What countries does great britain consist of and what are their capitals
What countries does great britain consist of and what are their capitals
The Parts of Great Britain
The UK of Great Britain and Northern Ireland occupies the territory of the British Isles. It consists of 4 main countries which are England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
The largest and the most densely populated part of the UK is England. It is washed by the North sea, the Irish sea, the English Channel, and the Straits of Dover. The name England is derived from the Angles. Roman rule lasted for 300 years from AD 43. The last invasion of England took place in 1066. When Duke William of Normandy defeated the English at the battle of Hastings.
The Southeast is a highly populated region of England. There is a lot of industry near the Thames and there are a lot of roads and motorways. London, the capital of the UK, and such historical cities as Windsor, Dover and Brighton are situated here. Heathrow Airport, one of the world’s busiest airports is about 33 km west of central London. The Southeast is famous for its resorts, Brighton is, probably, the most famous of them.
The Southwest is the region where the main activity is farming. The romantic past makes it popular for artists, writers and holidaymakers. The two principal cities of the region are Bristol and Bath. If you want to see the famous Stonehenge, one of the remarkable historic places in the UK, you should also come here. The most westerly point of Great Britain “Land’s End” is also in the Southwest
East Anglia is very flat and it is another farming region. It has beautiful cities with fine historic buildings such as Cambridge. This region is famed for the birthplace of Oliver Cromwell, an English general and politician who was the leader of the army against King Charles I in the Civil War.
The Midlands, known as the heart of England, is the largest industrial part in the country. The two famous Midlands cities, Stratford-upon-Avon and Oxford are connected with English culture: Stratford is the birthplace of W.Shakespeare and Oxford is famous for its university.
The North of England is very picturesque. The main attraction of the region is the Lake District, the cities of York and Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Many tourists come over especially to look at the ruins of Hadrian’s Wall, a stone wall built by the order of the Roman ruler Hadrian to defend the North border of Roman Britain from Scottish tribes.
Scotland is the most northern part of the island of Great Britain. It was inhabited mainly by the Picts. In the 6 th century, the Scots from Ireland settled in what is now Argyll. During the 9 th century the various parts of Scotland united in defence against the Vikings. In 1651 Scotland was united with England, although it kept its own parliament.
Scotlandis divided into 3 parts: the Highlands, the Lowlands and the Southern Uplands. There are a lot of valleys and lakes in this region. The best known lake is Loch Ness. Ben Nevis is the highest point of the country. The capital is Edinburgh. Scotland’s most important industries, steelmaking and engineering, are concentrated in the central lowlands. The national dress of Scots is the kilt, which was originally worn by men. The Scottish musical instrument is bagpipes. Golf is Scotland’s national sport. Saint Andrew is the patron saint of Scotland and the Scots celebrate St. Andrew’s Day on the 30th of November.
Great Britain
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands: Great Britain and Ireland, and about five thousand small islands. Their total area is over 244,000 square kilometers.
The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Edinburgh Cardiff and Belfast respectively. Great Britain consists of England, Scotland and Wales and does not include Northern Ireland. But in everyday speech Great Britain is used to mean the United Kingdom. The capital of the UK is London.
The British Isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea.
There are a lot of rivers in Great Britain, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one.
The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of Gulf Stream influence the climate of the British Isles. It is mild the whole year round.
The UK is one of the world’s smaller countries. Its population is over 57 million. About 80% of the population is urban.
The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics, textile, aircraft and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding.
The UK is a constitutional monarchy. In law, the Head of State is the Queen. In practice, the Queen reigns, but doesn’t rule. The elected government rules the country with the Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
There are three main political parties in Great Britain: the Labour, the Conservative and the Liberal parties. The Conservative party is the ruling party nowadays.
Answer the questions:
1. The UK is an island state, isn’t it? Where is it situated?
2. What countries is the UK made of? What are their capitals?
3. What channel separates the British Isles from the European continent?
4. The surface of the British Isles varies very much, doesn’t it?
5. What is the north of Scotland called? What is the south of Scotland called?
6. What’s the highest mountain in Scotland?
7. Are there a lot of long and deep rivers in Great Britain?
8. Why is the climate of the British Isles mild?
9. Is the UK a large country?
Vocabulary:
The United Kingdom of Great Britain Соединенное Королевство Великобритании
and Northern Ireland и Северной Ирландии
the British Isles Британские острова
to be situated быть расположенным
to consist of состоять из
total area общая площадь
to include включать
at the head во главе
to separate разделять
to wash омывать
to vary менять(ся), разнообразить
to influence влиять
mild мягкий, умеренный
the whole year round круглый год
highly developed высокоразвитый
chief главный, основной
constitutional monarchy конституционная монархия
in law по закону
the head of the state глава государства
in practice фактически, на практике
to reign царствовать
to rule править
to elect выбирать
Prime Minister премьер-министр
Act out the dialogue:
— What kind of country is Great Britain?
