What infectious disease is represented in the text

Тема 6.5. Infectious diseases/Инфекционные болезни

Level A

We learn the new words / Мы учим новые слова

bed-clothes – постельное белье

look after – ухаживать за

We read / Мы читаем

Infectious Diseases

Infection means invasion of the body by microorganisms which are harmful. Every infectious disease has its own specific way of invasion into a human body. Infection may pass from one person to another through blood, stools, saliva, instruments; it may enter the body through skin cuts, it may be swallowed.

There are intestinal infections, which are spread through intestines and stools; infections of the respiratory tract, which are spread during coughing or talking; skin infections and infections spread by living insects.

All-the infectious diseases are divided in several stages. They are: 1) the period of incubation, 2) the prodromal stage during which the initial symptoms may appear, 3) the stage of a fully developed disease, 4) the stage of decline

To establish a proper disease it is necessary to do some laboratory tests at the right time and in the right place.

Characteristic symptoms of the diseases may be local and systemic. Symptoms very according a disease, but a sore throat, sneezing, nausea and vomiting, restlessness and prostration, pain the limbs and back, rash may occur among the most characteristic local symptoms.

A lot of disease may begin with these symptoms.

It is necessary for a medical staff to be careful during physical examination of the infected patients. There are two important steps which mustn’t omitted: to take the temperature and examine the throat. A nurse who looks after the infected person must wear a special gown and a mask. She must wash her hands with soap as often as she can, she must be very careful to prevent the spread of the infection.

Find English equivalents / Найдите английские эквиваленты.

Микроорганизмами; может переходить; через порезы в коже; можно проглотить; во время кашля или разговора; распространяемые живыми насекомыми; делятся; чтобы осмотреть горло; ухаживать за инфицированным больным; предотвратить распространение инфекции.

Find Russian equivalents / Найдите русские эквиваленты.

Invasion of the body; specific way of invasion; it may be swallowed; through intestines and stools; skin infections; are divided; fully developed disease; characteristic symptoms; rash may occur; medical staff; must be very careful.

Answer the questions / Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What does infection mean?

2. In what ways may infection pass?

3. What kinds of infections are there?

4. How many stages are infectious diseases divided in?

5. What is necessary for a medical staff during examination of the infected patients?

7. What are the main tasks for nurses?

Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks/ Заполните пропуски, используя слова в рамке:

As you know I am a ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­________at the therapeutic hospital. My ________had many _________in the childhood. I know that infectious diseases can pass from an ________person to an ________person by different ways. When a nurse _______a patient who has an infectious disease, she has two important tasks: to care of the patient and to prevent the _______of infection. Here are _______how to prevent the spread of infection and I think a nurse must remember them: The nurse must wear a ______and a special gown when she goes to look after________. The nurse must wash her _______carefully with soap and running water each time she goes from an infectious patient. Disinfect _______after use.

Level B

Vocabulary

Reading

Infectious diseases are known to be caused by the invasion and growth of microorganisms in the human body. Infection may result from direct contact with patients or from indirect one. But the human organism is known to have a specific capacity of resistance against infection, which is called immunity, it being natural and artificial. Under various conditions it may be entirely lacking, it may be relative, rarely it may be absolute.

A previous attack of an infectious disease produces a more or less permanent

protection against its subsequent infection. In the course of their growth in the body many pathogenic microorganisms produce virulent poisons or toxins causing the characteristic symptoms of a particular disease. To meet the infection, the cells of the body produce a chemical antidote which is specific for this particular infection and is known as an antitoxin. If the patient can produce a sufficient amount of this antidote to neutralize the toxins before the vital organs are injured, recovery occurs. If the human body did not have this capacity, we would suffer from all infectious diseases. If the toxin can be isolated from bacterial cultures and injected into men, an artificial immunity can be produced which results from the formation of antitoxin.

The cellular elements of the tissues also take an active part in the protection of the organism against the infection. The presence of any infection usually produces leukocytosis and bacteria in the tissue are surrounded by white cells or phagocytes which prevent the spread of bacteria destroying them. If the reaction against invading bacteria is insufficient, vaccines may be injected subcutaneously to produce a more active resistance of the protective mechanisms of the body. Vaccines are employed not only to contribute to the treatment of a disease, but to establish an active artificial immunity.

Учебное пособие по англ языку. Анатомия человека

1. Teacher: At this lesson you will know about the immunity. You will need the words on the

topics «Diseases» and «Blood».
2. Check yourself

Immunity
Infectious diseases are caused by the invasion and growth of microorganisms in the human body. Infection may result from direct contact with patients or from indirect one.

