What groups are all metals divided into

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What groups are all metals divided into

CLASSIFICATION OF METALS

Text С

There are some classifications of metals based on their chemical purity, physical and chemical properties and composition, their industrial application (= use), etc.

According to (= in respect to; depending on) the chemical purity we may divide all metals into 2 large groups:

1. Simple metals which are more or less pure chemical elements.

2. Alloys which are materials consisting of a simple metal combined with some other elements.

In modern industry we usually divide metals into 2 main groups according to their chemical composition:

1. Ferrous metals; 2. Non-ferrous metals.

Metals consisting of iron combined with some other elements are known as ferrous metals; all the other metals are called non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals and alloys include a great variety of (= very many) commercially important products which can be grouped into: a) iron (cast iron), b) саrbоn steels; c) alloy steels; d) stainless steels and other types of steels.

The most important ferrous metal is cast iron which is some form of alloy with carbon (C) and other elements. Cast iron finds greater use than аnу other metal. We may classify all cast irons into 3 groups: grey cast iron, white cast iron and malleable cast iron. In respect to their density metals may be divided into light and heavy ones. Metals having a density less than 4 are called light metals, all other having a density over 4 are known as heavy metals.

Light metals are aluminium, berillium, magnesium, titanium. The alkali metals and the alkali earth metals also belong to light metals. The alkali metals include such metals as lithium, sodium, potassium; the alkali earth metals include such metals as calcium, strontium and radium.

Heavy metals include such metals, for example, as lead, tin, silver, copper, nickel, zinc.

The lightest metal is lithium (D – 0.534) and the heaviest is osmium (D – 22.48).

Non-ferrous metals may in its turn bе subdivided into two groups:

a) the so-called group of rare metals (berillium, gallium, bismuth, germanium, selenium, tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, cobalt, titanium, uranium, zirconium, etc.);

b) and the so-called group of precious (= noble) metals which include silver, gold, platinum, palladium and indium.

Metals may also be classified according to their melting point. Metals which exhibit (= have) high melting point above 3000°F (1650° C) are often called refractory metals. Refractory metals include such non-ferrous metals as tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, tantalum, and chromium. These metals also exhibit great corrosion and wear resistance and are very difficult to produce. The low melting point metals are rubidium, cesium which melts just above room temperature and mercury which melts at – 38, 8° C.

We may also classify hard and soft metals. For example, potassium is so soft that it can be molded like wax, and chromium is so hard that it can even cut glass.

Many elements are classed аs semimetals (arsenic, antimony and bismuth, for example) because they possess much poorer conductivity than true metals and may be classed with the semiconductors.

4. Read again the text «Classification of metals». Answer the following questions without looking into the text.

1) Into what groups may we divide metals according to their chemical purity?

2) What are a simple metals?

3) What is an alloy? What does it consist of?

4) Into what groups do we usually divide metals in modern industry?

5) How will you call metals consisting of iron combined with some other elements?

6) Into what groups may we divide ferrous metals?

7) What is the most important ferrous metal?

8) How are cast irons classified (into what groups)?

9) How are metals divided according to their density?

10) What are the densities of light metals (of heavy metals)?

11) What alkali and alkali earth metals do you know?

12) What is the lightest (heaviest) metal?

13) Into what two groups may non-ferrous metals be subdivided?

14) Can metals be classified according to their melting point?

15) What metals and alloys are called refractory? Are they easy to produce?

16) What are the low melting point metals?

17) What can you say about potassium and chromium?

18) What are a semimetals?

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Ferrous and Non-ferrous Metals

All metals are divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals are metals and alloys the main component of which is iron. The classification of ferrous metals includes iron, steel and its alloys. Metals in general and especially ferrous metals are of great importance in various constructions. Machine tools and machinery, steamships and locomotives, automobiles and bridges are produced by the steel industry. Non-ferrous metals are metals and alloys the main component of which is not iron but some other element such as copper, aluminium and others.

Some characteristics of non-ferrous metals are: high electric and heat conductivity, high corrosion resistance, non-magnetic qualities, light weight and easiness to fabrication. Zink, copper and lead sulphides, aluminium and tin oxides, magnesium, are the naturally occurring minerals from which these metals are extracted.

There are some properties of metals:

a) They can be known by specific by their specific metallic lustre.

b) Metals can be forged.

c) Metals can be pulled.

d) All metals, except mercury, are hard substances.

e) Metals are fusible andcan be melted.

f) Metals are good conductors of electricity.

Exercise 6.Explain the following words from the text.