— Great Britain is a capitalist country.
— What chambers does the British Parliament consist of?
— It consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
— The House of Lords has 850 members, composed of the lords. The House of Commons consists of 630 members, who are elected by ballot.
— What political parties are there in Great Britain?
— At present there are the following political parties in Great Britain: the Conservatives, the Labour Party, the Liberals and the Communist Party.
— Which party is in power now?
— At present the Labour is in power.
— Whose interest does the Labour Party serve?
— In reality the Labour party serves the interests of the English bourgeoisie. The only party that serves the interests of the English working people is the Communist Party headed by John Hollan.
Translate into English:
1. Соединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии расположено на Британских островах, состоящих из двух больших и тысяч малых островов.
2. Население Великобритании в основном городское и составляет более 57 миллионов человек.
3. Соединенное Королевство состоит из четырех частей, в Великобританию входят Англия, Шотландия и Уэльс.
4. Британские острова омываются Атлантическим океаном, Ирландским морем, Северным морем и проливами Ла-Манш и Па-де-Кале.
5. Британские острова состоят из гористой части и низин.
6. Реки в Великобритании не очень длинные.
7. На климат Великобритании оказывает влияние Гольфстрим.
8. Великобритания производит и экспортирует станки, электронику, текстиль, суда.
GREAT BRITAIN
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. It consists of four parts: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Cardiff, Edinburgh and Belfast respectively. England, Wales and Scotland occupy the territory of Great Britain. Northern Ireland is situated in the northern part of Ireland.
The territory of the United Kingdom is about 244,000 square kilometers, it takes the 75-th place among other countries in the world. The population is more than 60 million people. About 80% of the population is urban. The capital of the country is London.
Great Britain is separated from the continent by the English Channel, which is 34 km wide in its narrowest point. The country is also washed by the North Sea, the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The landscape of Great Britain varies greatly. The northern and western parts of the country are mountainous and are called the Highlands. All the rest: south, east and the center are a vast plain, which is called the Lowlands. The mountains are not very high. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain (1343m). There are a lot of rivers in Great Britain, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one. The largest lake is Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland.
The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream influence the climate of Great Britain. It is mild the whole year round. The summer is not very hot and winter temperature seldom falls below zero. It is often foggy and rainy. Weather is one of the favorite subjects for discussion when Englishmen meet.
Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of iron and steel products, machinery and electronics, chemicals and textiles, aircraft and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding. Liverpool and Glasgow are the main seaports, where it is highly developed. Glasgow is also associated with heavy industry. Birmingham is the country’s major engineering center. Manchester is the world’s leading producer of cotton goods and Leeds became the leading producer of woolen goods.
Great Britain is rich in coal, iron, non-ferrous metals. There is much coal in Wales. It is a big coal-mining district of the country.
Great Britain is a country with old cultural traditions and customs. The most famous educational centers are Oxford and Cambridge Universities. They are considered to be intellectual centers of Europe. All British children study at school from the age of 5 until they are 16. Then they get higher education at universities and colleges of Great Britain.
On the lowlands of south-eastern England there are almost no minerals. This part of the country is an agricultural region. Seven per cent of the population is engaged in farming and cattle breeding. Most of England’s wheat is grown there. Much of the soil in this part is under such crops as wheat, barley, rye and oats. Fruit-growing is extensively developed. An Englishman is fond of gardening. He is at heart a great lover of Nature. England in truth looks like one great well-ordered park with its old trees and green meadows.
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and the Queen is the head of the state. But in practice it is ruled by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the head. The Queen’s power is limited by Parliament. The legislative power in the country is exercised by the Houses of Parliament. The Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords is composed of hereditary or life peers and peeresses. The members of the House of Commons are elected by people. The executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and his Cabinet. Prime Minister is the majority party leader and is appointed by the Queen. The judiciary branch of the Government determines common law and is independent of both legislative and executive branches.
There are two main political parties in Great Britain: the Conservative party and the Labour party. The Labour party with Anthony Blair at the head is the ruling party nowadays.
Exercise 4. Answer the following comprehension questions.
1. Where is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland situated?
2. What parts does it consist of?
3. What is the territory and the population of Great Britain?
4. What is the capital of the country?
5. What is Great Britain separated from the continent by?
6. What seas and oceans is Great Britain washed by?
7. What is the landscape of the country? What parts does it consist of?
8. Are there any rivers, mountains and lakes?
9. What is the climate of Great Britain?
10. What goods does the British industry produce?
11. What are the main industrial cities of the country and what do they produce?
12. Are there any educational establishments in Great Britain?
13. When do students start education?
14. Which part of the country is an agricultural region?
15. What crops are grown in Great Britain?
16. Are Englishmen fond of gardening?
17. Who is the head of the state?
18. How many chambers does the British Parliament consist of?
20. What are the main political parties of Great Britain?
21. Who is the Prime Minister of Great Britain nowadays and what party does he represent?
Exercise 5. Complete the following sentences.
