What are the main features of english consonants ответ на английском

Classification of English consonants.

II. According to the position of the active organ of speech against the point of articulation (the
place of obstruction) consonants are classified into: 1) labial, 2) lingual, 3) glottal. This principle provides the basis for the following distinctive oppositions: labial vs. lingual (what-hot), lingual vs. glottal (that-hat), labial vs. glottal (foam-home).Labialconsonants are subdivided into: a) bilabial and b) labio-dental.Bilabial consonants are produced with both lips. They are the /p, b, m, w/. Labio-dental consonants are articulated with the lower lip against the edge of the upper teeth. They are /f, v/. Labial consonants enter into bilabial vs. labiodental oppositionwhich can be represented by the following minimal pairs: Wear-fair, mice-vice, etc.

Lingualconsonants are subdivided into: a) forelingual, b) mediolingual and c) backlingual.

Within the group of forelingual apical can be opposed to cacuminal:dim-rim;oppositions can be found among interdental, alveolar, post-alveolar and palato-alveolar:same-shame (alveolar vs. palato-alveolar), those-rose (interdental vs. post-alveolar), etc.

III. The classification of consonants according to the manner of noise production from the
viewpoint of the closure, which is formed in their articulation may be:

English consonants

Learn about consonants in English. Their classification and formation.

English consonants are categorized as to:

Labial Consonants

Depending on what mobile and fixed speech organs articulate a speech sound, consonants may be labial, lingual and glottal.

bilabial articulated with both lips – [w], [m], [p], [b]

labiodental articulated with the lower lip and upper teeth – [f], [v].

Lingual Consonants

Forelingual consonants:

interdental (predorsal dental) – [θ], [ð]
(the tongue’s front surface forms a partial occlusion with the upper teeth);

apical alveolar – [t], [d], [n], [l], [s], [z], [∫], [ʒ], [t∫], [dʒ]
(the front edge rises to the alveolar ridge);

cacuminal post-alveolar – [r]
(the front edge is raised and a little bent to the alveolar back slope).

In mediolingual consonants an occlusion is formed by raising the middle part to the hard palate. Such is articulating the only English dorsal palatal [j] sound.

Backlingual consonants are articulated by raising the back part to the soft palate – [k], [g], [ŋ]. These are dorsal velar sounds.

Glottal Consonant

The only English glottal [h] sound forms in the glottis. Exhaled air goes via the narrowed glottis with a slight friction noise, the vocal cords don’t vibrate, speech organs in super-glottal cavities shape to pronounce a vowel after the glottal consonant.

Occlusive/Constrictive Consonants

By noise-forming occlusion type, consonants may be occlusive articulated with a full occlusion in the mouth cavity and constrictive articulated with a partial occlusion in the mouth cavity.

Occlusive consonants – [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], [m], [n], [ŋ], [t∫], [dʒ].

Constrictive consonants – [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [∫], [ʒ], [h], [w], [l], [r], [j].

Non-Sonorous Consonants

Both occlusive and constrictive consonants may be non-sonorous and sonants.

Occlusive non-sonorous consonants divide into plosives and affricates. In pronouncing plosive consonants the full occlusion opens, air leaves the mouth cavity producing plosive noise – [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g]. Affricates are sounds with an occlusive start closely blending with a fricative indent. Speech organ opening to form a full occlusion happens smoothly with sounds articulated by 1 effort – [t∫], [dʒ].

Fricative Consonants

In articulating constrictive non-sonorous (fricative) consonants, air blows from the narrow glottis creating friction noise. The glottis can shape flat as in [f], [v] or rounded as in [s], [z]. Fricative consonants – [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [∫], [ʒ], [h].

Nasal Consonants

Occlusive sonants are nasal. In the mouth cavity a full occlusion forms, the soft palate lowers and air leaves the nasal cavity. Nasal sonants – [m], [n], [ŋ].

Oral Sonants

Constrictive sonants are oral. They may be medial (the tongue’s sides rise and touch side teeth, air blows along its central part) – [w], [r], [j] and lateral (the front edge rises to the alveoli and touches them, the sides lower, air leaves via side passages – [l].

Unicentral/Bicentral Consonants

Most English consonants are unicentral as having 1 formation place, i.e. a noise-forming focus. However in some cases the main noise-forming occlusion is added with another occlusion giving the sound an extra shade. Such consonants are bicentral. A secondary/extra occlusion can form by raising the tongue’s middle part to the hard palate. Here the sound takes on a soft shade. It’s a second middle focus as in [∫], [ʒ], [t∫], [dʒ] and the so called «light» [l] sound version. If the secondary occlusion forms by raising the back part to the soft palate, it creates an acoustic effect of velarization with the sound acquiring a hard shade. It’s a second back focus as in [w], [r] and the so called «dark» [ł] sound version.