Ferrous metals, alloys, machinery, non-ferrous metals, non-magnetic qualities, electric conductivity, corrosion resistance, steel industry.

Exercise 7.Retell the text answering the following questions.

1) What groups are all metals divided into?

2) What is the main component of ferrous metals and alloys?

3) Do ferrous metals include iron, steel and its alloys?

4) Are metals of great importance in machine-building?

5) Are automobiles made of ferrous metals?

6) Where else are ferrous metals used?

7) What’s the difference between ferrous and non-ferrous metals?

7) How can all metals be known (distinguished)?

8) Can metals be forged and pulled?

9) Are all metals hard substances?

10) What are the main properties of metals?

Exercise 8. Match the words and expressions on the left with those on the right.

1) metal product a) формовка

2) ore b) деформировать

3) malleable c) лить

4) forming d) руда

5) cutting e) литейная форма

6) to deform f) литниковый остаток

7) pour g) ковкий; пластичный

8) mold h) молоток

9) hammer i) резание

10) forging temperature j) продукция металлообработки

11) excess material k) температура горячей ковки

12) finished part l) обработанная деталь

13) die m) стружки

14) chips n) штамп, пуансон, матрица

15) smelt o) подвергать плавке

Exercise 9. Before reading the text learn the following metalworking processes.

Casting- литьё, отливка

Exercise 10.Read the text and underline all the cases of the Passive Voice.

Metalworking is industry of working with metals to create individual parts or big structures. In the distant past people discovered that rocks now called ores could be smelted, producing metal. Further, they discovered that the metal product was malleable and ductile and thus able to be formed into various tools and put to other practical uses.

Metalworking generally is divided into the following categories, forming, cutting, and, joining. Each of these categories contains various processes.

Forming processes modify the shape of the object by deforming it, that is, without removing any material. Casting is an example of achieving a specific form by pouring metal into a mold and allowing it to cool. Sheet metal forming is widely used when parts of certain shape and size are needed. The metals are stretched in order to obtain the new shape. Hot forging is deformation with such tools as hammers while the material is at forging temperature. Drawing consists of pulling metal through a die.

Cutting is a collection of processes of removing excess material using tools. The result of cutting is two products, the excess material, and the finished part. The excess material is chips and excess metal. One of the most common examples of a chip producing process is drilling a hole in a metal part.

One of joining processes is welding. It is a fabrication process when metal parts are joined together by the application of heat, pressure, or a combination of both. Heat welding is the most common welding process used today.

Exercise 12. Translate the following words and word combinations from text “Metalworking processes” into Russian.

Rocks called ores, to be smelted, malleable, casting, mold, allowing it to cool, parts of certain shape and size, at forging temperature, chips or swarf, drilling, the most common examples, metals are stretched, hot forging, obtain the new shape.

Exercise 13. Translate into English.

В далеком прошлом, строения, ковкий, соединение, формовка, резание, удалять метал, выливать металл, листовая штамповка, штамп, отходы, обработанная деталь, литниковый остаток, металлическая деталь, сварка, применение тепла или давления.

Exercise 14.Rewrite the sentences in the Passive.

1) We will create individual parts and structures.

2) Further people discovered new properties of metals.

New properties of metals …………………………….

3) Three metalworking categories include various processes.

4) These processes modify the shape of the object by deforming it.

The shape of the object …………………………….

5) The engineer poured metal into a mold and cooled it.

6) The student deformed the material with hammers while it was at forging temperature.

7) They must remove excess material using tools.

1) Scientists will drill a hole in a metal part.

9) People use heat welding very often today.

10) We need to obtain a new shape of the material.

A new shape of the material ……………………….

Exercise 15. Translate the sentences into English using active vocabulary of the lesson.

1) Во время горячей ковки металл может сильно деформироваться.

2) Листовая штамповка может быть горячей и холодной.

3) Алюминиевые и медные сплавы очень пластичны при деформации.

4) Много различных методов металлообработки было разработано для определенных целей.

5) Металлы важны в промышленности, так как они могут легко принимать разные формы.

6) В процессе ковки применяются технологии для увеличения пластичности металла.

7) Процесс сварки сильно зависит от свойств металлов, целей применения и оборудования.

Exercise 16. Speak on.

The importance of metalworking processes in our life.

Ferrous and non-ferrous metals

In general metals are used in various constructions and different industries. For example, thousands of miles of railway track. All metals are divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals are iron and its alloys (steel, cast iron etc.). Especially ferrous metals are of great importance. Machine tools and machinery, steamships and locomotives, automobiles and aeroplanes, rails and bridges, razor blades are turned out by the steel industry.