But the human organism has a specific capacity of resistance against infection. It is called immunity, it may be natural and artificial. A previous attack of an infectious disease produces a more or less permanent protection against its subsequent infection.

In the course of their growth in the body many pathogenic microorganisms produce virulent poisons or toxins. These toxins cause the characteristic symptoms of a particular disease. To meet the infection the cells of the body produce a chemical antidote which is specific for this particular infection and is known as an antitoxin. If a patient can produce a sufficient amount of this antidote to neutralize the toxins before the vital organs are injured, recovery occurs. If the human body had not this capacity we should suffer from all infectious diseases.

If the toxin can be isolated from bacterial cultures and injected into men, an artificial immunity can be produced which results from the formation of antitoxin.

The cellular elements of the tissues also take an active part in the protection of the organism against the infection. The presence of any infection usually produces leucocytosis. Bacteria in the tissues are surrounded by white cells or phagocytes. They prevent the spread of bacteria and destroy them.

7. Fill in the gaps and tell what part the cellular elements play in the protection

8. Make up the sentences

employedактивизировать сопротивление защитных механизмов тела.

способствовать лечению болезней

установить искусственный иммунитет

9. Here is a short copy of the text about immunity. Use the necessary verbs to complete the story

10. Translate into English

11. Speak about immunity

ЗАДАНИЯ ДЛЯ ОБОБЩЕНИЯ ЛЕКСИЧЕСКОГО МАТЕРИАЛА ПО ТЕМАМ РАЗДЕЛА «DISEASES»
1.Match the words in the column

2.Match the word and its translation

3. Look at the symptoms and name the disease
1. _________: high temperature, fever, cough, and very rapid breathing, pain in the chest.
2._________: high temperature, flushed face, vomiting, sore throat, fever, headache, rash, hot and dry skin.

3._________: high temperature, running nose, cough, general pains.
4.__________: high temperature, sneezing, cough, heavy cold, running nose, rash, dislike of the light.

4.Match the diseases and their symptoms

Painful and dry cough; slight cough; sharp pain ; slight pain; rapid respiration; scanty expectoration; vomit; nausea; pain in the throat; fatigue; epigastric discomfort after meals; lassitude; dry and coated tongue; dry and moist rales; shortness of breath; secretion of mucus; discomfort in the chest; retention of stools.
5.Fill in the gaps
diminishes / feels / breathes / appears / begins / fades / rises / covers / peels / increases / becomes / decreases

6.Match the disease and treatment

7.Make up the sentences

РАЗДЕЛ V. THE PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEMS
Цели раздела

В результате изучения теоретического материала по темам данного раздела вы должны

TOPIC 35. AIDS
AIDS is up to the present moment incurable disease. It has taken away a lot of lives. You must have deep knowledge about it to protect yourself and your close people.
1. Study the words

2. Make up the sentences adding the words

3. Before reading the text review the underlined words. Do you remember what they mean?
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
AIDS is an insidious and up to the present moment incurable disease. The disease occurs in all age groups. The number of AIDS cases grows at a rapid rate. 70 per cent of all people with AIDS die within 2 years of diagnosis.

AIDS is caused by a virus that invades white blood cells (lymphocytes) and some other body cells. This virus is called «human immunodeficiency virus» or HIV. AIDS is one of the several clinical manifestations of HIV infection. HIV infection damages the immune system and weakens the body’s ability to fight off infections and diseases. HIV may remain latent in the body, and most people infected with the virus remain in good health. The onset of symptoms ranges from 6 months to 5 years or more. They may include tiredness, fever, loss of appetite and weight, diarrhea, night sweat and swollen glands. Some people infected with HIV have many of these symptoms but do not develop the characteristics of AIDS. The diagnosis of AIDS depends on the presence of certain life threatening opportunistic diseases (a type of cancer known as Kaposi’ sarcoma) and a positive test for antibody to HIV.

HIV, AIDS virus, passes from person through the exchange of body fluids. «Body fluids» include blood, semen, women’s genital secretions. HIV infection is spread by direct sexual contact, the sharing of drug needles among drug users, through transfusion of infected blood.

At present, there is no cure for AIDS. Little can be done to restore the body’s immune system to normal. But scientists and medical workers continue the efforts to produce vaccines and drugs against AIDS. Doctors learn more about the treatment of the infections which affect AIDS patients. Doctors use drugs, radiation and surgery to treat the various diseases of AIDS patients. This treatment helps to block action of the virus.

