What branch of the government has the responsibility to carry out the law

Укажите, какие предложения содержат информацию из текста

1. The Constitution and the Bill of Rights illustrated two different sides of American political life.

2. The Constitution was adopted by Congress in 1789.

3. In 1791 two amendments were made to the Constitution.

4. The USA is a presidential republic.

5. There are 100 Senators, two from each state in the Senate and 435 members in the House of Representatives.

6. The President of the United States is elected for a term of four years by electors of each state, must be a native born citizen, resident in the country for 14 years and at least 35 years old.

8. The two political parties in America act as coalitions and attempt to win elections.

9. Almost all elections in the United States follow the “winner-take-all” principle: the candidate who wins the largest number of votes in a Congressional district is the winner.

5. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.

1. What is the United States of America?

a) an absolute monarchy

b) a federation of states

c) a presidential republic

2. What does the Constitution of the USA consist of?

a) a Preamble, ten Articles, thirty Amendments

b) a Preamble, seven Articles, twenty seven Amendments

c) statutes, customs, constitutional conventions

3. How many branches is the Government in the United States divided into?

4. How is the legislative branch of the Government called?

c) the Supreme Court

5. What branch of the Government has the responsibility to carry out the law?

a) the executive branch

b) the legislative branch

c) the judicial branch

6. What branch of the Government is the most powerful?

7. What is the highest executive power in the United States?

a) the President

b) the House of Representatives

8. What does the judicial branch do?

a) makes and passes laws

b) interprets and applies US laws

c) executes, enforces and administers laws

9. What party system does the United States have?

a) a one-party system

b) a multi-party system

c) a two-party system

6. Прочитайте, на каких шести принципах была создана конституция США, и назовите их.

Since the people give government its power, government itself is restrained to the power given to it by them. In other words the US government doesn’t derive its power from itself. It must follow its own laws and it can only act using powers given to it by the people.

In order to protect citizens, the constitution sets up the system of government with balanced powers to make compromise and consensus necessary. This system limits the duties of each branch and separates powers for each branch. Basically, each branch of government has a certain number of checks it can use to ensure the other branches do not become too powerful.

The US Government is divided into three branches so that no one branch has all the power. Each branch has its own purpose: to make the laws, execute the laws and to interpret the laws.

This principle is one of the most complicated foundations of the US. This is the idea that the central government doesn’t control all the power in the nation. States also have powers reserved to them. Central government exercises exclusively such powers as defence and matters of state security, whereas the regions exercise power over such things as planning, regional development and taxation. This principle states that the source of governmental power lies with the people. The Government of the United States is truly national in character and should be for the benefit of its citizens. If the Government is not protecting the people, it should be dissolved.

This power allows the Supreme Court to decide whether acts and laws are unconstitutional. This was established with Marbury v. Madisonin 1803.

Укажите предложения, содержащие информацию текста 3. 1. The Constitution and the Bill of Rights illustrated two different sides of American political life

1. The Constitution and the Bill of Rights illustrated two different sides of American political life.

2. The Constitution was adopted by Congress in 1789.

3. In 1791 two amendments were made to the Constitution.

4. The USA is a presidential republic.

5. There are 100 Senators, two from each state in the Senate and 435 members in the House of Representatives.

6. The President of the United States is elected for a term of four years by electors of each state, must be a native born citizen, resident in the country for 14 years and at least 35 years old.

8. The two political parties in America act as coalitions and attempt to win elections.

9. Almost all elections in the United States follow the “winner-take-all” principle: the candidate who wins the largest number of votes in a Congressional district is the winner.

5. Работа в парах. Выберите правильный вариант ответа на вопросы в соответствии с содержанием текста 3. Обсудите ваш ответ с партнёром.