Non-ferrous are metals and alloys the main component of which is not iron but another element. It may be copper, aluminium, zinc. That’s why copper and aluminium are belonged to as non-ferrous metals. Non-ferrous metals are extracted from minerals such as magnesite (magnesium carbonate), tinstone (tin oxides) etc. Non-ferrous metals have some characteristics. They are: high electric and heat conductivity, high corrosion resistance, non-magnetic qualifies, light weight and easiness to fabrication.

Task 24. Match the following words with their Russian equivalents:

non-ferrous metal	a	медь
an alloy	b	инструмент
a railway	c	мост
a network	d	цветной металл
a tool	e	сплав
a bridge	f	железная дорога
copper	g	сеть

1. ____, 2. ____, 3. ____, 4. ____, 5. ____, 6. ____, 7. ____.

Task 25. Read the text again and complete the spidergram.

Task 26. Complete the following sentences:

1. Ferrous metals _____________________________________________________.

2. __________________________________________, steamships and locomotives, automobiles and aeroplanes _______________________________________________.

3. _______________________________are referred to as non-ferrous metals.

4. ___________________are divided into ________________________________.

5. In general, _______________________________________________________.

6. _______________________________________have some characteristics.

Task 27. Read the following statements and say whether they are right or wrong. Correct false statements.

1. Thousands of miles of railway track form an intricate network of steel over the world, helping to carry daily billions of freight for different industries.

2. Copper, aluminium and some other metals are not referred to non-ferrous metals.

3. All metals are divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metals.

4. Metals in general and especially ferrous metals are of great importance in various constructions.

5. Ferrous metals are iron and its alloys.

6. Non-ferrous metals are extracted from minerals such as magnesite, tinstone etc.

Task 28. Put the following sentences in negative and
interrogative form.

1. All metals are divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metals.___________________

2. Ferrous metals are iron and its alloys. ___________________________________

3. Ferrous metals are of great importance in various constructions. ______________

4. Non-ferrous are metals and alloys the main component of which is iron. ________

5. Copper, aluminium and some other metals are referred to as non-ferrous metals. _

Unit III.

Bridges and tunnels.

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

Early bridges.

Bridges are structures built over a river, railroad track, road, lakes, ravines, canyons, highways or some other obstacle. They allow people or vehicles to cross from one side to another.

Bridges must be built strong enough to safely support their own weight as well as the weight of the people and vehicles that pass over it. The bridge must also withstand natural occurrences that include weathering, earthquakes, strong winds, and freezing and thawing.

In ancient times the first bridges made by humans were probably spans of wooden logs or planks and eventually stones, using a simple support and crossbeam arrangement.

Some early Americans used trees or bamboo poles to cross small caverns or wells to get from one place to another. A common form of lashing sticks, logs, and deciduous branches together involved the use of long reeds or other harvested fibers woven together to form a connective rope which was capable of binding and holding in place materials used in early bridges.

The greatest bridge builders of antiquity were the ancient Romans. The Romans built arch bridges and aqueducts that could stand in conditions that would damage or destroy earlier designs. The Romans built long, arched spans, many of which are still standing. The Romans also used cement, which reduced the variation of strength found in natural stone. Brick and mortar bridges were built after the Roman era, as the technology for cement was lost then later rediscovered.

Rope bridges, a simple type of suspension bridge, were used by the Inca civilization in the Andes Mountains of South America, just prior to European colonization in the 1500s.

Bridges built during the Middle Ages usually rested on crude stone arches with heavy piers (intermediate supports) that were a great obstruction to river traffic, and their roadways were often lined with small shops.

The best known early American design is the New England covered bridge. Colonial American bridge builders were willing to run the risk of rot or fire in exchange for such savings in time and manpower. Beginning with Abraham Darby’s bridge at Coalbrookdale in 1779, most bridges began to be built of cast and wrought iron. Robert Stephenson, an English engineer, designed and built a bridge of this type across Menai Strait in North Wales (1850). Another is Victoria Bridge across the St. Lawrence at Montreal. The disadvantage of cast iron for bridges is its low tensile strength. During the 18th century there were many innovations in the design of timber bridges by Hans Ulrich, Johannes Grubenmann, and others.

With the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, truss systems of wrought iron were developed for larger bridges, but iron did not have the tensile strength to support large loads. With the advent of steel, which has a high tensile strength, much larger bridges were built, many using the ideas of Gustave Eiffel.

