this series, I’ll look at RAM and disk drives as different types of storage and why each is necessary to modern computers.

What are functional unit and control logic of a cpu?

The abundance of transistors on a single chip is leading to a problem: what to do with all of them?

We saw one approach above: superscalar architectures, with multiple functional units. But as the number of transistors increases, even more is possible. One obvious thing to do is put bigger caches on the CPU chip. That is definitely hap- pening, but eventually the point of diminishing returns will be reached.

The obvious next step is to replicate not only the functional units, but also some of the control logic. The Intel Pentium 4 introduced this property, called multithreading or hyperthreading (Intel’s name for it), to the x86 processor, and several other CPU chips also have it—including the SPARC, the Power5, the Intel Xeon, and the Intel Core family. To a first approximation, what it does is allow the CPU to hold the state of two different threads and then switch back and forth on a nanosecond time scale. (A thread is a kind of lightweight process, which, in turn, is a running program; we will get into the details in Chap. 2.)

A superscalar architecture is given in a previous figure 1-7(b):

I wonder what a functional unit and a control logic in a cpu mean?

Does a superscalar architecture also replicate control logic?

Are «functional unit» and «Execute unit» the same thing?

Is «control logic» the same as «Fetch unit» and «Decode unit»?

I am hesitant to answer yes to the above questions because of the following reasons. The text says superscalar architectures replicate the functional units, while multithreading replicates not only the functional units, but also the control logic.

But in figure 1.7(b), the superscalar one have multiple fetch and decode units besides multiple execute units, so I am not sure if «control logic == fetch and decode units» and «functional unit == execute unit».

Also by multithreading, the text actually means time-multiplex. I don’t know how replicating control logic is necessary for time-multiplex? Can’t multiple threads or processes share the same control units (fetch unit and decode unit) at different times?

2 Answers 2

Are «functional unit» and «Execute unit» the same thing?

Yes (in the context of how they are used in your book).

Execution unit

In computer engineering, an execution unit (also called a functional unit) is a part of a CPU that performs the operations and calculations called for by the computer program. It may have its own internal control sequence unit (not to be confused with the CPUs main control unit), some registers, and other internal units such as a sub-ALU or FPU, or some smaller, more specific components.[1]

It is common for modern CPUs to have multiple parallel execution units, referred to as scalar or superscalar design. The simplest arrangement is to use one, the bus manager, to manage the memory interface, and the others to perform calculations. Additionally, modern CPUs’ execution units are usually pipelined.

Is «control logic» the same as «Fetch unit» and «Decode unit»?

Yes (in the context of how they are used in your book).

The control unit is a component of a computer’s central processing unit (CPU) that directs operation of the processor. It tells the computer’s memory, arithmetic/logic unit and input and output devices how to respond to a program’s instructions.

The Control Unit (CU) is generally a sizable collection of complex digital circuitry interconnecting and controlling the many execution units contained within a CPU.[citation needed] The CU is normally the first CPU unit to accept from an externally stored computer program, a single instruction, based on the CPU’s instruction set, then decode this individual instruction into several sequential steps (fetching addresses/data from registers/memory, managing execution [i.e. data sent to the ALU or I/O], and storing the resulting data back into registers/memory) that controls and coordinates the CPU’s interworks.

Central processing unit

The first step, fetch, involves retrieving an instruction (which is represented by a number or sequence of numbers) from program memory. The instruction’s location (address) in program memory is determined by a program counter (PC), which stores a number that identifies the address of the next instruction to be fetched. After an instruction is fetched, the PC is incremented by the length of the instruction so that it will contain the address of the next instruction in the sequence.[d] Often, the instruction to be fetched must be retrieved from relatively slow memory, causing the CPU to stall while waiting for the instruction to be returned. This issue is largely addressed in modern processors by caches and pipeline architectures (see below).

Decode

The instruction that the CPU fetches from memory determines what the CPU has to do. In the decode step, the instruction is broken up into parts that have significance to other portions of the CPU. The way in which the numerical instruction value is interpreted is defined by the CPU’s instruction set architecture (ISA).[e] Often, one group of numbers in the instruction, called the opcode, indicates which operation to perform. The remaining parts of the number usually provide information required for that instruction, such as operands for an addition operation. Such operands may be given as a constant value (called an immediate value), or as a place to locate a value: a register or a memory address, as determined by some addressing mode.

In some CPU designs the instruction decoder is implemented as a hardwired, unchangeable circuit. In others, a microprogram is used to translate instructions into sets of CPU configuration signals that are applied sequentially over multiple clock pulses. In some cases the memory that stores the microprogram is rewritable, making it possible to change the way in which the CPU decodes instructions.

What is the Central Processing Unit (CPU)?

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

We have furnished details pertaining to the topic Central Processing Unit (CPU) such as what is the CPU, types of CPU, Components of CPU, functions of CPU, best CPU for gaming, CPU temperature, CPU benchmark, CPU-ID or Processor ID, What is overclocking CPU, How important is CPU, etc.

What is the Central Processing Unit (CPU)?

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the component of a computer system, generally known as a machine’s “brain”.

The processor or microprocessor is also known as the CPU. A sequence of the stored instructions known as a program is executed by the CPU.

The CPU is a critical part that manages all instructions and calculations that are sent to it from other computer components and peripherals.

Even the speed at which software program runs depends very much on how powerful the CPU is functioning.

Types of Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The two competing producers of CPUs are Intel and AMD, and each has its variants of CPUs.

Single Core CPU

The oldest type of computer CPU available is single-core CPUs, and this was initially the only CPU type that could be used on computers.

Single-core CPUs can only start one task at a time, so multitasking wasn’t very successful.

This means output declines were noticeable every time more than one application was running.

Since only one operation could be started at a time, another could be triggered before the first one was done but the machine would run more slowly with every new operation.

Dual Core CPU

A dual-core Processor has two main CPUs and therefore operates like two single CPUs.

In comparison, if more than one operation is performed, the Dual-core CPUs can perform several tasks more effectively, whereas in the single Core CPUsthe processor has to move between the various data-stream sets.

To optimize the use of a dual-core CPU, a specialized code, called SMT (simultaneous multi-threading technology), needs to be implemented on the operating system and the programs working on it.

Dual-core CPUs are more quickly than core processors, but not very fast as quad-core CPUs.