Voiced/Voiceless Consonants

By presence/absence of vocal cords vibration, consonants may be voiced accompanied with vocal cords vibrations and voiceless pronounced with passive non-vibrating vocal cords. The first are voiced non-sonorous and sonants, the second voiceless non-sonorous consonants.

Fortis/Lenis Consonants

English voiceless consonants are pronounced energetically and named fortis. Voiced consonants are accompanied with weak muscular tension and named lenis.

Principles of classification of English consonants.

Consonants are made with air stream that meets an obstruc­tion in the mouth or nasal cavities. That is why in the produc­tion of consonant sounds there is a certain degree of noise.

Consonants are the bones of a word and give it its basic shape. English accents differ mainly in vowels, the consonants are more or less the same wherever English is spoken. So if your vowels are not perfect you may still be understood by the listen­er, but if the consonants are imperfect there may be some misun­derstanding.

On the articulatory level the consonants change:

1. In the degree of noise.

2. In the manner of articulation.

3. In the place of articulation.

Classification of English consonants according to the manner of articulation. Mistakes typical of Russian learners of English and way of correcting them.

According to the manner of articulation consonants may be of four groups:

3. Occlusive-constrictive (affricates).

1.Occlusive consonants are sounds in the production which the air stream meets a complete obstruction in mouth.

Occlusive voiced consonants are: the English [b, d, g].

Occlusive voiceless consonants are: the English [p, t, k|.

2.Constrictiveconsonants are those in the production of which the air stream meets an incomplete obstruction in the resonator, so the air passage is constricted. Both noise consonants and sonorants may be constrictive.

Constrictive noise consonants are called fricatives.

The English fricatives: [f, v, s, z, h].

The English voiced fricatives: [v, d, z, 3].

The English voiceless fricatives: [f, s, h].

4.Rolledconsonants are sounds pronounced with periodical momentary obstructions when the tip of the tongue taps quickly several times against the teeth ridge and vibrates in the air stream. (They are the Russian [p, p’]).

Classification of English consonants according to the place of articulation. Mistakes typical of Russian learners of English and way of correcting them.

The place of articulation is determined by the active organ of speech against the point of articulation. There may be one place of articulation or focus, or two places of articulation or foci when active organs of speech contact with two points of articulation. In the first case consonants are called unicentral, in the second they are bicentral.

According to the position of the active organ of speech against the point of articulation consonants may be:

Labial consonants are made by the lips. They may be bilabial and labio-dental. Bilabial consonants are produced when both lips are active: [p, b,m, w].

Labio-dental consonants are articulated with the lower lip against the edge of the upper teeth: [f, v].

Lingual consonants are classified into forelingual, mediolingual and backlingual.

Forelingual consonants are articulated with the tip or the blade of the tongue. According to its work they may be:

apical, if the tip of the tongue is active [t, d, s, z, tf, n, l].

cacuminal, if the tip of the tongue is at the back part of the teeth ridge, but a depression is formed in the blade of the tongue as [r].According to the place of obstruction forelingual consonants may be: interdental, dental., alveolar, post-alveolar., palato-alveolar.

Interdental consonants are made with the tip of the tongue projected between the teeth: the English [ð, Ө].

Dental consonants are produced with the blade of the tongue against the upper teeth.

Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tip against the upper teeth ridge: the English [t, d, s, z, n, 1].

Post-alveolar consonants are made when the tip or the blade of the tongue is against the back part of the teeth ridge or just behind it: the English [r].

Palato-alveolar consonants are made with the tip or the blade of the tongue against the teeth ridge and the front part of the tongue raised towards the hard palate, thus having two places of articulation.

Modification of English consonants in connected speech. Assimilation. Types of assimilation. Assimilative changes of the place of obstruction and the active organs of speech, changes in the work of the vocal cords (voicing/devoicing), the lip position, the position of the soft palate, and the manner of releasing plosives (incomplete, nasal, lateral plosives)

In connected speech the sounds are subjected, in general, to two main types of influence: the reciprocal influence of neighboring sounds and the influence on sounds by larger speech units and their elements, first of all — by the stress. The first group of processes is called the combinative changes, the second group — the positional changes.