Task 2. Put a question tag.

1. The bridge must withstand natural occurrences that include weathering, earthquakes, strong winds, ________________?

2. The main feature that controls the bridge type is the size of the obstacle, _______

3. The greatest bridge builders of antiquity were the ancient Romans, ___________?

4. Cement reduced the variation of strength found in natural stone, _____________?

5. Since 1779 most bridges began to be built of cast and wrought iron, _____________?

6. Robert Stephenson designed and built a bridge of this type across Menai Strait, ________________?

7. During the 18th century there were many innovations in the design of timber, _________________?

8. Iron did not have the tensile strength to support large loads, ___________?

9. Steel has a high tensile strength, ______________?

Task 3. Translate the following words.

ravine	fiber
obstacle	rope
withstand	mortar
span	suspension
log	crude
plank	pier
ubiquitous	rot
crossbeam	wrought iron
reed	cast iron
bamboo poles	tensile
cavern	truss system
deciduous	lashing

Task 4. Match the parts of word combinations.

railroad	a	weight
to support	b	a plank
natural	c	civilization
to lay	d	track
to cross	e	bridges
mortar	f	caverns
Inca	g	occurrences

Task 5. Make up your own sentences with them.

Task 6. Write out from the text above the events which took place in the indicated period of time.

1. The Roman era

2. The Middle Ages

4. The Industrial Revolution

Task 7. Answer the following questions.

1. What is a bridge by definition?

2. Why must bridges be strong enough?

3. Were bridges a natural part of antique people’s life?

4. Why were the Romans different in building bridges?

5. What civilization used rope bridges?

6. What were Darby’s bridges made of?

7. Was low tensile strength of cast iron for bridges advantage or disadvantage?

8. Did iron have the tensile strength to support large loads during the Industrial Revolution?

Task 8. Fill in the blanks using the words below.

Romans, obstacle, humans, century, wooden, wet, cement, stone, plank, feature, timber, bridges, many, ancient.

1. __________are structures built over a river, railroad track, road etc.

2. They laid a ___________ or log down over a stream to keep from getting ___________.

3. The main ____________ that controls the bridge is the size of the _________.

4. In _________ times the first bridges made by ________ were probably spans of ____________ logs.

5. The ___________ also used ___________, which reduced the variation of strength found in natural ____________.

6. During the 18th ____________ there were ____________ innovations in the design of ____________ bridges by Hans Ulrich and others.

Task 9. Read the text again. Entitle each part.

Task 10. Retell the text above.

Task 11. Translate the text into English.

Первое десятилетие XIX в. стало временем возникновения мостов вантовой конструкции (или американо-европейской системы); начало их строительству было положено американцем Джоном Фидлеем, юристом по образованию, рассматривавшим строительство мостов как дополнительное средство заработка. В это же время идея вантового моста пришла в голову архитектора Витберга. Интересен факт отсутствия точных расчетов конструкции в первых железных мостах. До 1820-х гг. расчеты заменялись моделью в 1/3 величины реальной постройки, что объясняется неустойчивостью качества выплавки железа в ранний период.

Task 12. Come up with the best title for the text above.

Task 13. Read and translate the text.

Ferrous and Non-ferrous Metals

There are some properties of metals:

a) They can be known by specific by their specific metallic lustre.

b) Metals can be forged.

c) Metals can be pulled.

d) All metals, except mercury, are hard substances.

e) Metals are fusible andcan be melted.

f) Metals are good conductors of electricity.

Exercise 6.Explain the following words from the text.

Ferrous metals, alloys, machinery, non-ferrous metals, non-magnetic qualities, electric conductivity, corrosion resistance, steel industry.

Exercise 7.Retell the text answering the following questions.

1) What groups are all metals divided into?

2) What is the main component of ferrous metals and alloys?

3) Do ferrous metals include iron, steel and its alloys?

4) Are metals of great importance in machine-building?

5) Are automobiles made of ferrous metals?

6) Where else are ferrous metals used?

7) What’s the difference between ferrous and non-ferrous metals?

7) How can all metals be known (distinguished)?

8) Can metals be forged and pulled?

9) Are all metals hard substances?

10) What are the main properties of metals?

Exercise 8. Match the words and expressions on the left with those on the right.