Quad Core CPU

Quad-core CPUs are multi-core CPUs with four cores on a single CPU. Like two core CPUs, quad cores will break the workload between fourcores, so much more work is done with the quad.

Every core is connected to other circuits inside the chip, such as cache, memory and I / O port management.

Such kinds of CPUs are beneficial for people who need to run several different programs simultaneously and for gamers.

Components of Central Processing Unit (CPU)

CPU has the following 3 components

Memory or Storage Unit

The memory unit stores all the instructions and data. This unit provides data to other units of the computer if necessary.

Control Unit

This unit monitors all computing processes but does not execute actual data processing.

Arithmetic Logic Unit

This unit is the most important part that does all the calculations and makes the decisions.

This computer processing unit (CPU) is the fundamental building block of the computer. Modern CPUs contain highly complicated and efficient ALUs.

Modern CPUs have a control unit (CU) in addition to ALUs. ALUs consists of following subsections –

Arithmetic Section

The arithmetic section performs all the mathematical calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. This section handles all the complex calculations.

Logic Section

The logic section’s purpose is to carry out logical activities such as data comparison, collection, matching and merging.

What is Inside the Central Processing Unit (CPU)?

A CPU is an integrated circuit at the hardware level, also known as a chip.

The integrated circuit “integrates” billions of small electrical parts, putting them in circuits and all in a compact box.

CPU is normally a ceramic two-inch square and is mounted inside with a silicon chip In CPU socket.

The central circuit board is the motherboard. It’s a thin board that carries the CPU, memory, hard disk connecting and optical drives, video, and audio expansion cards as well as ports.

The motherboard ties all parts of the computer either directly or indirectly.

Functions of Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The CPU uses output devices to process instructions it receives from input devices and to provide the required output.

CPU has four main functions

Fetch

First, the CPU fetches instructions from program memory. Program memory is the location of the instruction.

This location also stores a number that is the address of the next instruction that needs to be fetched.

The program counter increases itself by the duration of the instruction after the instruction is fetched so that it can include the address of the next instruction in the sequence.

Decode

After the CPU can decide what to do next with the data, this step is the decoding stage.

This phase is done by the circuit known as the Instruction Decoder. The instruction then transforms into signals that monitor other parts of the CPU.

Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) for the CPU defines how the instruction will be interpreted.

Execute

The execution stage takes place after the steps of fetching and decoding.

This stage can consist of a single or a series of actions, depending on the CPU architecture.

Throughout each action, various parts of the CPU are connected electrically, so that they can execute the desired activity.

The results of the execution are then updated to the internal CPU register.

Best CPU for Gaming

Choosing the best gaming CPU is one way to make sure you extract off your Computer every last drop in performance.

The GPU is the part that will have the biggest effect on the raw frame rates, so make sure you have the best graphics card you can purchase, but that little bit of extra gaming power will come from your processor option.

Some of the fastest and excellent performance processor for games are:-

CPU Temperature

The CPU is the element that’s responsible for much of the everyday computations inside your computer. In short, making Windows and programs run is the job of the CPU.

The ideal temperature of CPU is to keep it as cool as possible, as a hot-running processor may cause a lot of problems to the processor itself, ranging from unwanted device crashes to physical harm.

Some of the ways to keep it cool is increasing the fan speed or getting a more efficient CPU cooler.

Ideally we should expect to see temperatures between 35 and 50 ° C (95-122F), and you can expect them to increase to 60-85 ° C (140-185F) while playing games or running any apps that place a heavy load on the CPU.

You can see your CPU temperature in the BIOS and there are a couple of free tools that are available and that is one of the best ways to use.

Install and run it, and see the temperature for each CPU core.

What is Overclocking a CPU?

Overclocking means you configure your CPU and your memory to run faster than the official speed limit.

Nearly every processor has a speed ranking. For instance, an Intel Core i7 860 is out of the box at 2.80GHz. Overclocking means that you push it more than 2.80GHz.

A couple of things happen when you overclock a processor. The chip is hotter and strong.

Both factors will cause problems if you use the CPU-supplied stock cooler.CPU will cancel its guarantee by overclocking.

Intel and AMD normally don’t overclock even though they’re unlikely to be able to show that your CPU’s are overclocked — if you don’t move too much voltage into your device.

CPU Benchmark

A CPU benchmark is a set of tests intended to assess the performance of a Processor or device.

To assess the performance of different systems by using the same methods and conditions, a set of criteria or basis measures are used.

What’s the acceptable benchmark for CPUs?

MSI Afterburner is one of the best Windows CPU benchmarks applications that provide comprehensive hardware information including temperature, clock speed, consumption and more.

It also serves as a tool to overclock the graphics card you use.

CPU ID or Processor ID

The x86 architecture provides a supplementary CPUID (CPUID ID) command that allows software to discover processor information (its name derived from the CPU identifier).

It was introduced It was launched by Intel in 1993 when Pentium and SL-enhanced 486 processors were introduced.

How important is the CPU?

Although the CPU is not as critical for the overall performance of the system as it once was, it still plays a major role in running a computer.

As it’s solely responsible for executing commands within programs, the faster the CPU runs, the faster other applications run.

Having a fast Processor isn’t everything. A processor can’t easily make the latest 3D games, no matter how powerful, nor can it store data.

This is where other components come into existence, such as graphics cards and memory.

Simply put together, the CPU is not everything, but it’s extremely necessary.

Typically speeding up a CPU would mean faster running of your machine or computer. Multiple threads and cores will help you do more stuff at once.

Parts of CPU | Components of CPU

Hello Learners, Today we will learn What are the parts of CPU?

In this post, I will explain the different parts of a CPU (Central Processing Unit).

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If you read this article carefully you will understand all about the internal and external components and parts of CPU.

I Guarantee you, after reading this article you will not need to read any other Articles. In fact, our readers are satisfied with this blog post.

What is CPU?

The full name of the computer CPU is Central Processing Unit. CPU is also known as a processor. A CPU is also called the brain of a computer system.

A computer CPU is an electronic microchip or Microprocessor that performs processing based on the instructions given to the data by the user.

CPU is the main part of a computer system without which the computer system cannot process any instruction. The processor has many functions in a computer system.

I hope you understand Computer CPU.

What are the Parts of CPU?

There are many such parts of a computer CPU, but mainly the Central Processing Unit has only three parts.