1. What is the United States of America?

a. an absolute monarchy

b. a federation of states

c. a presidential republic

2. What does the Constitution of the USA consist of?

a. a Preamble, ten Articles, thirty Amendments

b. a Preamble, seven Articles, thirty Amendments

c. statutes, customs, constitutional conventions

3. How many branches is the Government in the United States divided into?

4. How is the legislative branch of the Government called?

c. the Supreme Court

5. What branch of the Government has the responsibility to carry out the law?

a. the executive branch

b. the legislative branch

c. the judicial branch

6. What branch of the Government is the most powerful?

7. What is the highest executive power in the United States?

a. the President

b. the House of Representatives

8 What does the judicial branch do?

a. makes and passes laws

b. interprets and applies US laws

c. executes, enforces and administers laws

9. What party-system does the United States have?

Executive Order

Contents

An executive order is an official directive from the U.S. president to federal agencies that often have much the same power of a law. Throughout history, executive orders have been one way that the power of the president and the executive branch of government has expanded—to degrees that are sometimes controversial.

What is an Executive Order?

The U.S. Constitution does not directly define or give the president authority to issue presidential actions, which include executive orders, presidential memoranda and proclamations.

Instead, this implied and accepted power derives from Article II of the Constitution, which states that as head of the executive branch and commander in chief of the armed forces, the president “shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed.”

With an executive order, the president instructs the government how to work within the parameters already set by Congress and the Constitution. In effect, this allows the president to push through policy changes without going through Congress.

By issuing an executive order, the president does not create a new law or appropriate any funds from the U.S. Treasury; only Congress has the power to do both of these things.

How an Executive Order is Carried Out

Any executive order must identify whether the order is based on the powers given to the president by the U.S. Constitution or delegated to him by Congress.

Provided the order has a solid basis either in the Constitution, and the powers it vests in the president—as head of state, head of the executive branch and commander in chief of the nation’s armed forces—or in laws passed by Congress, an executive order has the force of law.

After the president issues an executive order, that order is recorded in the Federal Register and is considered binding, which means it can be enforced in the same way as if Congress had enacted it as law.

Checks and Balances on Executive Orders

Just like laws, executive orders are subject to legal review, and the Supreme Court or lower federal courts can nullify, or cancel, an executive order if they determine it is unconstitutional.

Similarly, Congress can revoke an executive order by passing new legislation. These are examples of the checks and balances built into the system of U.S. government to ensure that no one branch—executive, legislative or judicial—becomes too powerful.

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One prominent example of this dynamic occurred in 1952, after Harry Truman issued an executive order directing his secretary of commerce to seize control of the country’s steel mills during the Korean War.

But in its ruling in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer later that year, the Supreme Court ruled that Truman’s order violated the due process clause of the Constitution, and that the president had not been given statutory authority by Congress to seize private property.

Executive Orders Throughout History

Virtually every president since George Washington has used the executive order in different ways during their administrations.

Washington’s first order, in June 1789, directed the heads of executive departments to submit reports about their operations. Over the years, presidents have typically issued executive orders and other actions to set holidays for federal workers, regulate civil service, designate public lands as Indian reservations or national parks and organize federal disaster assistance efforts, among other uses.

William Henry Harrison, who died after one month in office, is the only president not to issue a single executive order; Franklin D. Roosevelt, the only president to serve more than two terms, signed by far the most executive orders (3,721), many of which established key parts of his sweeping New Deal reforms.

Executive orders have also been used to assert presidential war powers, starting with the Civil War and continuing throughout all subsequent wars. During the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln controversially used executive orders to suspend habeas corpus in 1861 and to enact his Emancipation Proclamation in 1863.

And during World War II, FDR notoriously issued an executive order mandating the internment of Japanese Americans in 1942.

Several presidents have used executive orders to enforce civil rights legislation in the face of state or local resistance. In 1948, Truman issued an executive order desegregating the nation’s armed forces, while Dwight D. Eisenhower used an order to send federal troops to integrate public schools in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957.

Trump Executive Orders

Between 1789 and 1907, U.S. presidents issued a combined total of approximately 2,400 executive orders. Since 1908, when the orders were first numbered chronologically, presidents have issued more than 13,700 executive orders, reflecting the expansion of presidential power over the years.