AIDS is a serious global health problem. People from all over the world unite their forces in fighting AIDS. They initiate public campaigns to educate and inform young people about AIDS. They also support AIDS victims who suffer not only from pain of diseases but also from social discrimination. Everybody can help fighting AIDS by taking precautions, getting facts about AIDS and its transmission, supporting AIDS victims.
4.Match the words in the columns

8.Fill in the table using the text “AIDS”

9.Do the tasks according to the variant.
Variant 1.Answer the questions and translate the answers.

Variant 2.Continue the sentences and translate them into Russian.

Variant 3.Write out the information about HIV infection and AIDS according to the plan. Translate into Russian.

Variant 4. Prove the statements and translate the information.

Variant 5. Complete the sentences and translate them.

TOPIC 36. THE DAMAGE OF DRUGS
Nowadays more people are taking drugs than in any other time in history of mankind, and many of those people are youth. Drugs kill the health, joy, mind and beauty of people. Your power in your knowledge!
1.Match the words together and translate them.

Infectious Diseases

Overview

What are infectious diseases?

Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by harmful organisms (pathogens) that get into your body from the outside. Pathogens that cause infectious diseases are viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites and, rarely, prions. You can get infectious diseases from other people, bug bites and contaminated food, water or soil.

What’s the difference between infectious diseases and noninfectious diseases?

Infectious diseases are caused by harmful organisms that get into your body from the outside, like viruses and bacteria. Noninfectious diseases aren’t caused by outside organisms, but by genetics, anatomical differences, getting older and the environment you live in. You can’t get noninfectious diseases from other people, by getting a bug bite or from your food.

The flu, measles, HIV, strep throat, COVID-19 and salmonella are all examples of infectious diseases. Cancer, diabetes, congestive heart failure and Alzheimer’s disease are all examples of noninfectious diseases.

What are the types of infectious diseases?

Infectious diseases can be viral, bacterial, parasitic or fungal infections. There’s also a rare group of infectious diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).

What are common infectious diseases?

Infectious diseases are extremely common worldwide, but some are more common than others. For instance, each year in the United States, 1 out of every 5 people is infected with the influenza virus, but less than 300 people are diagnosed with prion diseases.

Some of the most common infectious diseases are listed here by type.

Common infectious diseases caused by viruses:

Common infectious diseases caused by bacteria:

Common infectious diseases caused by fungi:

Common infectious diseases caused by parasites:

Who is most at risk for getting infectious diseases?

Anyone can get an infectious disease. You may be at an increased risk if your immune system is weakened or if you travel to areas with certain highly transmissible diseases.

People at higher risk of infectious disease include:

What complications are associated with infectious diseases?

Many infectious diseases resolve without complications, but some can cause lasting damage.

Serious and life-threatening complications of various infectious diseases include:

Symptoms and Causes

What are the symptoms of infectious diseases?

Symptoms of infectious diseases depend on the type of illness. Fungal infections usually cause localized symptoms, like rash and itching. Viral and bacterial infections can have symptoms in many areas of your body, like:

It’s important to see a doctor if you have any chronic (ongoing) symptoms or symptoms that get worse over time.

What causes infectious diseases?

Infectious diseases are caused by a variety of agents that invade your body from the outside. These include:

You may develop symptoms when your cells are damaged or destroyed by the invading organism and as your immune system responds to the infection.

How do infectious diseases spread?

Depending on the type of infection, there are many ways that infectious diseases can spread. Fortunately, in most cases, there are simple ways to prevent infection.

Your mouth, your nose and cuts in your skin are common places for pathogens to enter your body. Diseases can spread:

Diagnosis and Tests

How are infectious diseases diagnosed?

Your healthcare provider usually diagnoses infectious diseases using one or more lab tests. Your provider can look for signs of disease by:

Some test results, like from a nose swab, come back quickly, but other results might take longer. For instance, sometimes bacteria has to be grown in a lab (cultured) from a sample before you can get your test result.

Management and Treatment

How are infectious diseases treated?

Treatment depends on what causes the infection. Sometimes your healthcare provider will recommend monitoring your symptoms rather than taking medication.

What is antibiotic resistance?

Antibiotic resistance is when bacteria develop mutations that make it harder for our medicines to destroy them. This happens when antibiotics are overused, such as for minor infections that your body could fight off on its own.

Antibiotic resistance makes some bacterial infections very difficult to treat and more likely to be life-threatening. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an example of a bacterial infection that has become antibiotic-resistant.

Healthcare providers are working to reduce antibiotic resistance. You can help — and protect yourself — by finishing all of your antibiotic medication as prescribed. This helps to make sure all of the bacteria are destroyed and can’t mutate.