Which have many main functions in the computer of these three parts. Which I will tell in detail in this post

There are three main parts of CPU ( Central Processing Unit ), which are given below.

These all are internal parts of the CPU.

Picture of Parts of CPU

Read Basic Fundamental of Computer System

1. Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU)

The arithmetic and logical unit (ALU) is a fundamental component in all computers that performs arithmetic and logic operations.

The ALU is used for addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, comparison of two numbers, and Boolean operations.

It does not handle instruction sequencing or directly deals with memory.

The ALU has some major advantages over the CPU because it only needs to be designed for one type of task instead of many.

An advantage of the CPU is that it can work more on instruction sequencing.

Every computer has an ALU but how it functions can vary from machine to machine.

One of the most important things about the design of an ALU is its size.

A small ALU will give you faster results but will not always give you accurate results while a larger one will be slower but more accurate.

What are the Functions of ALU?

There are various functions of Arithmetic and logic unit, which are given below.

2. Control Unit (CU)

The control unit (CU) is the part of a computer that controls what happens inside it.

It is like the brain of a computer, making decisions and controlling what goes on inside the machine.

The CU reads the instructions that are stored in its memory and sends out electrical signals to each component of the computer, telling them what to do with the data they’ve been given.

The control unit has two parts: an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and a control unit proper.

The ALU is responsible for mathematical calculations, such as adding numbers or performing logical operations, while the control unit directs traffic within the computer so information can be sent to different parts of it quickly.

The control unit is one of the most complex parts of a computer.

It consists of an instruction register, various registers for storing data, an arithmetic logic unit for executing arithmetic operations, and various other circuits to synchronize the other components.

What are the Functions of CU?

There are various functions of control unit, which are given below.

3. Memory or Storage Unit

A memory or storage unit in a computer is an electronic device that stores data, programs, and other information.

The two main types of memory are RAM and Hard Drive. RAM stands for Random Access Memory.

It is a volatile type of storage because it requires power to maintain its contents.

It is mostly used for temporarily storing data while the computer is on.

The Hard Drive is non-volatile, meaning it retains stored data even when power isn’t applied to it.

It can be used to store large amounts of data permanently, so it is important for you to back up your files regularly.

Computers provide the ability to store and retrieve data.

Data is stored on a Hard Drive or Memory Unit and can be accessed by programs that are running on the computer.

Memory is typically measured in bytes.

The amount of RAM (Random Access Memory) determines how much data can be accessed at one time.

What are the Functions of Memory Unit?

There are various functions of memory unit, which are given below.

Components of CPU

CPU stands for Central Processing Unit. It is the «brain» of a computer that can process data and execute instructions.

CPU is an electronic device that measures the progress of a computer program as it executes, providing an important measure of a computer’s effectiveness.

There are many different types of CPUs but they all have certain components in common. Here are the components of the CPU in a computer.

There are various components of central processing unit, which are given below.

1. Registers

A register is a small amount of high-speed memory. It is connected to the microprocessor and can be accessed much more quickly than any other part of the computer.

There are 8 registers in the CPU, which are designated by their numbers 0-7.

The names for these registers come from adding an «e» to their respective numbers.

Each register has a different use, but they all contribute to the performance of the computer in some way.

There are various types of registers, which are given below.

What are the Functions of Register?

There is various function of the register, which are given below.

2. Cache

The cache memory in a computer is the fastest memory that the CPU can access.

The CPU has to talk to the main memory in order to get what it needs, but this takes a lot of time.

So when the CPU asks for something, the cache checks if it has it and saves some time.

If not, then the CPU has to go back to the main memory and check again.

Caches are designed specifically for speed and efficiency, which means they work on a separate bus from other parts of the system.

When you turn on your computer and boot up your operating system, for instance, your CPU will be reading data from different parts of your hard drive into its cache so that it can access them more quickly later on.

The cache is generally divided into two sections: Level 1 (L1) and Level 2 (L2).

An L1 cache generally contains instructions or data that was recently used by an earlier process executed by the CPU; while an L2 cache generally stores.

What are the functions of Cache?

There are various functions of cache in the CPU, which are given below.

3. Buses

These days, the term “bus” often refers to a vehicle that carries passengers.

However, in the computing world, buses are about data, not people. A bus is a common pathway that connects many different components of your computer.

It is sometimes called a motherboard or chipset. Data travels across these pathways at very high speeds.

The more channels there are for data to travel, the faster it can move around the computer.

It’s basically how data is passed between the different parts of your computer.

The type of bus that you get will determine how fast your computer will run, and it will also affect how much memory you can use.

There are three types of the bus are used in the central processing unit (CPU), Which names are given below.

What are the Functions of Bus?

There are various functions of a bus, which are given below.

4. CPU Clock

The clock is the heartbeat of your computer. It’s what lets you know how long it’s been since the last refresh on your screen.

It’s also what tells your computer when to load up an app or file, and when to do calculations.

Every program on your computer has a set time for processing, and the clock determines how often it gets to process data.

Here are some things that make up the CPU clock-

The right settings for these three components determine how long it will take for one instruction to process through your processor.

When you’re building a new system, it’s important to know what kind of power supply you need, even before you decide which CPU is best for you.

If you don’t have enough power from the power supply.

What are the Functions of CPU Clock?

There are different functions of the CPU clock, which are given below.

What are the Types of Computer CPU?

There are various types of computer CPU, which are given below.

What are the Features of CPU?

There are various features of central processing unit, which are given below.

What are the Functions of CPU?

There are four functions of central processing unit ( CPU ), which are given below.

FAQ Related to Part of CPU

1. How Many parts of CPU?

There are seven ( 7 ) parts of a Computer CPU.

2. What are the internal parts of CPU?

There are various internal parts of CPU (Central Processing Unit), which are given below.

3. What are main parts of CPU?

There are three main parts of CPU, which are given below.

4. What are the 5 parts of CPU?

The 5 parts of CPU, which are given below.

We hope that you have fully understood about components and parts of CPU, if you still have not understood, then please comment on us.

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The Avinash Pandey

Hi, I’m The Avinash Pandey, founder of Quick Learn Computer. I graduated in Bachelor of Computer Applications and has two years of teaching experience in the computer science field. This blog helps you learn the fastest and easiest way to increase your computer skills.