1) metal product a) формовка

2) ore b) деформировать

3) malleable c) лить

4) forming d) руда

5) cutting e) литейная форма

6) to deform f) литниковый остаток

7) pour g) ковкий; пластичный

8) mold h) молоток

9) hammer i) резание

10) forging temperature j) продукция металлообработки

11) excess material k) температура горячей ковки

12) finished part l) обработанная деталь

13) die m) стружки

14) chips n) штамп, пуансон, матрица

15) smelt o) подвергать плавке

Exercise 9. Before reading the text learn the following metalworking processes.

Casting- литьё, отливка

Exercise 10.Read the text and underline all the cases of the Passive Voice.

Metalworking generally is divided into the following categories, forming, cutting, and, joining. Each of these categories contains various processes.

Exercise 12. Translate the following words and word combinations from text “Metalworking processes” into Russian.

Exercise 13. Translate into English.

Exercise 14.Rewrite the sentences in the Passive.

1) We will create individual parts and structures.

2) Further people discovered new properties of metals.

New properties of metals …………………………….

3) Three metalworking categories include various processes.

4) These processes modify the shape of the object by deforming it.

The shape of the object …………………………….

5) The engineer poured metal into a mold and cooled it.

6) The student deformed the material with hammers while it was at forging temperature.

7) They must remove excess material using tools.

1) Scientists will drill a hole in a metal part.

9) People use heat welding very often today.

10) We need to obtain a new shape of the material.

A new shape of the material ……………………….

Exercise 15. Translate the sentences into English using active vocabulary of the lesson.

1) Во время горячей ковки металл может сильно деформироваться.

2) Листовая штамповка может быть горячей и холодной.

3) Алюминиевые и медные сплавы очень пластичны при деформации.

4) Много различных методов металлообработки было разработано для определенных целей.

5) Металлы важны в промышленности, так как они могут легко принимать разные формы.

6) В процессе ковки применяются технологии для увеличения пластичности металла.

7) Процесс сварки сильно зависит от свойств металлов, целей применения и оборудования.

Exercise 16. Speak on.

The importance of metalworking processes in our life.

Unit5

Materials Science

Exercise 1.Practice pronunciation of the following words and remember them. The stressed part is in bold type.

Material, technology, modern, physics, plastics, metallurgy, elastic, deformation, metal, vibration, engineering, cyclic, temperature, machine, component, weight, original.

Exercise 2.Fill in the correct prepositions Fill in the correct prepositions: on, from, of, in, at, for, on.

2) Creep is a slow, permanent deformation resulting … a steady force acting … a material.

3) Paints, plastics and most of the food you eat are made … of polymers.

4) Every part … your body is a material!

5) Material scientists work … labs and universities all over the world.

6) Materials … high temperatures usually suffer … this deformation.

7) Fatigue is the result … external forces.

Exercise 3.Translate the following words and define their parts of speech (noun, adjective, and verb):

Metal, compression, deform, technologist, scientific, vibration, scientist, metallic, compress, technology, chemistry, metallurgy, technological, chemist, deformation, science, chemical, vibrate.

Exercise 4.Match the words and expressions on the left with those on the right.

1) laboratory techniques a) металлический брусок

2) external forces b) усталость металла

3) elastic deformation c) сжатие

4) compression d) ползучесть

5) bending e) напряжение при растяжении

6) metal fatigue f) уменьшение в объеме

7) torsion (twisting) force g) лабораторные методики

8) rupture h) внешние силы

9) tensile stress i) разрыв

10) creep j) скручивающее усилие

11) metal bar k) упругая деформация

12) Decrease in volume l)сгибание

Exercise 5.Correct the mistakes in the following sentences and translate them paying attention to Passive voice:

1) Materials can are fabricated to have different properties.

2) Most materials is subjected to a torsion (twisting) force.

3) No deformation is saw during fatigue.

4) Rolling can be do either hot or cold.

5) Decrease in volume shall be caused by compression.

6) New laboratory techniques has been used to find new metalworking methods.

7) The metal bar was subjects to a tensional (tensile) force.

8) New materials with the desired properties can be created.

Exercise 6.Read the text and underline all types of forces acting on materials.

Materials Science and Technology is the study of materials and how they can be fabricated to meet the needs of modern technology. Using the laboratory techniques and knowledge of physics, chemistry, and metallurgy, scientists are finding new ways of using metals, plastics and other materials.

Engineers must know how materials respond to external forces, such as tension, compression, torsion, bending, and shear. All materials respond to these forces by elastic deformation returning their original size and form when the external force disappears. The materials may also have permanent deformation or they may fracture. The results of external forces are creep and fatigue.