Assimilation is a process of alteration of speech sounds as a result of which one of the sounds becomes fully or partially simi­lar to the adjoining sound.

Types of assimilation can be distinguished according to: direction, degree of completeness, degree of stability.

Modification of the place of obstruction and the active organs of speech: Assimilation may take place within a word and also at word boundaries. The following three important cases should be noticed:

(a) The alveolar allophones of [t, d, n, 1, s, z] are replaced by the dental variants when immediately followed by the interden­tal [ð] or [Ө], eg

within a word: eighth, breadth, tenth; at word boundaries: Put that down! Read this!, on the desk

(b)The post-alveolar [t] and [d] are heard before the post-alveolar sonorant [r], eg

within a word: trip, true, trunk, dream, drink; at word boundaries: at rest, would read.

(c)The bilabial nasal [m] or the alveolar nasal [n] become labio-dental under the influence of immediately following labio-­dental fricatives [f, v], eg

within a word: triumph, comfort, infant; at word boundaries: come for me, ten forks.

Changes in the work of the vocal cords (voicing/devoicing):

(a) The sonorants [m, n, 1, w, r] are partially devoiced when preceded by voiceless consonants [s, p, t, k, f,].

At word boundaries the sonorants [1, r, w] are slightly voiced if with the adjacent words they form a phrasal word or a rhyth­mic group, eg at last, at rest.

(b)Contracted forms of the verbs «is» and «has» may retain voice or be devoiced depending on the preceding consonants.

Changes in the Lip Position.Consonants followed by the sonorant [w] change their lip-position. They become lip-rounded in anticipation of [w], eg twinkle, quite, swan, language.

Changes in the Manner of the Release of Plosive Conso­nants.English plosives do not always have the third stage con­sisting of a sudden oral release of air. The main variants are:

(a) Incomplete plosion.

In the clusters of two plosives [pp, pb, bb, bp, tt, td, dd, dt,, kk, kg, gg, gk] where the position of the organs of speech is the same for both consonants, there is no separation of the organs of speech between the two plosives.

(b)Nasal plosion.

When a plosive is followed by the syllabic [n] or [m] it has no release of its own, the so-called ‘nasal’ plosion is produced.

(c)Lateral plosion.

In the sequences of a plosive immediately followed by [1] the closure produced for the plosive is not released till after [1]. Be­fore [1] the release is made by a sudden lowering of the sides of the tongue, and the air escapes along the sides of the tongue with lateral plosion, eg please, cattle, black, candle.

The classification of English consonants

Principles of classification of speech sounds

Consonants are the bones of a word and give it its basic shape. So if your vowels are not perfect, you be still understood by the listeners. But if your consonants are imperfect, there may be some misunderstanding.

There are 3 types of consonants classification on the articulatory level:

1. According to the degree of noise

2. According to the manner of articulation

3. According to the place of articulation

Vowels are made with the air stream that meets to closure or narrowing in the mouth, pharyngeal and nasal cavities. That is why there is no noise component characteristic of consonantal sounds. There 4 types of vowels classification on the articulatory level:

1. According to the stability of articulation

2. According to the tongue position

3. According to the lip position

4. According to the character of the vowel end

In the English consonant system there are 24 consonants.

The manner of articulation of consonants is determined by the type of obstruction. The obstructions may be complete, incomplete and momentary.

When the obstruction is completethe organs of speech are in contact and the air stream meets a closure in the mouth or nasal cavities as in the production of the English [p, b, t, d, k, g, ʧ, ʤ, m, n, ŋ].

In case of incomplete obstruction the active organ of speech moves towards the point of articulation and the air stream goes through the narrowing between them as in the production of the English [f, v, s, z, θ, ð, ʃ, Ʒ, h, w, l, r, j]

Momentary obstruction are formed in the production of the Russian sonorants [р, р’] when the tip of the tongue taps quickly several times against the teeth ridge.

According to the manner of articulation consonants may be:

The place of articulation is determined by the active organ of speech against the point of articulation. There may be one place of articulation or focus (unicentral consonants), or two places of articulation when active organs of speech contact with two points of articulation (bicentral consonants). For example, the English fricatives [ʃ, Ʒ], and affricates [ʧ, ʤ]

According to the place of articulation consonants may be:

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Distinctive and non-distinctive features of English consonants

Articulatory classification of speech sounds.

according to the horizontal movement : front, front-retracted, mixed, back-advanced, back

according to the vertical movement:close(high), mid and open(low)+ narrow, broad(soviet)

to the position of the lips(rounded, spread or neutral): rounded(4) and unrounded.

to the degree of the muscular tension of the articulatory organs: tense and lax. All the long vowels are believed to be tense, while short vowels are lax.

to the force of articulation at the end of a vowel: free(long monophtongs, diphthongs, unstressed short vowels) and checked (stressed short vowels).

to the stability of articulation(stability/instability of oral resonator) : monophtongs and diphthongs(all falling, nucl.+glide), diphthongoids (i:, u:).

to the length(historical, not positional)long and short.