Text 10. THE CPU MAIN COMPONENTS

As it is known the two functional units of the CPU are the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic-logical unit (ALU). The control unit manages and coordinates the entire computer sys­tem. It obtains instructions from the program stored in main memory, interprets the instructions, and issues signals that cause other units of the system to execute them.

The control unit operates by reading one instruction at a time from memory and taking the action called for by each instruc­tion. In this way it controls the flow between the main storage and the arithmetic-logical unit.

The control unit has the following components: a counter that selects the instructions, one at a time, from memory; a reg­ister that temporarily holds the instructions read from memory while it is being executed; a decoder that takes the coded instruc­tion and breaks it down into individual commands necessary to carry it out; a clock, which produces marks at regular intervals. These timing marks are electronic and very rapid.

The sequence of control unit operations is as follows. The next instruction to be executed is read out from primary storage into the storage register. The instruction is passed from the storage register to the instruction register. Then the operation part of the instruction is decoded so that the proper arithmetic or logical operation can be performed. The address of the op­erand is sent from the instruction register to the address regis­ter. At last the instruction counter register provides the address register with the address of the next instruction to be executed.

The arithmetic—logical unit (AL U) executes the processing op­erations called for by the instructions brought from main mem­ory by the control unit. Binary arithmetic, the logical operations and some special functions are performed by the arithmetical-logical unit.

Data enter the ALU and return to main storage through the storage register. The accumulator serving as a register holds the results of processing operations. The results of arithmetic op­erations are returned to the accumulator for transfer to main storage through the storage register. The comparer performs log­ical comparisons of the contents of the storage register and the accumulator. Typically, the comparer tests for conditions such as «less than», «equal to», or «greater than».

So as you see the primary components of the arithmetic-log­ical unit are banks of bistable devices, which are called regis­ters. Their purpose is to hold the numbers involved in the cal­culation and hold the results temporarily until they can be tranferred to memory. At the core of the ALU is a very high-speed binary adder, which is used to carry out at least the four basic arithmetic functions (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division). The logical unit consists of electronic circuitry which compares information and makes decisions based upon the results of the comparison.

3. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста:

1. What are the functional units of CPU?

2. What is the func­tion of CU?

3. How does CU operate?

4. What is the function of a counter?

5. What role does a decoder play?

6. What is the sequence of CU operations?

7. What is the function of the arith­metic-logical unit?

8. What operations are performed by ALU?

9. What primary components does ALU consist of?

10. What isthe function of an accumulator / comparer?

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Функциональные блоки; устройство управления; ариф­метико-логическое устройство; управлять работой всей системы; получать команды; основная память; посылать сигналы; считывать команды поэтапно; таким образом; временно сохранять информацию; производить пометки через равные промежутки времени; последовательность операций; регистр памяти; регистр команд; адресный ре­гистр; счетчик; датчик; дешифратор; адрес операнда; ад­ресный регистр, высокоскоростной двоичный сумматор; по крайней мере; вычитание; сложение; умножение; деле­ние; принимать решения; результаты сравнения.

5. Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь пере­вести словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами:

Register: address register; base register; clock register; com­mand / instruction register; counter register; CPU register; hard­ware register; input / output register; memory register; operand register; general-purpose register; special-purpose register.

Counter: binary counter; character counter; data counter; instruction counter; pulse counter; sequence counter; storage counter; software counter; time-out counter.

Selection: color selection; directory selection; drive selection; file selection; function selection; keyboard selection; menu se­lection; security selection.

Management: data management; database management; disk management; error management; information management; memory management; network management; resource manage­ment; task management; window management.

6. Найдите в тексте слова, близкие по значению следующим:

Verbs: to work; to control; to receive; to keep; to send; to perform; to demand; to choose; to supply; to pass; to name; to include; to apply; to come back; to found; to explain; to form; to define; to arrange.

Nouns: computer; answer; commands; memory; element; device; information; state; aim; heart; solution; computation.

Adjectives: main; whole; separate; quick; correct; large; main (storage); following; every; following; specific; different; real.

Вариант 11

1. Ознакомьтесь с тер минами текста 11:

environment — среда; окружение; режим работы;

external environment — внешняя среда

human-related— (взаимо)связанный с

человеком human-independent — независимый от человека

remote terminal— удаленный терми­нал

reel of magnetic tape — бобина с магнитной лентой

input-output interface — интерфейс (сопряжение, место стыковки) ввода-вывода

scan— просматривать; сканировать; разверты­вать

scanner — сканер; устройство оптического счи­тывания

bar-code scanner / bar-code reader — устройство считы­вания штрих-кода

regardless of — несмотря на; независимо от

to match characteristics — сопостав­лять параметры

similarly— подобным образом; также; анало­гично

to fall between — падать; попадать в интервал между

card reader — устройство считывания платы (карты)

line printer — построчный принтер; принтер печатания строки

page printer — принтер с постраничной печатью

character printer — принтер с посимвольной печатью

optical character reader — оптическое считывающее уст­ройство текста

оptical mark reader — оптическое считывающее устрой­ство знаков

digitizer — аналого-цифровой преобразова­тель; сканер

keyboard input device — клавишное устройство ввода

voice recognition and response unit — устройство распоз­навания голоса и реагирования

2. Прочтите текст и скажите, какие устройства относятся к сфере ввода-вывода информации:

Text 11. INPUT-OUTPUT ENVIRONMENT

Data and instructions must enter the data processing system, and information must leave it. These operations are performed by input and output (I/O) units that link the computer to its external environment.

The I/O environment may be human-related or human-in­dependent. A remote banking terminal is an example of a hu­man-related input environment, and a printer is an example of a device that produces output in a human-readable format. An example of a human-independent input environment is a de­vice that measures traffic flow. A reel of magnetic tape upon which the collected data are stored in binary format is an ex­ample of a human-independent output.

Input-Output Interfaces, Data enter input units in forms that depend upon the particular device used. For example, data are entered from a keyboard in a manner similar to typing, and this differs from the way that data are entered by a bar-code scan­ner. However, regardless of the forms in which they receive their inputs, all input devices must provide a computer with data that are transformed into the binary codes that the primary memo­ry of the computer is designed to accept. This transformation is accomplished by units called I/O interfaces. Input interfaces are designed to match the unique physical or electrical character­istics of input devices to the requirements of the computer sys­tem. Similarly, when output is available, output interfaces must be designed to reverse the process and to adapt the output to the external environment. These I/O interfaces are also called channels or input-output processors*(IOP).