Compression is a pressure causing a decrease in volume. When a material is subjected to a bending, shearing, or torsion (twisting) force, both tensile and compressive forces are simultaneously at work. When a metal bar is bent, one side of it is stretched and subjected to a tensional force, and the other side is compressed.

Tension is a pulling force; for example, the force in a cable holding a weight. Under tension, a material usually stretches, returning to its original length if the force does not exceed the material’s elastic limit. Under larger tensions, the material does not return completely to its original condition, and under greater forces the material ruptures.

Fatigue is the growth of cracks under stress. It occurs when a mechanical part is subjected to a repeated or cyclic stress, such as vibration. Even when the maximum stress never exceeds the elastic limit, failure of the material can occur even after a short time. No deformation is seen during fatigue, but small cracks develop and propagate through the material until the remaining cross-sectional area cannot support the maximum stress of the cyclic force. Knowledge of tensile stress, elastic limits, and the resistance of materials to creep and fatigue are of basic importance in engineering.

Creep is a slow, permanent deformation that results from steady force acting on a material. Materials at high temperatures usually suffer from this deformation. Loosening of bolts and the deformation of components of machines and engines are all the examples of creep. In many cases the slow deformation stops because deformation eliminates the force causing the creep. Creep extended over a long time finally leads to the rupture of the material.

Exercise 7.Fill in the correct verb from the list below. Use the words only once. Translate the phrases.

Meet, suffer, return,propagate,eliminate, support, respond, fabricate, decrease, loosen, exceed

… original size, … the needs,…bolts,…volume, … cracks, … the material’s elastic limit, … to external forces,…the maximum stress, … from deformation, … material, … the force

Exercise 8.Find the following word combinations in the text.

1) отвечать требованиям современной технологии

2) используя лабораторные методы

4) сжатие, растяжение, изгиб, кручение, срез

5) возвращать первоначальный размер и форму

7) постоянная деформация

8) уменьшение объема

9) растягивающие и сжимающие силы

10) превышать предел упругости материала

11) повторяющиеся циклические напряжения

12) разрушение материала

13) развитие и распространение мелких трещин

14) сопротивление материалов ползучести и усталости

Exercise 9. Put the words in the correct order and answer the questions:

1) What size change materials the form and forces of?

2) What of results external are the forces?

3) What compression cause does?

4) What of tension result is the?

5) What we do fatigue call? When occur it does? What of are the fatigue results?

6) What call do creep we? When this does take place deformation? What of results creep are the?

Exercise 10. Translate into English the following sentences paying attention to Participle I:

1) Скручивая материал, мы можем его деформировать.

2) Усталость и ползучесть материалов являются результатом внешних сил, воздействующих на материал.

3) Внешние силы вызывают постоянную деформацию и разрушение материала, изменяя его свойства.

4) Растягивающие и сжимающие силы работают одновременно, когда мы изгибаем или скручиваем материал.

5) Растягивая материал выше предела его упругости, мы вызваем постоянную деформацию или разрушение.

6) Применяя современные технологии, мы можем получать новые материалы с нужными свойствами.

7) Человек, измеряющий ползучесть и усталость металла, является инженером нашего института.

8) Сжатие – это давление, приводящее к уменьшению объема.

9) Ползучесть – это деформация, которая является результатом постоянной силы, действующей на материал.

10) Превысив предел упругости материала, они разорвали материал.

Exercise 11.Translate the words from Russian into English to complete the sentences.

1) Деформированный material was not used in the production of tools.

2) One side of погнутый metal bar was compressed.

3) The material растянутый did not return to its original length.

4) Вылитый metal into a mold was cooled.

5) Оставленные machine tools were in bad condition.

6) Вымытые instruments were in the laboratory.

Exercise 12.Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to Participle II:

1) Hydrogen is the lightest element known.

2) The work performed showed good results.

3) The substance obtained contained some admixtures.

4) Unless heated, this substance does not melt.

5) Gold does not rust not even when heated.

6) This substance does not dissolve in water whether heated or not.

7) The temperature of the liquid obtained remained constant.

8) This reaction will be of little service unless catalyzed or carried out at high temperature.

9)Metals do not melt until heated to a definite temperature.

10) Given the weight and gravity of a body you can calculate its volume.

Exercise 13.Speak on

What subjects are the most important for you as a future engineer? Prove your reply.

Unit 6

Machine Tools

Exercise 1. Listen and repeat after the speaker. Practice the pronunciation of the following.

