What is a computer текст по английскому

What is a computer?

A computer is an electronic machine which can accept data in a certain form, process the data, and give the results of the processing in a specified format as information.

First, data is fed into the computer’s memory. Then, when the program is run, the computer performs a set of instructions and processes the data. Finally, we can see the results (the output) on the screen or in printed form (see Fig. 1 below).

A computer system consists of two parts: hardware and software. Hardware is any electronic or mechanical part you can see or touch. Software is a set of instructions, called a program, which tells the computer what to do. There are three basic hardware sections: the central processing unit (CPU), main memory and peripherals

Perhaps the most influential component is the central processing unit. Its function is to execute program instructions and coordinate the activities of all the other units. In a way, it is the’brain’of the computer. The main memory (a collection of RAM chips) holds the instructions and data which are being processed by the CPU. Peripherals are the physical units attached to the computer. They include storage devices and input/ output devices.

Storage devices (hard drives, DVD drives or flash drives) provide a permanent storage of both data and programs. Disk drives are used to read and write data on disks. Input devices enable data to go into the computer’s memory.The most common input devices are the mouse and the keyboard. Output devices enable us to extract the finished product from the system. For example, the computer shows the output on the monitor or prints the results onto paper by means of a printer

A USB port A USB connector

11*

Data is collected and entered

(e.g. payroll, services, publicity)

(e.g. sales, stocks, interest)

Data is manipulated

Files and programs are held on disk

The results are shown on the monitor or in print form

T Computer essentials

Match these words from the text (1-9) with the correct meanings (a-i).

1software a

2peripherals b

3main memory с

4hard drive (also known as hard disk)

5hardware d

6input e

7ports f

8output 9

9central processing unit (CPU) the brain of the computer

physical parts that make up a computer system

programs which can be used on a particular computer system

the information which is presented to the computer

results produced by a computer

input devices attached to the CPU

section that holds programs and data while they are

executed or processed

magnetic device used to store information

sockets into which an external device may be

Different types of computer

CEListen to an extract from an ICT class. As you listen, label the pictures (a-e) with words from the box.

laptop desktop PC PDA mainframe tablet PC

у».Listen again and decide whether these sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones.

1A mainframe computer is less powerful than a PC.

2A mainframe is used by large organizations that need to process enormous amounts of data.

3The most suitable computers for home use are desktop PCs.

4A laptop is not portable.

5Laptops are not as powerful as desktop PCs.

6Using a stylus, you can write directly onto the screen of a tablet PC.

7A Personal Digital Assistant is small enough to fit into the palm of your hand.

8A PDA does not allow you to surf the Web.

Language work: classifying

Look at the HELP box and then use suitable classifying expressions to complete these sentences.

1A computer. _______________

hardware and software.

2Peripherals. three

types: input, output and storage devices.

3A word processing program

the user create and edit text.

4————— of network

avchtectute-. peev-to-peer, where all computers have the same capabilities, and client-server (e.g. the Internet), where servers store and distribute data, and clients access this data.

PI In pairs, describe this diagram, using classifying expressions from the HELP box. Make reference to your own devices.

Classifying means putting things into groups or classes. We can classify types of computers, parts of a PC, etc. Some typical expressions for classifying are:

Digital computers can be divided into five main types: mainframes, desktop PCs, laptops, tablet PCs and handheld PDAs.

The basic configuration of a mainframe cons’ists of a central system which processes immense amounts of data very quickly.

• There are X types/classes of.

A tablet PC is a type of notebook computer.

• magnetic, e.g. hard drive

• Flash memory, e.g. pen drive

Benefits of laptops and tablet PCs

ИYour school is considering buying tablet PCs to use in the classroom. Write an email to your teacher explaining the benefits for the students and the school.

Your company is considering replacing all of the office PCs with laptops. Write an email to your boss explaining the benefits for the employees and the company.

Read the advertisement and translate the technical specifications into your own language.

In pairs, answer these questions. If necessary, look at the Glossary.

1What is the main function of a computer’s processor?

2What unit of frequency is used to measure processor speed?

3What does RAM stand for?

Read the text on page 12 and then answer these questions.

1What are the main parts of the CPU?

2What does ALU stand for? What does it do?

3What is the function of the system clock?

4How much is one gigahertz?

5What type of memory is temporary?

6What type of memory is permanent and includes instructions needed by the CPU?

7How can RAM be increased?

8What term is used to refer to the main printed circuit board?

9What is a bus1

10 What is the benefit of having expansion slots?

Look at these extracts from the text. What do the words in bold refer to?

1This is built into a single chip, (line 2)

2. which executes program instructions and coordinates. (line 3)

3. that is being executed, (line 22)

4. performance of a computer is partly determined by the speed of its processor, (line 25)

6. inside the computer to communicate with each other, (line 52)

Text 2. WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

Прочтите текст 2 и скажите, что такое компьютер и каковы его основные функции.