The major differences between devices are the media that they use and the speed with which they are able to transfer data to or from primary storage.

Input-Output Device Speed. Input-output devices can be clas­sified as high-speed, medium-speed, and low-speed. The devic­es are grouped according to their speed. It should be noted that the high-speed devices are entirely electronic in their operation or magnetic media that can be moved at high speed. Those high ­speed devices are both input and output devices and are used as secondary storage. The low-speed devices are those with com­plex mechanical motion or operate at the speed of a human operator. The medium-speed devices are those that fall be­tween — they tend to have mechanical moving parts which are more complex than the high-speed devices but not as complex as the low-speed.

High-speed devices: magnetic disk; magnetic tape.

Medium-speed devices: card readers; line printers; page print­ers; computer output microfilms; magnetic diskette; optical character readers; optical mark readers; visual displays. Low-speed devices: bar-code readers; character printers; dig­itizers; keyboard input devices; plotters; voice recognition and response units.

3. Дайте ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. What is the purpose of input and output devices?

2. What types of input-output devices do you know?

3. Why are data transformed into a binary code while entering the input device?

4. Give an example of a human independent output.

5. What is an I/O interface?

6. What are the major differences between the various I/O devices?

7. What types of I/O devices tend to be high-speed devices?

8. What types of devices tend to be low-speed devices?

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Среда устройств ввода-вывода; система обработки ин­формации; внешняя среда; связан с человеком; независим от человека; удаленный банковский терминал; измерять поток данных; бобина с магнитной лентой; хранить со­бранную информацию; двоичный формат; интерфейс вво­да-вывода; вводить с клавиатуры; устройство считывания штрих-кода; не смотря на; преобразовать в двоичный код; сопоставлять параметры; подобным образом; интерфейс вывода; изменить процесс в обратном направлении; на­строить устройство ввода-вывода к внешней среде; глав­ное отличие; основная память; вторичная память; низко­скоростные устройства; в соответствии.

5. Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь переве­сти словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами:

Environment: application environment; communication en­vironment; execution environment; external environment; hard­ware environment; interface invironment; management envi­ronment; multimedia environment; network environment; processing environment; security environment; software envi­ronment; user environment.

Interface: channel interface; common interface; data inter­face; database interface; display interface; external interface; flexible interface; floppy-disk interface; general-purpose inter­face; hardware interface; low-level interface. Scanner: bar code scanner; black-and-white scanner; color scanner; desktop scanner; hand scanner; laser scanner; manual scanner; optical scanner; visual scanner.

Terminal: batch terminal; desktop terminal; display terminal; printer terminal; remote terminal; security terminal; logical terminal; text terminal.

6. Вспомните формы инфинитива, проанализируйте и пе­реведите следующие предложения:

Infinitive Active _____ Passive___

Indefinite to ask ____ to be asked__

Perfect to have asked to have been asked

Perfect Continuous to have been asking

1. A printer is an example of a device to produce output in a human-readable format. 2. The high-speed devices to be used as secondary storage are both input and output devices. 3. The progress of electronics to have resulted in the invention of elec­tronic computers was a breakthrough (прорыв) of the second part of the 20 lh century. 4. Mendeleyev’s periodic law to have been accepted as a universal law of nature is of great importance nowadays. 5. When output is available, output interfaces must be designed to reverse the process and to adopt the output to the external environment. 6. The memory stores the instructions and the data to be quickly retrieved on demand by the CPU.

7. Computers to have been designed originally for arithmetic pur­poses are applicable for great variety of tasks at present. 8. The film to have been running for over a month this year attracts at­tention of many spectators. 9. The CPU of a computer to be arranged in a single or very small number of integrated circuits is called a microprocessor. 10. Russia was the first country to start the cosmic era.

Вариант 12

1. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 12:

key — клавиша; кнопка; переключатель; ключевой, основной; главный; переключать; набирать на кла­виатуре

manipulator — манипулятор; блок обра­ботки

touch panel — сенсорная панель

graphic plotting tables— графичес­кие планшеты

sound card— звуковая карта (плата)

enable — разрешать; позволять; допускать; де­лать возможным

operating mode — режим работы press a button — нажать на кнопку

keep buttons depressed — удерживать кнопки в нажатом состоянии

double-click — двойное нажатие

erase images — удалить, стереть изобра­жение (объект)

roller — ролик; валик

track — следить; прослеживать; проходить; след; траек­тория; путь; дорожка; соединение

by means of — посредством

permitting capacity — разрешающая способность

2. Прочтите текст 12 и назовите приборы, которые служат для введения информации в компьютер:

Text 12. INPUT DEVICES

There are several devices used for inputting information into the computer: a keyboard, some coordinate input devices, such as manipulators (a mouse, a track ball), touch panels and graph­ical plotting tables, scanners, digital cameras, TV tuners, sound cards etc.

When personal computers first became popular, the most common device used to transfer information from the user to the computer was the keyboard. It enables inputting numerical and text data. A standard keyboard has 104 keys and three more ones informing about the operating mode of light indicators in the upper right corner.

Later when the more advanced graphics became to develop, user found that a keyboard did not provide the design capabili­ties of graphics and text representation on the display. There appeared manipulators, a mouse and a track ball, that are usu­ally used while operating with graphical interface. Each software program uses these buttons differently.

The mouse is an optic-mechanical input device. The mouse has three or two buttons which control the cursor movement across the screen. The mouse provides the cursor control thus simplifying user’s orientation on the display. The mouse’s pri­mary functions are to help the user draw, point and select im­ages on his computer display by moving the mouse across the screen.

In general software programs require to press one or more buttons, sometimes keeping them depressed or double-click them to issue changes in commands and to draw or to erase emages. When you move the mouse across a flat surface, the ball located on the bottom side of the mouse turns two rollers. One is tracking the mouse’s vertical movements, the other is track­ing horizontal movements. The rotating ball glides easily, giv­ing the user good control over the textual and graphical images.

In portable computers touch panels or touch pads are used instead of manipulators. Moving a finger along the surface of the touch pad is transformed into the cursor movement across the screen.

Graphical plotting tables (plotters) find application in draw­ing and inputtig manuscript texts. You can draw, add notes and signs to electronic documents by means of a special pen. The quality of graphical plotting tables is characterized by permit­ting capacity, that is the number of lines per inch, and their ca­pability to respond to the force of pen pressing. Scanner is used for optical inputting of images (photogra­phies, pictures, slides) and texts and converting them into the computer form.