[ ] conventional, machine, operation, shape; [ ] unconventional, among, number, punch, production, ultrasonic, industry, ultrathin; [aι] either, classified, grinder, die, light, primarily, device, microprocessor; [ ] saw, auxiliary, forming, drawing; [eι] lathe, shaper, planer, laser, capable, aerospace, range; [æ] gas, ram, alloy, plasma, category, [ι:] beam, superheated; [α:]arc, discharge, particle, ultrahard.

Exercise 2. Match these words with their initial forms and Russian equivalents.

1) shaper, shaping a) drill 1) строгать

2) milling b) bore 2) придавать форму

3) planer c) grind 3) вытягивать, волочить

4) drilling d) draw 4) штамповать

5) boring e) shape 5) срезать

6) grinder f) shear 6) бурить

7) shearing g) press 7) формировать, обрабатывать

8) drawing h) plane 8) шлифовать

9) pressing i) form 9) сверлить

10) forming j) mill 10) фрезеровать

Exercise 3. Explain the meaning of these expressions taking into account the value of the prefix and ending and the sense of the base form.

Example: the drilling machine

The drilling machine is used to create holes.

1) ultrahard alloys

2) ultrathin materials

4) a microprocessor

5) a multi-user configuration

6) ultrasonic machines

7) a minicomputer

8) a multispindle unit

Exercise 4. Before you read the text, try to answer the following questions.

What is a machine tool?

What is it used for?

What kinds of machine tools do you know?

Read the texts and match them with the headings in the list.

ü Machine tools are stationary power-driven machines

ü Unconventional machine tools

ü Conventional machine tools

1……………………………..They are used to shape or form solid materials, especially metals. The material to be shaped is called the workpiece. Nowadays most machine tools are electrically driven. Machine tools with electrical drive are faster and more accurate than hand tools. They form the basis of modern industry and are used either directly or indirectly in the manufacture of machines and tool parts. Machine tools may be classified under three main categories: conventional machine tools, presses, and unconventional machine tools.

2……………………………. Among the basic machine tools are the lathe, the shaper, the planer, and the milling machine. Auxiliary to these are drilling and boring machines, grinders, saws, and various metal-forming machines.

3.…………………………….They employ a number of different shaping processes, including shearing, pressing, or drawing. Presses are equipped with dies and punches. Presses are capable of rapid production because the operation time is that needed for only one stroke of the ram.

4……………………………..They employ light, electrical, chemical, and sonic energy; superheated gases; and high-energy particle beams to shape the exotic materials and alloys that have been developed to meet the needs of modern technology. Unconventional machine tools include plasma-arc, laser-beam, electro discharge, electrochemical, ultrasonic, and electron-beam machines. These machine tools were developed primarily to shape the ultrahard alloys used in heavy industry and in aerospace applications and to shape and etch the ultrathin materials used in such electronic devices as microprocessors. Numerical control of machine tools and flexible manufacturing systems have made it possible for complete systems of machine tools to be used for the manufacture of a range of products.

Exercise 5. Read the following active words and word combinations. Can you guess their meanings? Compare your ideas with other students.

Stationary power-driven machines; electrically driven; hand tools; unconventional machine tools; metal-forming machines; boring machines; shaping processes; rapid production; operation time; superheated gases; high-energy particle beams; electron-beam machines; aerospace applications; numerical control; flexible manufacturing systems; range of products.

Exercise 6. Translate into English.

Станки с ручным управлением; авиакосмическая промышленность твердый материал; бурильный молоток; токарный станок; деталь; фрезерный станок; шлифовальный станок; строгальный станок; вытравливать; сверлильный станок; машина для обработки металлов давлением; волочение; срез; звуковая энергия; пучок частиц высокой энергии; плазменно-дуговая установка; электроразрядные; сверхзвуковой; специальные станки; тяжелая промышленность; цифровое программное управление; гибкая производственная система; продольно-строгальный станок; поперечно-строгальный станок.

Exercise 7. Using the information from the text “Machine tools”, complete these statements. Translate them. If necessary look at the Vocabulary.

1) Modern machine tools are used to………………………..

2) There are three main categories of machine tools:….

3) Drilling, boring machines, grinders, saws and various metal-forming machines may be referred to…………………………….

4) Presses shape the workpieces without cutting away material that’s why they are equipped with……………………..

5) A press consists of a frame supporting a stationary bed, ……….. and a power source.

6) ………………………………to shape the exotic materials and alloys.

7) Unconventional machine tools include……………………..

Exercise 8. Match the terms from the list below with the explanations and definitions.