Prevention

Can infectious diseases be prevented?

There are many simple ways to reduce your risk of infectious disease and even prevent certain illnesses altogether. While each of these helps to reduce your risk of getting and spreading infectious diseases, often there’s no single way that’s 100% effective at preventing disease. That’s why it’s important to have many habits for reducing your risk.

You can think of it as lining up slices of Swiss cheese, a model suggested by James Reason, PhD. Where some slices have holes, other slices give protection. Getting recommended vaccinations, and simple habits like practicing safe food handling and washing your hands, work together to give you layers of protection.

Vaccines

Vaccines reduce your risk of getting an infectious disease by training your immune system to recognize and fight off infections from harmful invaders. While people sometimes do still get sick with a disease after getting vaccinated for it, your symptoms are usually less severe than they would’ve been without the vaccination.

Usually given as a shot or series of shots (or, less commonly, as a nasal spray), vaccines are available for many common infectious diseases, including:

The CDC has up-to-date recommendations for vaccinations for children, adolescents and adults. If you’re traveling, make sure you have all of the recommended vaccinations for your destination before you go.

Safe food handling

Safe food handling habits help prevent certain infectious diseases.

Other ways to help prevent infectious disease

In addition to vaccines and safe food handling habits, you can reduce your risk of coming down with or spreading an infectious disease with a few everyday practices.

Outlook / Prognosis

What are the outcomes after treatment for infectious diseases?

With treatment, most people get better after being sick with an infectious disease.

Sometimes there can still be serious complications, especially with respiratory illnesses. People with compromised immune systems are more at risk for serious complications, but they can happen in healthy people too.

Some diseases, like HIV and hepatitis B, can’t be cured, but medications can help prevent serious complications. Sexually transmitted diseases can cause infertility or even lead to cancer, so it’s important to take steps to protect yourself and others.

Prion diseases are very serious and can’t be cured. They are fortunately some of the rarest infectious diseases.

Living With

When should I call my healthcare provider concerning an infectious disease?

Let your healthcare provider know if you have any symptoms of an infectious disease, especially if they’re unusual or don’t go away over time. If you have an ongoing infection, frequent follow-ups with your provider can help ensure your condition doesn’t worsen.

Your provider should also know if you plan to travel to foreign countries. You may need to be vaccinated against infections that are more common at your destination.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are emerging infectious diseases?

Emerging infectious diseases are those that are new or are infecting more people than they had previously. Special research is dedicated to these diseases. Some emerging infectious disease agents include Ebola, salmonella, hepatitis A, certain coronaviruses and West Nile virus.

What are common pediatric infectious diseases?

Babies and children can be more likely to get sick from infectious diseases because their immune systems are still developing. They also can’t practice good hygiene on their own like adults can. Some infectious diseases that can be more common in children include:

A note from Cleveland Clinic

We coexist with viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites every day. In fact, you have 10 times more bacteria inside your body than human cells — we couldn’t live without them!

Some of the organisms that we come across can be harmful. Fortunately, there are many simple things you can do to keep yourself healthy.

It’s also important to remember that there might be people around you who aren’t able to fight off infections easily. Washing your hands, covering your mouth when you cough or sneeze and other simple habits can help protect others from getting seriously ill. A small habit for you could be life-saving for someone else.

Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 06/06/2022.

References

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Infectious Diseases

What Is An Infectious Disease?

Infectious diseases are the diseases of microbial pathogens, namely viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. These may be transmittable or non-communicable. They may be spread by plants, humans, or insects. The agents who spread the pathogens or pass them on are called vectors or intermediaries of the disease.

Types of Infection

A disease is a condition that, through hampering body processes, impacts only a portion of the whole body. Infectious or non-infectious diseases, both, can cause illness. In general, non-infectious causes may be internal factors, genetic irregularities, and lifestyle, while infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, which are the agents causing the infection. Certain disorders caused by organisms that live in and on are known as infectious diseases. Organisms like viruses fungi bacteria parasites etc can cause a number of infectious diseases. Infectious diseases can be passed from one person to another; some diseases were also transmitted by other animals or insects.

Causes of infectious diseases

Pathogens are basically disease-causing agents. These include viroid’s, nematodes, prions, arthropods, notably mites and fleas and macro-parasites such as helminths and roundworms. Such diseases arise when an organism invades the cells and tissues of the human body with an infection-causing agent that triggers the reaction of the host tissues to these pathogens, both because of the effects of the pathogen and the toxins it releases. Examples of pathogens are

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These pathogens can enter our bodies in several different ways such as

Through the transfer of body fluids

By inhaling airborne droplets or particles

Contact with wastes

Contaminated food or water

Types of infectious diseases

can be classified on the basis of the causative pathogen. The main types are enlisted and described below.