New presidents often sign a number of executive orders and other actions in the opening weeks of their administration, in order to direct the federal agencies they’re taking over.

Recent presidents have taken this practice to new heights: In January 2017, Donald Trump set a new record for the number of executive actions issued by a new president in his first week, with 14 (one more than the 13 issued by his immediate predecessor, Barack Obama, in January 2009), including six executive orders. President Joe Biden surpassed that record during his first two weeks in office, signing over 30 executive orders.

Sources

Executive Orders, The Oxford Guide to the United States Government.
Executive Orders 101: Constitution Daily.
Executive Orders: Issuance, Modification and Revocation, Congressional Research Service.
Truman vs. Steel Industry, 1952, Time.
Executive Orders, The American Presidency Project.
What is an executive order? And how do President Trump’s stack up? Washington Post.

Executive Branch

Contents

The executive branch is one of three primary parts of the U.S. government—alongside the legislative and the judicial branches—and is responsible for carrying out and executing the nation’s laws. The president of the United States is the chief of the executive branch, which also includes the vice president and the rest of the president’s cabinet, 15 executive departments and numerous federal agencies, boards, commissions and committees.

Branches of Government

At the Constitutional Convention in 1787, the framers of the U.S. Constitution worked to build the foundations of a strong federal government. But they also wanted to preserve the liberty of individual citizens and ensure the government didn’t abuse its power.

To that end, the first three articles of the Constitution establish the separation of powers and three branches of government: the legislative, the executive and the judicial.

Article II, Section 1 of the Constitution states: “The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America.” The president not only heads the executive branch of the federal government, but is also head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces.

The modern presidency differs greatly from what the framers intended; initially, they debated the wisdom of having a single president at all, and delegated many of the powers of the executive to Congress.

But the vision of a strong national leader favored by Alexander Hamilton and his fellow Federalists eventually triumphed over opponents like Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, who favored a relatively weak, limited executive branch.

What Does the Executive Branch Do?

The vice president supports and advises the president and is ready to assume the presidency if the president is unable to serve. The vice president is also president of the U.S. Senate, and can cast a tie-breaking vote in the Senate.

Initially, electors did not vote separately for president and vice president, but cast a single vote; the candidate who came in second became the vice president. But in 1804, after two highly contentious national elections, the 12th Amendment changed the voting process to the current system.

Did you know? President Thomas Jefferson and Vice President George Clinton were the first executives to be voted into the White House after the passage of the 12 Amendment.

The federal government has 15 executive departments (including Defense, State, Justice, Labor, Education, Health and Human Services and so on). Each of these departments is led by a member of the presidential cabinet, who serve as advisors to the president.

The heads of numerous executive agencies (the Central Intelligence Agency, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.) are not formally members of the Cabinet, but they do fall under the president’s authority. The executive branch also includes more than 50 independent federal commissions, including the Federal Reserve Board, Securities and Exchange Commission and many others.

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Another integral part of the executive branch is the Executive Office of the President (EOP), which was created in 1939 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Headed up by the White House chief of staff, the EOP includes the Office of Management and Budget, the Council of Economic Advisers, the National Security Council and the White House Communications and Press Secretary.

Who is in Charge of the Executive Branch?

Article II of the Constitution specified that a president—who is in charge of the executive branch—should be elected to a term of four years. According to its terms, only natural-born citizens of the United States of at least 35 years of age, who have lived in the United States for at least 14 years, are eligible for the nation’s highest executive office.

Only one president in U.S. history—Franklin D. Roosevelt—has served more than two terms in office. In 1951, six years after FDR’s death during his fourth term, Congress ratified the 22nd Amendment, which limited presidents to two terms. This restriction serves as an additional check on the power of any one person over the nation’s government.

The vice president is also elected to a four-year term, but vice presidents can serve an unlimited number of terms, even under different presidents. The president nominates members of the Cabinet, who must then be approved by at least 51 votes in the Senate.