Digital videocameras have been spread recently. They enable getting videoimages and photographs directly in digital comput­er format. Digital cameras give possibility to get high quality photos.

Sound cards produce sound conversion from analog to digi­tal form. They are able to synthesize sounds. Special game-ports and joysticks are widely used in computer games.

3. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста:

1. What devices are used for inputting information into the computer?

2. What was the most common device in early per­sonal computers?

3. What is the function of a keyboard?

4. Why do many users prefer manipulators to keyboard?

5. How does the mouse operate?

6. What is its function?

7. What role does the ball on the bottom of the mouse play?

8. What is used in portable computers instead of manipulators?

9. What is the touch pad’s principle of operation?

10. Where do graphical plot­ting tables find application?

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Введение информации; координатные устройства вво­да; манипуляторы; мышь; трекбол; сенсорная панель; гра­фические планшеты; цифровые камеры; сканеры; ТВ тю­неры; стандартная клавиатура; числовая и текстовая информация; световые индикаторы; клавиши; режим ра­боты; презентация текста на мониторе; графический ин­терфейс; программные средства; оптико-механическое «устройство ввода; управлять движением курсора; упрощать ориентацию пользователя на экране; указывать и выбирать изображения; удерживать кнопки в нажатом состоянии; двойное нажатие; стирать объекты; ровная поверхность; вращать ролики; следить за вертикальным движением; легко скользить; портативный компьютер; рукописный текст; посредством; разрешающая способность

5. Вспомните значение новых глаголов и переведите сло­ва, производные от них.

То accomplish: accomplished; unaccomplished; accomplish­ment.

To adapt, adaptable; unadaptable; adaptability; unadaptabil-ity; adaptation; adapter.

To digitize: digit; digital; digitization; digitizer.

To erase: erasable; erasability; eraser; erasing; erasure.

To match: matcher; matching.

To permit: permitted; permissible; permissibility; permission.

To print: printable; printed; printer; printing;

To scan: scanning; scanner.

To recognize: recognition; recognizer; recognizable; unrec­ognizable.

To respond: response; responsible; irresponsible; responsibil­ity; irresponsibility.

To reverse: reversed; reversible; irreversible; reversion; revers­ibility.

To transform: transformer; transformation; transformation­al; transformative

6. Проанализируйте предложения, содержащие конструк­ции «for + Infinitive» и «Objective with the Infinitive».Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. It was not difficult for the pupils to understand the func­tion of the mouse in computer operation. 2. There is no reason for computer experts to use computers of the first generation now­adays. 3. The mechanism is provided with special devices/or the whole system to function automatically. 4. The text was very in­teresting but rather difficult for the students to translate it with­out a dictionary. 5. It is not easy for me to learn to speak En­glish fluently. 6. We know the machine to react to a series of electrical impulses that can be represented in binary numbers. 7. Scientists considered silicon to be one of the best materials for the creation of an 1С. 8. Wfe know all data to be translated into binary code before being stored in main storage. 9. Engi­neers expect these new devices to be tested very soon. 10. They want their son to become a computer operator and to design new computer models.

Вариант 13

1. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 13:

human-readable form — удобная для чтения форма

performance — (рабочая) характеристика; производительность; быстродействие; скорость ра­боты; пропускная способность

character printer — принтер с посимвольной печатью; символьный принтер

line printer — принтер с построчной печатью

page printer — принтер с постраничной печатью

(поп) impact printer — (бес)контактный принтер

letter-quality printer — принтер с типографским каче­ством печати

dot-matrix printer — точечно-матричный принтер

ink-jet printer — струйный принтер

laser-beam printer — лазерный принтер

to identify — идентифицировать; распознать; обозначить

approach — подход; метод; принцип; прибли­жение

at a time — за один раз; одновременно

to cause — вызывать; приводить к (ч.-л.); застав­лять; вынуждать

to strike against a ribbon — ударять по ленте

typewriter — печатное устройство

to spray drops of ink — распылять капли чернил

to affect — влиять; воздействовать; сказываться на (ч.-л.)

technique — метод; способ; техника; методика; технология

printer output — вывод на печать; распечатываемые дан­ные

2. Прочтите текст и назовите типы принтеров и их назна­чение:

Text 13. OUTPUT DEVICES. PRINTERS

Printers provide information in a permanent, human-read­able form. They are the most commonly used output devices and are components of almost all computer systems. Printers vary greatly in performance and design. Wewill classify printers as character printers, line printers and page printers in order to identify three different approaches to printing, each with a dif­ferent speed range. In addition, printers can be described as ei­ther impact or nonimpact. Printers that use electromechanical mechanisms that cause hammers to strike against a ribbon and the paper are called impact printers. Nonimpact printers do not hit or impact a ribbon to print.

Character printers print only one character at a time. A type­writer is an example of a character printer. Character printers are the type used with literally all microcomputers as well as on computers of all sizes whenever the printing requirements are not large. Character printers may be of several types. A letter-quality printer is a character printer which produces output of typewriter quality. Letter-quality printers typically have speeds ranging from 10 to 50 characters per second. Dot-matrix print­ers form each character as a pattern of dots. These printers have a lower quality of type but are generally faster printers than the letter-quality printers — in the range of 50 to 200 characters per second. One of the newest types of character printer is the ink-jet printer. It sprays small drops of ink onto paper to form print­ed characters. The ink has a high iron content, which is affect­ed by magnetic fields of the printer. These magnetic fields cause the ink to take the shape of a character as the ink approaches the paper.

Line printers are electromechanical machines used for high-volume paper output on most computer systems. Their print­ing speeds are such that to an observer they appear to be print­ing a line at a time. They are impact printers. Trie speeds of line printers vary from 100 to 2500 lines per minute. Line printers have been designed to use many different types of printing mechanisms. Two of the most common print mechanisms are the drum and the chain. Drumprinters use a solid, cylindrical drum, rotating at a rapid speed. Speeds of dram printers vary from 200 to over 2000 lines per minute. Chain printers have their character set on a rapidly rotating chain called a print chain. Speeds of chain printers range from 400 to 2400 lines per minute.