Exercise 6. Make up sentences using the table below.
1.
| The climate of Russia | is (are) considered to be | the highest mountain |
| Manchester | the highlands | |
| Potatoes | diverse | |
| Englishmen | an agricultural region | |
| Ben Nevis | Great lovers of Nature | |
| South-eastern England | the most important crop | |
| The northern and western parts of Great Britain | The world’s producer of cotton goods |
2.
| The British Isles | consist(s) of | 21 republics |
| Russia | 2 large islands | |
| Peter’s family | 4 ingredients | |
| Buryatia | 10 members | |
| A mixture | 4 members: a father, a mother and two children | |
| The committee | the House of Lords and the House of commons | |
| The British Parliament | mainly low plains |
3.
| Great Britain | is (are) known as | Englishmen |
| The 14th of February | The motherland of tulips (тюльпаны) | |
| Holland | University towns | |
| Glasgow | the Highlands | |
| People living in England | a country of fogs and rain | |
| A vast plain in Great Britain | St. Valentine’s Day | |
| Oxford and Cambridge | the largest seaport |
Exercise 7. Translate the sentences into English.
Exercise 8. Make up the plan of the text.
Exercise 9.Study the following narration clichés and try to memorize them.
Exercise10. Retell the text using your plan and narration clichés from ex.9.
Make use of the following key words:
(to consist of, to occupy, to equal to, the capital, mild climate, the landscape, a producer and exporter of, Oxford and Cambridge Universities, to be occupied in, the main crops, like a park, a lover of Nature, a constitutional monarchy, two chambers, to be exercised by, political parties)
Exercise 11. * Prove the fact that:
Explain the statements, using clichés from ex. 9:
1. Make up as many questions as you can about the text.
2. Study the following openers and the model. Make up mini-dialogues according to the model.
Model:
A: You know, I’m interested in Great Britain’s geography. Doyou think you could tell me what the territory of the UK is?
B: Most willingly! The territory of the UK is about 244.000 square kilometres.
A: I see, thanks.
3. Study the role cards below and make up a dialogue according to the model. Use openers:
A B
4. Make up role cards on Britain’s industry, agriculture, political system and education, exchange
your role cards and make up dialogues.
Exercise 13*. Read the text and find out what customs and traditions are to be found in Great
Britain. Be ready to use the information in the topic «Great Britain».
Some English customs and traditions are famous all over the world. Bowler hats, tea and talking about the weather, for example. From Scotland to Cornwall, the United Kingdom is full of customs and traditions. Here are some of them.
St. Valentine’s is the saint of people in love and St. Valentine’s Day is February 14th. On that day, people send valentine cards and presents to their husbands, wives, boyfriends and girlfriends. You can also send a card to a person you don’t know. But traditionally you must never write your name on it. Some British newspapers have a page for Valentine’s Day messages on February 14th.
April, 1 is April Fool’s Day in Great Britain. This is a very old tradition from the Middle Ages. At that time servants were masters for one day of the year. Now April Fool’s Day is different. It’s aday for jokes and tricks.
May, 1 was an important day in the Middle Ages. In the very early morning young girls went lo fields and washed their faces with dew. They believed this made them very beautiful for a year after that. Also on May Day young men of each village tried towin prizes with their bows and arrows, and people danced round the Maypole.
November, 5 is Guy Fawkes’s Day. All over the country people built wood fires, or ‘bonfires’, in their gardens. On top of each bonfire there is a guy, this is a figure of Guy Fawkes. On November, 5 1665, Guy Fawkes tried to kill King James I. He and a group of his friends put a bomb under the Houses of Parliament in London. But the king’s men found the bomb and Guy Fawkes. They took him to the Tower of London, where his head was cut off. Before November 5, children use guys to make money. They stand in the street and shout: «Penny for the guy».
Boxing Day is on December, 26. People usually gave «Christmas boxes» or gifts of money to servants on this day. Today many people still give a Christmas gift to papergirls and boys.
Christmas Day is the most popular holiday in Great Britain. It is celebrated on December, 25. On this day many people go to churches, open their Christmas presents, eat a Christmas dinner of roast turkey and Christmas pudding.
GREAT BRITAIN
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the UK) consists of four countries which are: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast. The UK is one of the world’s smallest countries. The country is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea and the Irish Sea. There are many rivers in Great Britain. The longest river in England is the Severn, and the deepest is the Thames, on which the capital of Great Britain, London, stands.
English is the official language. But it is not the only language which people use in the UK. Some people speak Scottish, Welsh and Irish.
The population of the United Kingdom is about 60 million people.