Planer, lathe, drilling machine tool, ultrasonic machine, portable circular saw, grinder, laser.

1) It is particularly suited to making accurately placed holes. It can make holes in refractory metals and ceramics and in very thin materials without warping the workpiece.

2) Unlike the shaper, which moves a tool past a fixed workpiece, this device moves the workpiece past a fixed tool.

3) It holds and rotates the workpiece while cutting tools shape it.

4) It employs high-frequency, low-amplitude vibrations to create holes and other cavities.

5) It removes metal with rotating abrasive wheel.

6) Hole-making machine tools are used to drill a hole where none previously existed.

7) They are classified into three general types, according to the kind of motion used in the cutting action: reciprocating, circular, and band-sawing machines (ленточная пила).

Exercise 9. Answer the questions to the text “Machine tools”.

1) What are machine tools used for?

2) How are most machine tools driven nowadays?

3) What does “workpiece” mean?

4) What categories are machine tools classified under?

5) What machine tools are among the basic ones?

6) Are there any auxiliary machine tools?

7) Dies and punches are designed for such operations as forming, punching, and shearing, aren’t they?

8) What do unconventional machine tools employ to shape the materials?

9) What machine tools are used in heavy industry? What kinds of alloys do they shape?

10) What is numerical control of machine tools used for?

Exercise 10. From the noun “machine”we can form other words:

Machined, machinery, machineman, machines, machining, machinist

Decide which part of speech each word is and complete the following word combinations.

1) Diamond …. part

5) Electric rotating ……

6) ……. by chip removal

Exercise 11. Put the words given in the brackets into the proper order. Translate the sentences without a preliminary preparation.

1) In general, the shaper can produce almost any surface composed of (straight-line elements).

2) The planer is the largest of (the machine reciprocating tools).

3) Drilling machines vary in size and function, multispindle units, (production automatic machines), and (drilling-hole-deep machines).

4) Plasma-arc machining employs a (high jet velocity) of (gas high-temperature) to melt and displace material.

5) Extremely fine wires can also be welded using (laser machining beam equipment).

6) (A high-frequency pulsating electric current) is applied between the tool point and the workpiece.

7) The process is performed in a vacuum chamber to reduce the scattering of electrons by (molecules gas) in the atmosphere.

8) (Drive motor) is usually used to power (larger guns machine) on vehicles, aircraft, and naval vessels.

9) (Operated-machine device) employed in engineering, manufacturing, woodworking, and metalwork to cut or shape metal or wood parts.

10) Important (power-machine or operated tools) include lathes, dies, presses, and equipment used for boring, milling, and welding.

Exercise 12. Translate the sentences into English using active vocabulary of the lesson.

1) Станки с механическим приводом применяются для обработки твердых материалов, особенно металлов.

2) Станки с электроприводом более быстрые и точные, чем с ручным управлением.

3) Токарные, поперечно-строгальные, продольно-строгальные и фрезерные станки относятся к станкам с ручным управлением.

4) Шлифовальные станки имеют вращающийся абразивный инструмент.

5) Прессы, оснащенные пуансонами и штампами, сокращают время выполнения операции, что способствует значительному увеличению объемов производства.

6) Специальные станки используют световую, электрическую, химическую, звуковую энергию, перегретые газы, пучки частиц высокой энергии для обработки материалов, обладающих необычными свойствами.

7) Плазменно-дуговые и лазерные станки были спроектированы для работы со сверхжесткими сплавами, которые используются в тяжелой и аэрокосмической промышленности.

8) С помощью лазера можно сделать отверстия в тугоплавких или керамико-металлических материалах, не нанеся урон самой детали.

9) Деталь, обработанная алмазным инструментом, имеет законченный вид.

10) Благодаря цифровому программному управление и гибкой производственной система станки используются почти на всех уровнях производства.

Exercise 13. Speak on.

What main categories of machine tools do you know? Describe each of them.

БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК

1. Агабекян И.П. Английский язык для технических вузов: учебное пособие / И.П. Агабекян, П.И. Коваленко. – Изд. 9-е. – Ростов н/Д.: Феникс, 2007. – 349 с.

2. Куклина И. П. Energy is the Source of Life Пособие по английскому языку для техникумов, колледжей, профессионально-технических училищ / И. П. Куклина. – Санкт-Петербург: КАРО, 2000. – 508 с.

3. Турук И.Ф. Пособие по переводу технических текстов с английского языка на русский / И.Ф. Турук. – М.: Высш.шк.,1966. – 97 с.