Page printers are high-speed nonimpact printers. Their print­ing rates are so high that output appears to emerge from the printer a page at a time. A variety of techniques are used in the design of page printers. These techniques, called electrophoto­graphic techniques, have developed from the paper copier tech­nology. Laser-beam printers use a combination of laser beam and electrophotographic techniques to create printer output at a rate equal to 18000 lines per minute.

3. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста:

1. What are the three types of printers?

2. What is a letter-quality printer?

3. What is a dot-matrix printer?

4. What type of printer is the most common with microcomputer systems?

5. What is the most common printer type used on large com­puter systems?

6. What is an impact printer? Give an example.

7. What is a nonimpact printer? Give examples.

8. What are the most widely used printers?

9. How do you distinguish between a letter-quality printer and a dot-matrix printer?

10. Which of these printers is slower?

11. What types of character printers do you know?

12. How are printed characters formed by means of an ink-jet printer?

13. What are the main types of a line print­er? Which of them is faster?

14. What techniques are used in the operation of page printers?

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Удобная для восприятия человека форма; наиболее ча­сто употребляемые устройства вывода информации; раз­личаться по рабочим характеристикам и внешнему виду; принтеры с посимвольной печатью; принтеры с построч­ной печатью; принтеры с постраничной печатью; различ­ные методы печати; диапазон скорости; принтеры контак­тные и бесконтактные; ударять по ленте; печатать по одному символу; буквально все компьютеры; а также; тре­бования печати; принтер с типографским качеством печати; точечно-матричные принтеры; струйные принтеры; разбрызгивать капли чернил; высокое содержание железа; магнитные поля; принимать форму символа; кажется, что печатают по строчке; барабанный принтер; цепочечные принтеры; лазерный принтер.

5. Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь пере­ вести словосочетания с этими словами:

Approach: comprehensive approach; database approach; ed­ucational (training) approach; general approach; graphic ap­proach; self-study approach; step-by-step approach; trial-and-error approach.

Performance: application performance; computer perfor­mance; device performance; disk performance; display perfor­mance; error performance; execution performance; memory performance; network performance; processor performance.

Printer: black-and-white printer; color printer; character (at-a-time) printer; dot-matrix printer; graphical (image) printer; impact printer; ink:jet printer; laser printer; letter-quality print­er; matrix printer; network printer; page (at-a-time) printer.

Technique: advanced technique; analog technique; comput­ing technique; display (video) technique; formatting technique; hardware technique; measuring technique; modeling (simula­tion) technique; multimedia technique; numerical technique; programming technique; scanning technique; software tech­nique; testing technique.

6. Переведите предложения, содержащие инфинитивный оборот Nominative with the Infinitive (сложное подлежа­щее):

1. Printers are known to vary greatly in performance and design. 2. They are expected to be the most commonly used devices. 3. Magnetic fields are supposed to effect a high iron con­tent of the ink. 4. The ink-jet printer is stated to be one of the newest types of character printers. 5. Electrophotographic tech­niques proved to have developed from the paper copier technol­ogy. 6. An impact printer is considered to produce a printed char­acter by impacting a character font against the paper. 7. Dot-matrix printers seem to have a lower quality of type. 8. The most com­mon printer type used on larger systems is sure to be the line printer.

Вариант 14

1. Ознакомьтесь с новыми словами и терминами текста 14:

personal computers — персональные компьютеры

competitive operating systems — конкурирующая опера­ционная система

IBM (International Business Machine) — фирма по про­изводству компьютеров

to enter the fray — ввязаться в драку

computer of choice — лучший компьютер

to fall by the wayside — остаться в стороне; уступить до­рогу

to survive onslaught — выдержать конку­ренцию

word size — размер слова; разрядность двоичного слова

soft-copy output — вывод электронной, программно-управляемой копии

hard-copy output — вывод «твердой» печатной копии

online storage — неавтономное хранение данных в ЗУ

offline storage — автономное хранение данных отдельно от компьютера

input media — носитель для входных данных

output media — носитель для выходных данных

to plug in— подключать; подсоединять

leisure activities — досуговая деятельность

2. Прочтите текст и скажите, существуют ли отличия пер­сональных компьютеров от больших компьютеров и в чем они заключаются:

Text 14. PERSONAL COMPUTERS

What is a personal computer? How can this device be char­acterized?

— First, a personal computer being microprocessor-based, its central processing unit, called a microprocessor unit, or MPU, is concentrated on a single silicon chip.

— Second, a PC has a memory and word size that are small­er than those of minicomputers and large computers. Typical word sizes are 8 or 16 bits, and main memories range in size from 16 К to 512 K.

— Third, a personal computer uses smaller, less expensive, and less powerful input, output and storage components than do large computer systems. Most often, input is by means of a keyboard, soft-copy output being displayed on a cathode-ray tube screen. Hard-copy output is produced on a low-speed character printer.

— A PC employs floppy disks as the principal online and offline storage devices and also as input and output me­dia.

— Finally, a PC is a general-purpose, stand-alone system that can begin to work when plugged in and be moved from place to place.

Probably the most distinguishing feature of a personal com­puter is that it is used by an individual, usually in an interactive mode. Regardless of the purpose for which it is used, either for leisure activities in the home or for business applications in the office, we can consider it to be a personal computer.

3. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста:

1. When did the first personal computer appear?

2. What was one of the first PC model?

3. What is a personal computer?

4. What are the four main characteristics of a PC?

5. What does the term “microprocessor-based» mean?

6. What are the typi­cal word sizes of a PC?

7. How is input carried out in personal computers?

8. What principle storage devices do PC use?

9. What kind of a system is a PC?

10. What differs personal com­puters from large computer systems?

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Конкурирующая операционная система; появляться ежедневно; ввязаться в драку; лучший компьютер; остаться в стороне; выдержать конкуренцию; главный поставщик на компьютерном рынке; игрушка для любителя; микро­процессорный; цельный кристалл (микросхема) из крем­ния; размер слова; компоненты меньшей мощности; по­средством; вывести на экран; низкоскоростной принтер с посимвольной печатью; использовать гибкие диски; при­боры (не) автономного хранения данных; универсальный; автономная система; отличительная черта; интерактивный режим; независимо от цели; досуговая деятельность.

5. Проведите грамматический анализ текста 1, найдите в нем инфинитивные и причастные конструкции. Переве­дите предложения.