The climate in the UK is generally mild and temperate due to the influence of the Gulf Stream. The weather is so changeable that the English say that they have no climate but only weather. It is never too hot or too cold. It rains very often. Snow may come, but it melts very quickly. The thick fog is the worst feature of the British climate.
The formal name of the British national flag is Union Flag. It combines the St. George’s cross of England, St. Andrew’s cross of Ireland.
Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country. It exports machinery, vessels, motors and other goods. At the same time Great Britain imports some food products and raw materials from many countries of the world.
The United Kingdom is the constitutional monarchy. The monarch (a king or a queen) is the Head of State, but his power is limited by the Parliament.
The Parliament consists of two chambers known as the House of Commons and the House of Lords and the queen as its head. The British parliamentary system depends on political parties. The party which wins the majority of seats forms the Government and the leader usually becomes Prime Minister.
Once the British Empire included a large number of countries all over the world ruled by Britain. An association of former members of the British Empire and Britain is called the British Commonwealth of Nations. The Queen of Great Britain is also the Head of the Commonwealth.
New words and expressions:
| to be situated | быть расположенным, располагаться |
| to consist | состоять |
| total area | общая площадь |
| to be washed | омываться |
| to be famous | быть знаменитым |
| to be limited | быть ограниченным |
| highly developed | высокоразвитый |
| food products | продукты питания |
| raw material | сырье |
| due to | вызванный, обусловленный |
| the Commonwealth | Содружество |
Дайте ответы на следующие вопросы:
1. Where is Great Britain situated?
2. What parts does Great Britain consist of?
3. What is its population?
4. Are there many rivers in Great Britain?
5. What is the longest river in Great Britain?
6. What is the deepest river in Great Britain?
7. What is Great Britain as a political system?
8. What are the two Houses of the British Parliament?
9. Who is usually the head of the Government?
10. Great Britain is a highly developed country, isn`t it?
11. What does Great Britain export?
12. What does Great Britain import?
13. How is an association of former members of the British Empire and Britain called?
Dialogue:
A: Do you know the full name of Great Britain?
B: Yes, I do. It is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
A: What is the Queen`s name?
B: Her name is Elizabeth.
A: Why do tourists like to visit Great Britain?
B: It is a very beautiful country. They say that “England is green throughout”. Englishmen like their parks and gardens best of all.
A: Yes, I know that the art of gardening has a very old tradition in England.
LONDON
London is one of the biggest cities of the world. It is the capital of Great Britain. Its population is more than 11 million people. London is situated on the river Thames. It is divided into three main parts: the City, the West End and the East End.
London is where the invading Romans first crossed the River Thames. They built a city, surrounded it with a wall and called it Londinium. This original site of London is now called the City of London and is Britain’s main financial and business centre.
The saying “When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life” (Dr. Johnson) is a cliche, but you can’t be bored in London. There are hundreds of historic buildings, galleries and museums. There are parks and street markets, over 80 theatres and even more cinemas.
If you want to discover London, it is best to start with a tour on a sightseeing bus. It is also fun to go on a guided walk.
The West End is the part where rich people live. The main streets and squares, historical monuments and beautiful parks are in the West End. Theatres, clubs, museums, restaurants, shops and hotels are situated there. The East End is the part of London where poor people live.
New words and expressions:
| the invading Romans | римляне-захватчики |
| population | население |
| to be divided | быть разделённым |
| cliche | избитая фраза |
| can’t be bored | зд.: не заскучаешь |
| place of interest | достопримечательность |
| to be situated | быть расположенным |
| symbol | символ |
| famous | известный |
| cemetery | кладбище |
| to be buried | быть похороненным |
| government | правительство |
Дайте ответы на следующие вопросы:
1. What is the capital of Great Britain?
2. Where is London situated?
3. London is one of the biggest cities of the world, isn`t it?
4. What is its population?
5. What are the three main parts of London?
6. What is the City of London?
7. What can one find in the West End?
8. Where do the poor of London live?
9. What is Whitehall?
10. Where is the seat of the British Government?
11. What can you say about Big Ben?
12. What is the Queen`s residence?
13. What places of interest of London do you know?
Dialogue:
A: Is it possible to see anything of London in one or two days?
B: It is very difficult, but the main sights you can see.
A: What do you think I ought to see first?
B: If you are interested in historical places you should go to Westminster Abbey, the Houses of Parliament, St. Paul`s Cathedral and the Tower. Do you like Art Galleries?
B: Then why not to go to the National Gallery?
A: Is it far from here?
B: Not very. But if you hurry take a taxi. In a few minutes you will be there.
A: Thank you very much.
B: You are welcome.
| to be possible | быть возможным |
| ought to | следует |
| to be interested | интересоваться |
| rather | довольно-таки |
| to hurry | спешить |
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Great Britain
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What parts does Great Britain consist of and what are their capitals?
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