1. Viral infections- this infectious disease occurs due to viruses. Researchers have found around 5,000 types of viruses to date. In this type of infectious disease, viruses attach themselves to a cell by inviting a host’s body and releasing the genetic material. The virus in the body multiplies when the released material forces the cell to replicate the virus. Viruses are the primary cause of viral infections like the common cold, influenza, and so on. The virus can enter a host’s body and attaches itself to the cell where its genetic material activates, and it begins to replicate itself. The cell replicates, and the virus grows. The infection of cells then releases more viruses that can go on to infect new cells. Few viruses alter cell structure rather than destroy the cells. For example, human papillomavirus, the Epstein Barr virus, causes uncontrollable cell replication leading to cancer. Other Examples- polio, dengue, fever, HIV Zika virus, Ebola virus, Coronavirus swine flu etc

2. Bacterial infections- Single-celled organisms are known as bacteria. These are also called prokaryotes. Researchers have found that there are almost 1 nonillion bacteria on earth. Bacteria have main shapes- spherical, rod-shaped and spiral. Examples of bacterial infections are- typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis, dysentery diphtheria etcetera. Bacteria can live in extreme environments from extreme heat to extreme cold, and even radioactive waste in any environment. Innumerable bacterial strains are present on Earth, some of which cause disease. Bad bacteria cause infection, and good bacteria kill bad bacteria and avoid disease. Some of the bacterial diseases that are infectious are cholera, tuberculosis, diphtheria, typhoid. These diseases are usually treated with the help of antibiotics.

3. Fungal infections- A fungus breaks down (using an enzyme) and consumes organic material. Fungi grow and cause infections when good bacteria are destroyed. In the upper layers of the skin, many fungal infections appear, although some penetrate into the deeper layers. When inhaled, fungal spores can cause fungal infections involving the internal layers of the body. Fungus is a multicellular parasite that uses an enzyme to observe organic matter. Fungal infection generally develops on the upper layers of the skin. Examples of fungal infections are- Candidiasis, ringworm, histoplasmosis, athlete’s foot etc.

4. Prion disease- A prion has no genetic material and is a protein. In case the prion is abnormally folded, it impacts the brain system, which triggers dangerous diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob Illness. Such diseases spread very quickly and are particularly deadly. They do not replicate in the host but stimulate anomalous behaviour in the cells of the body. A prion is basically a protein that causes no harm and contains no genetic material. Prions generally affect other parts of the nervous system. Diseases caused by Prion are rare, but in some cases, researchers have linked Alzheimer’s disease to Prion disease.

5. Other Infections- Also capable of causing communicable diseases are protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites. Protozoa are transferred via faeces contact. Protozoan causes amoebic dysentery. Helminths encompassing flatworms and roundworms also cause human infections. Ectoparasites, including mites, lice, ticks, etc. stick themselves to the skin and induce infections.

Text A. Botkin’s Disease

Botkin’s disease, or the so-called epidemic or infectious hepatitis, is an acute viral disease affecting hepatic cells and bile ducts.

The prominent German scientist Virchow believing it to be due to obstruction of the common bile duct with mucus during inflammatory processes in the duodenum, the disease was called catarrhal jaundice.

But in 1880 the prominent Russian scientist S. Botkin having advanced the idea of an infectious origin of this disease, proved his suggestions by such facts as the involvement in this pathologic process not only of the liver but also of the nervous system, the kidneys, the enlargement of the spleen, etc.

But it was not before 1940 that the term «Botkin’s disease» was introduced into medicine due to the efforts of the well-known Soviet physician M. Konchalovsky.

Botkin’s disease occurs in epidemic form. This disease more commonly affects children, adults as well as elderly persons suffering from it frequently too.

Botkin’s disease is known to be due to a filterable virus present in the blood, liver and found in stool and urine. The virus is infective only for man. As this virus cannot be seen under a usual microscope, it is revealed only by an electronic one. Being highly virulent virus survives in water, food, and on hands for days and weeks.

X. Выпишите из текста А эквиваленты следующих значений:

1. закупорка общего желчного протока; 2. благодаря усилиям; 3. а также пожилые люди; 4. печеночные клетки; 5. выживают в воде и пище; 6. увеличение селезенки; 7. острое вирусное заболевание; 8. воспалитель­ный процесс