The most important constituent of a consonant is noise. The source of noise is in barier. 3 types of bariers: 1)complete occlusive, 2) constriction, 3)occlusion-constriction.

According to the type of barier and the manner of the production of noise: occlusive (plosives(6) and nasal sonants(3)), constrictives (fricatives(unicentral(6), bicentral(2)) and oral sonants(medial(3), lateral(l))), occlusive-constrictive(affricates).

According to the presence or absence of voice: voiced ((8)b, d, g, v, z) and voiceless ((8)p, t, k, f, s, t).

According to the force of articulation: lenis(muscular tension is weak(voiced)) and fortis(strong(voiceless)).

According to the position of the soft palate: oral and nasal (m, n, ng).

3. The phoneme as a linguistic unit. Its definitions and functions.

Secondly, the phoneme is material, real and objective. That means it is realized in speech in the form of speech sounds, its allophones. The phonemes constitute the material form of morphemes, so this function may be called constitutive function.

Thirdly, the phoneme performs the recognitive function, because the use of the right allophones and other phonetic units facilitates normal recognition. We may add that the phoneme is a material and objective unit as well as an abstract and generalized one at the same time.

Distinctive and non-distinctive features of English vowels

Vowels have two main characteristics: length and quality. Vowel quality is distinctive, regardless of the position of the vowel. Vowel length is dependent on the phonetic context, in particular on the following consonant. It is the so-called “positional length”.

The components of vowel quality:

1) Stability of articulation monophthongs [ɪ]. [ʌ], [ɔ], [e], [æ], [u], [ə], [ɔː], [ɑː], [ɜː] diphthongs [eɪ], [aɪ], [ɔɪ], [ɪə], [ɛə], [uə], [ɔu], [au] diphthongoids [iː], [uː]

In the pronunciation of diphthongoids changes in the tongue position are weak.

The position of the tongue

2-1 Horisontal movements of the tongue: 1. front vowels [iː], [e], [æ] 2. central vowels [ʌ], [ɜː], [ə] 3. back vowels [ɔ], [ɔː], [uː], [ɑː] 4. front-retracted [ɪ] 5. back-advanced [u]

2-2 Vertical movements of the tongue: 1.1. close-narrow [iː], [uː] 1.2. close-broad [ɪ], [u] 2.1. mid-narrow [e], [ɜː] 2.2. mid-broad [ʌ], [ə] 3.1. open-narrow [ɔː] 3.2.open-broad [æ], [ɑː], [ɔ]

3 ) Lip rounding (rounded and unrounded). In English lip rounding is not relevant phonologically since no two words can be differentiated on its basis.

Checkness

5)Tenseness

Length

Types of transcription

A transcription, which is a visual system of notation of the sound structure of speech, is also a generalization of a great variety of sounds that are uttered by speakers of a given language.

If it is accuracy only in the representation of the phonemes of the language that is required, the transcription should provide each phoneme with a distinctive symbol to avoid ambiguity. Such a transcription is generally called phonemic, or broad, transcription. It contains as many symbols as there are phonemes in the language. The phonemic data is usually enclosed between virgules (also called diagonals)—: /t/.

If it is exactness in the differentiation of the allophones of each phoneme that is required, the transcription should provide either different symbols for each allophone, or introduce special marks to represent the different features of the allophones. The former would increase the number of symbols consi­derably, and that would cause great difficulties for those who use it. The latter is more economical, although it makes the notation rather complicated. Scholars usually make use of both ways: they provide some of the typical allophones with distinctive symbols and introduce special marks (called «diacritic marks») to denote the different features the allophones are charac­terized by- Such a transcription is called a phonetic, or narrow transcription. The phonetic data is customarily enclosed in square brackets: [t].

Distinctive and non-distinctive features of English consonants

Relevant features make up the basis of the phonological description, while irrelevant features are redundant from the phonological point of view but still very important for the articulation of the sounds.

Most phoneticians agree that relevant features of English consonants are: degree of noise;

1. place of articulation;

2. manner of articulation.

Manner of articulation (Васильев’s point of view):