A computer is a machine with an intricate network of elec­tronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores, are capable of being in one or two possible states, that is, on or off; magnetized or demag­netized. The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters, and characters (symbols).

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 14

The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the ma­chine do what we want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or magnetize or do not magne­tize the cores.

The basic job of computers is processing of information. For this reason computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions, called a program, and characters, called data, perform mathematical and / or logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations. The program, or part of it, which tells the comput­ers what to do and the data, which provide the information needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory.

It is considered that computers have many remarkable pow­ers. However most computers, whether large or small, have three basic capabilities.

First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic op­erations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation.

Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user. After all, if we couldn’t feed information in and get results back, these machines wouldn’t be of much use. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use ter­minals, diskettes, disks and magnetic tapes. The computer’s input device (a disk drive or tape drive) reads the information into the computer. For outputting information two common devices used are: a printer, printing the new information on paper, and a cathode-ray-tube display, which shows the results on a TV-like screen.

Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type: «Who would win the war between two coun­tries?» or «Who is the richest person in the world?» Unfortu­nately, the computer can only decide three things, namely: Is one number less than another? Are two numbers equal? and, Is one number greater than another?

A computer can solve a series of problems and make thou­sands of logical decisions without becoming tired. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job.

15 Unit 1. Information-Dependent Society

A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it works according to the instructions given to it. There are times when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical ‘brain’, but its achievements are limited by the minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives it the necessary information; but because electric pulses can move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out great numbers of arithmetic-logical operations almost instan­taneously. A person can do the same, but in many cases that person would be dead long before the job was finished.

8. Переведите текст. Ответьте на вопросы, используя ин­
формациютекста.

1. What is a computer? 2. What are the two possible states of the switches? 3. What are the main functions of a computer? 4. In what way can we make the computer do what we want? 5. What is the basic task of a computer? 6. In what form does a computer accept information? 7. What is a program? 8. What are data? 9. What is memory? 10. What three basic capabilities have computers? 11. What are the ways of inputting informa­tion into the computer? 12. What is the function of an input device? 13. What devices are used for outputting information? 14. What decisions can the computer make? 15. What are the computer’s achievements limited by?

9. Найдите в тексте 2 английские эквиваленты следующих
словосочетаний:

Сложная сеть электронных цепей; управлять (приво­дить в действие) переключателями; возможные состояния; хранить (запоминать) числа; обрабатывать символы; по­средством ввода сигналов; включать; выключать; размаг­ничивать сердечники; обработка информации; информа­ция в виде команд; символы, называемые данными; выполнять математические операции; выдавать результа­ты; обеспечивать необходимую информацию; иметь заме­чательные возможности; основные свойства; сложение, вычитание, деление, умножение; возведение в степень; средства для общения с пользователем; устройство ввода; дисковод; считывать информацию; вывод информации; катоднолучевая трубка; принимать решения; выполнять тысячи логических операций; без устали; находить реше-

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 16

ние задачи; значительно меньший промежуток времени; человек; нудная рутинная работа; в соответствии с введен­ной программой; вырабатывать свои суждения; возможно­сти ограничены программой, заложенной в него челове­ком; дать требуемую информацию; электрические импульсы; со скоростью света; мгновенно производить огромное количество математических операций; человеку может не хватить всей жизни, чтобы закончить работу.

10. Составьте пары или группыблизких позначению слов
из перечня, приведенного ниже.

Например: A. to perform, to exercise, to carry out; B. a man, a person, a human being;

Verbs: to turn on, to provide, to type, to accept, to help, to learn, to observe, to call, to tell, to keep, to feed, to solve, to relate, to switch off, to communicate, to receive, to supply, to switch on, to assist, to print, to study, to input, to turn off, to decide, to store, to say, to name, to watch.

Nouns: work, machine, fundamentals, display, application, capabilities, job, storage, screen, state, basics, use, concept, specialist, journal, character, memory, idea, expert, magazine, position, symbol, command, data, solution, device, instruction, powers, information, decision.

Adjectives: basic, tiny, common, small, main, significant, routine, general, remarkable, uninterested, intricate, important, wonderful, complex, little.

Adverbs: rapidly, probably, instantaneously, in a moment, quickly, perhaps.

What is a computer?

Contents

Objective [ edit | edit source ]

Familiarize the student with the basics of computers. This should give the student a stepping stone to use when learning more specific details about computer hardware.