6. Переведите сложные предложения:

A) 1. The computer you told me about was constructed at a Russian plant. 2 We hope we’ll buy the computer your friend spoke so much about 3. This is the principle the electronic computer is based upon. 4. The teacher says we may ask any questions we like. 5. Elements integrated circuits are made of are electrically interconnected components. 6. The main tendencies of 1С development scientists are working at are to increase the scale of integration and to improve reliability. 7. — Where are the computer games I gave you yesterday? — The computer games you are asking about are on the top shelf. 8. He was one of the greatest scientists the world had ever known.

B) 1. These devices can perform both the input and output functions. 2. Data are recorded on magnetic discs and tapes either by outputting the data from primary storage or by using a data recorder. 3. Neither-the programmer nor tha analyst could explain the cause of the computer errors. 4. Data as well as instructions must flow into and out of primary storage. 5. This grammar exercise is not only too long but also very difficult. 6. Printers may be either impact ornonimpact. 7. Character printers are used with all microcomputers as well as on computers of all sizes. 8. Both primary and secondary storage contain data and the instructions for processing the data. 9. The CPU functional units can be in one of two states: either «on» or»ofF\ 10. High-speed devices are both input and output devices that are used as secondary storage.

Вариант 15

1. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 15:

word processing — обработка текста

telephone dialing — набор номера те­лефона

security — безопасность; охрана

appliance — устройство; прибор

maintenance — поддержание; сохранение; эксплуатация

application software — прикладные программы

to delete — удалять; стирать; очищать память

to move paragraphs around — менять местами абзацы

accounting — бухгалтерский учет

income tax — подоходный налог

stock market forecasting — биржевые прогнозы

worksheet — электронная таблица

scheduling — составление расписания, графика

computer-assisted instructions — компьютерные команды

to meet the demands — удовлетворять потребности

record keeping — регистрация; ведение записей

grading — оценивание; классификация

2. Прочтите текст и укажите сферы деятельности, где ис­пользуются персональные компьютеры:

Text 15. APPLICATION OF PERSONAL COMPUTERS

Personal computers have a lot of applications, however, there are some major categories of applications: home and hobby, word processing, professional, educational, small business and engineering and scientific.

Home and hobby. Personal computers enjoy great popularity among experimenters and hobbyists. They are an exciting hob­by. All hobbyists need not be engineers or programmers. There are many games that use the full capabilities of a computer to provide many hours of exciting leisure-time adventure.

The list of other home and hobby applications of PCs is al­most endless, including: checking account management, bud­geting, personal finance, planning, investment analyses, tele­phone answering and dialing, home security, home environment and climate control, appliance control, calendar management, maintenance of address and mailing lists and what not.

Word processing. At home or at work, applications software, called a word processing program, enables you to correct or modify any document in any manner you wish before printing it. Using the CRT monitor as a display screen, you are able to view what you have typed to correct mistakes in spelling or grammar, add or delete sentences, move paragraphs around, and replace words. The letter or document can be stored on a dis­kette for future use.

Professional. The category of professional includes persons making extensive use of word processing, whose occupations are particularly suited to the desk-top use of PCs. Examples of other occupations are accountants, financial advisors, stock brokers, tax consultants, lawyers, architects, engineers, educators and all levels of managers. Applications programs that are popular with persons in these occupations include accounting, income tax preparation, statistical analysis, graphics, stock market forecast­ing and computer modeling. The electronic worksheet is, by far, the computer modeling program most widely used by profes­sionals. It can be used for scheduling, planning, and the exam­ination of «what if situations.

Educational. Personal computers are having and will contin­ue to have a profound influence upon the classroom, affecting both the learner and the teacher. Microcomputers are making their way into classrooms to an ever-increasing extent, giving impetus to the design of programmed learning materials that can meet the demands of student and teacher.

Two important types of uses for personal computers in edu­cation are computer-managed instruction (CMI), and comput­er-assisted instruction (CAI). CMI software is used to assist the instructor in the management of all classroom-related activities, such as record keeping, work assignments, testing, and grading. Applications of CAI include mathematics, reading, typing, com­puter literacy, programming languages, and simulations of real-world situations.

3. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста:

1. What are the main spheres of PC application?

2. Do you enjoy computer games?

3. Is it necessary for a person to be an analyst or a programmer to play computer games?

4. What other home and hobby applications, except computer games, can you name?

5. What is «a word processing program»?

6. What pos­sibilities can it give you?

7. Can you correct mistakes while typ­ing any material and how?

8. What other changes in the typed text can you make using a display?

9. Which professions are in great need of computers?

10. How can computers be used in education?

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Много областей применения; тем не менее; обработка текстов; пользоваться популярностью; любители; способно­сти компьютера; бесконечный перечень; анализ инвести­ций; набор номера телефона; автоответчик; ведение календаря; хранение адресов и почты; и так далее; прикладные программы; исправлять ошибки в написании; стирать предложения; переставлять абзацы; бухгалтер; биржевые брокеры; консультант по налогам; юристы; работники об­разования; управленцы; бухгалтерский учет; подоходный налог; компьютерное моделирование; электронные табли­цы; составление расписания; оказывать огромное влияние; прокладывать путь; дать толчок; удовлетворять потребно­сти; учебная деятельность; компьютерная грамотность; моделирование реально-жизненных ситуаций.

5. Найдите в тексте слова:

a) близкие по значению следующим словам:

Verbs: to print; to produce; to convert; to keep; to found; to erase; to name; to change; to use; to start; to switch on; to sup­ply; to give possibility; to involve.

Nouns: rate; analyst; possibilities; use; plays; control; post; mode; profession; consultant; teacher; director; book-keeper; fight; producer; attack; amateur; device; crystal; error; storage; primary (memory); monitor; characteristic; aim.

Adjectives: flexible; thrilling; main; little; general;

b) противоположные по значению следующим словам:Verbs:to finish; to switch on; to take; to delete.Nouns; online; input; work.

Adjectives: cheep; weak; common; general; large; soft; high; easy.

6. Расшифруйте следующие аббревиатуры и переведите их:

PC; PU; CU; ALU; CPU; MPU; IBM; DOS; CRT; ROM; RAM; 1С; SSI; MSI; LSI; VLSI; MP; CD; I/O; IOP; CMI; CAI.

СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

1. Агабекян И.П. «Английский язык для ССУЗОВ». Учебное пособие. – М.:Проспект, 2009.- 280 с.;