Powers of the President and Executive Branch

Among the president’s most important responsibilities is signing legislation passed by both houses of Congress (the legislative branch) into law.

The president can also veto a bill passed by Congress, though Congress can still make the bill into law by overriding that presidential veto with a two-thirds vote of both houses. Both the presidential veto and Congress’ ability to override the veto are examples of the system of checks and balances established by the Constitution.

The executive branch is also responsible for conducting diplomacy with other nations. The president appoints ambassadors and other diplomats and can negotiate and sign treaties, which two-thirds of the Senate must then ratify. The president also appoints federal judges, including justices to the Supreme Court, and has the power to pardon those convicted of federal crimes, except in the case of impeachment.

Executive Orders

In addition to signing bills passed by Congress into law, the president can also issue executive orders, which direct how existing laws are interpreted and enforced. In an executive order, the president must identify whether the order is based on the U.S. Constitution or a law.

Executive orders are recorded in the Federal Register and considered binding, but they are subject to legal review and the federal courts can knock them down. This is another way the system of checks and balances can function.

Virtually every president back to George Washington has made use of the executive order. (The only president not to sign one was William Henry Harrison, who died after just one month in office.) Partly due to his extended tenure in the Oval Office, Franklin D. Roosevelt holds the records for most executive orders, with 3,721.

Some of the most notable executive orders issued over the years include Abraham Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus during the Civil War (1861) and his Emancipation Proclamation (1863); FDR’s New Deal, which created the Civil Works Administration and other federal programs (1933), but was followed by his internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II (1942); and Dwight D. Eisenhower’s sending of federal troops to integrate schools in Little Rock, Arkansas (1957).

Legislative Branch

The Legislative Branch of US Government
This article contains a guide to the Legislative Branch of Government in the United States and its connection to the US Constitution. The Legislative Branch is one of three branches of government (Legislative, Judiciary and Executive) that provide a controlled system by which everyone is bound by the US Constitution, the Supreme law of the land. Each branch has a different function to make, enforce and interpret laws according to the US Constitution. It has a system of controls called ‘Checks and Balances’ to ensure the balance of power is maintained and there is no abuse of power.

What does the Legislative Branch do?
The most common questions about this branch of government are «What does the Legislative Branch do?», » What are the powers of the Legislative Branch?» and «What are the duties of the Legislative Branch?». First things first. The Legislative Branch is the part of government that makes the laws. This article contains facts and information about the powers, duties, responsibilities and powers of the Legislative Branch and how the Executive and the Judiciary Branches can check the Legislature.

Definition of the Legislative Branch of Government
Definition: The Legislative Branch of Government is empowered to make laws. The legislative branch consists of Congress (the Senate and the House of Representatives and the 50 state legislatures. Legislatures consist of popularly elected representatives at both state and federal (national) levels.

Duties of the Legislative Branch
The duties of the representatives in the Legislatives Branch are to propose new laws that are in the interests of the people they represent. The duties of the Legislative Branch are carried out by the Congress which is a two-tier (bicameral) organization that consists of members elected by the people. Congress is divided into the Senate and the House of Representatives. The upper house is another name for the Senate and the lower house is another name for the House of Representatives. The US Capitol building houses Congress. Members of Congress are elected every 2 years. When a law is proposed as a bill, it is discussed by committees who can make modifications to the proposal. It is then debated and, if the law is approved, it is still subject to further modification and a final vote. Under the control system of checks and balances, the president can refuse to sign the bill into law through the power of veto.

Facts about the Members of the Legislative Branch
There are one hundred senators in the U.S. Senate (2 Senators for every state) who are elected every 6 years. There are currently 435 members of the House of Representatives (the number of representatives depends on how many people live in that state).

Powers of the Legislative Branch of Government
The Legislative Branch of Government has the power to make the laws and has the power to pass, amend and repeal (cancel) laws as defined in Article I of the Constitution.