What is a Computer? [ edit | edit source ]

A computer is an electronic device that takes input or output such as numbers, text, sound, image, animations, video, etc., processes it, and converts it into meaningful information that could be understood, presenting the changed input (processed input) as output. All numbers, text, sound, images, animations, and video used as input are called data, and all numbers, text, sound, images, animations, and video returned as output are called information.

A computer is composed of five crucial parts:

Keyboard (not all are the same) [ edit | edit source ]

Keyboard with a Swedish layout

Keyboard with Danish layout

Optimus-113 keyboard with color screens in each key

Apple keyboard with German layout

Computer Case [ edit | edit source ]

The CPU, motherboard, memory, and any internal components are typically put into a computer case/housing.

Macintosh Performa 6400

Power Macintosh 7600

Power Macintosh 8100

Power Macintosh 8200

Open computer case with visible hardware

Monitor [ edit | edit source ]

• A computer monitor is the most commonly used graphical output device, for the information processed by the CPU.

A Fujitsu computer monitor

A CRT computer monitor

KDS XFlat monitor, screen

LCD, SyncMaster 710

Computer System [ edit | edit source ]

The minimum requirements for a functional computer system include; a keyboard, a case/ housing containing a CPU and memory (although the case itself isn’t strictly necessary), and a monitor. The data is usually entered via the keyboard and the information is usually presented through a screen; however, information can also be presented through speakers, braille displays, or any other output devices.

The way components inside a computer fit together helps describe how the computer works. Data comes in through an Input Device, and is sent to the CPU by Memory. The CPU processes the data, based on the input data and the program which is installed in the computer memory. When the CPU has finished processing the data, it is presented through the output device as information. The information can be stored in the computer memory or presented through an Output Device.

What is a Computer?

Define Computer

Computers are used in many fields like banking, medicine, finance and education with increased preference. With the growth of artificial intelligence, computers will soon blur lines between man and machine.

Under such circumstances, a rudimentary knowledge of computers is essential for everyday work. For those who are not yet familiar with computers, now is the time to gain knowledge about this field. As children will be living with this scenario in future, their employment capability will be tested against computers. To make them future-ready, it is essential to prepare them for this inevitability.

You may have been using your computer for ages without knowing what its essential components, history, or even computer definition are. But now with your children ready to take the next step into learning computers, you may be beset by various questions that you cannot seem to answer.

This article is for those parents and their children who want to know what a computer is and what its various components are?

Definition of a Computer

While you may have seen and used a computer but you may still be unable to answer what is computer correctly. There are many ways of defining a computer. The first and most standard definition is that a computer is something which computes or calculates. It is a machine that takes in raw data and performs some calculations on it and gives us the formed output in the desired format.

Computer is also a device that stores as well as processes information electronically. Computers usually come in different sizes and grades of functionalities.

Brief History of Computers

This journey of computers began in 1822 with Charles Babbage’s analytical engine, which was used to compute the product of numbers. Lady Ada Lovelace, considered to be the world’s first programmer, helped with the programming of the analytical engine.

Around a hundred years later, Alan Turing presented a concept of a universal machine which could theoretically compute anything.

Then J.V. Atanasoff, from the University of Iowa, actually made the first attempt to build a computer. But the first concrete effort came from two University of Pennsylvania professors who built the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) which filled an entire room and had around 18,000 vacuum tubes.

Two years later, a green light for building UNIVAC came from the US government to make the first computer for commercial and business applications. Then came a fundamental design switch to transistors a year later when transistors replaced vacuum tubes. This paved the way for integrated circuits which form the processor chip of modern computers.

In 1953, the first programming language COBOL was developed, and FORTRAN followed it up. But the shift of computers beyond the scientific world came in 1964 when Douglas Engelbart showed a computer prototype with a mouse and a Graphical User Interface. It made computers user friendly and made them favourable for general use.

Following this, there was a parabolic rise in the development of computers with Bell Laboratories, IBM and Apple Inc. They made significant headways into the development of computers.

Apple announced the new personal computers that eventually took over the market in 1976. This was followed up by Microsoft’s Windows. These two significant companies prove to be the game changers in the personal computer field, and the rest is history.

Types of Computers

Computers can be differentiated based on their modes of functioning as well as their size and functionality. Here they have been divided into different types of computers without considering any of these factors.

These are old models of computers that work on the continuous analogue signals rather than discrete signals. They are not very accurate but extremely fast.

Computers that use this binary system of counting using electrical pulses of ON and OFF are known as digital computers. They function on discrete values and are generally more accurate.

Computers that have features of both digital and analogue computers are known as hybrid computers. The analogue part of a computer handles very complicated mathematical computations while digital components handle these numerical and logical systems.

Mainframe computers are computers that are accessed simultaneously by several thousands of people at once. They are used in fields of banking and telecom where they have to handle millions of requests together in minimal time.

These massive computers are used in the fields of engineering and scientific computations. They usually perform over a million instructions per second.

Servers are large repositories of information. They supply information to any computer that is on the same network as them. Many people access servers at the same time so servers need to handle large amounts of traffic.

This type of computer that scientists and engineers may be familiar with is called the workstation. It is generally used in scientific applications and has a faster microprocessor along with a spacious memory.

This last type of computer is a microcomputer which is nothing but a personal computer that you use at home. These computers are built for light use such as listening to music, or playing movies or accessing the internet.

This list concludes various types of computers that are available right now the world over.

Basics of a Computer

Computer basics should be known to everybody who has ever used a computer. A computer is a device that computes some raw data and turns it into meaningful information.

Computer systems consist mainly of two parts. They are hardware and software. The hardware is electronic circuitry that helps to compute the mathematical computations, and the software is the programs that help the hardware to compute. Software is further subdivided into two parts, the operating systems and applications programs. The operating system runs the computer hardware and helps us to communicate with the computer while software applications that we run further perform useful tasks for us.

Hardware vs Software

These are the primary divisions of the computer system.

While discussing the computer definition, we understand that there are two broad divisions of the computer. They are the hardware and the software. The hardware is that part of the computer that we can physically see, feel, touch. They include the input and output devices as well as the processor chip itself.

While the software is those programs which perform tasks, for example, the very browser that you are using to view this program is a software. Software is of two types. One is the operating system like Windows and LINUX, and the other part is the application software like MS Office, games, internet browsers etc. The computer without the software is nothing but a dumb machine. The software is what makes the computer useful to humans.

The computer’s meaning should be clear to you now.

Hardware

Computer hardware is the physical parts of a computer device. Hardware can be replaced if broken or as per needs. Hardware can also be seen as the machinery or primary electronic part of the computer devices. These are used to build up the computer and bring it into a usable condition. For Example- Monitors, Central Processing Unit (CPU), etc.

Softwares

Software in a computer system is a programming code that is executed on a computer processor to fulfill the required task. It is a set of programs and procedures that can perform the given tasks. Softwares is generally written or designed in high-level programming languages which are also readable by non-technical people and the user of the computer.

The high-level languages of software are converted to machine language instructions which can be understood by the computer to follow. These are represented in the form of binary code (0s and 1s) which is understood by the device. The installation of software occurs in the machine language or binary code.

Types of Softwares

Software in a computer is divided into 2 parts. They are as follows-

System Softwares – System software is software in a computer that operates directly on hardware gadgets of the computer. The system software in a computer can be seen as a platform to use or run an application. It helps to use the system itself and run the hardware of the computer. System software is mostly pre-installed on the new computers. For Example- UnixWindows, etc.

Application Softwares – Application Softwares are software that is created for users to complete different tasks on the given computer system. Application Softwares can either be already installed in the computer device or can be installed later from to web or other sources. For Example- Games, Microsoft Word, WhatsApp, etc.

Key Parts of a Computer

The key components of a computer are the CPU, input and output devices, memory, storage devices and the motherboard. Knowing what a computer is is impossible without knowing its structural basics. Hence here is a brief look at the various components that make up a computer.

Central Processing Unit

Also known as the heart of the computer, the CPU can be equated to the human brain. It is a chip that has all the electrical circuits embedded in it which are responsible for reading, executing and storing programs.

Devices through which one can feed the computer, some meaningful information is known as the input devices. For example, a keyboard is an input device through which we key in data for the computer to process.

Devices through which the computer shows the output of its computation are known as output devices. For example, the screen on which appears the results is an output device.

The place where programs and executable instructions are stored is called memory. Usually, this memory is stored on the CPU.

Storage devices are those devices that read or store data — For example, hard drive. The place where information is stored is known as storage media.

Mainboard on which memory, CPU, and other peripherals are connected is known as the motherboard.

These are the various components of a computer system that are critical to its functioning. Every computer, to be meaningful, needs to have these parts.

After understanding computer meaning, you should be able to identify the various components of the computer. It would be best if you also understood how computers were developed and what the benefits of using the computer are.

Benefits of Using a Computer

The benefits of using a computer are plenty. A computer is a machine that can accomplish so many tasks on a user’s behalf, that it is impossible to do without it nowadays. Anyone knowing the computer basics will know that computers are highly time-saving and useful to have.

Listed here are five reasons why you should use a computer.

Computers Can Work 24 x 7

Since computers need electricity to run, they are capable of working without tiring. Same work will take more time if done by a person than if performed by a computer. For example, take the preparation of payslips for employees. A person and a computer can do the same work. But a computer will not tire nor make mistakes, which is quite possible for a person to do.

Computers Connect a Person to the Internet

Nowadays, the new market place is the internet. Buying, selling, and advertising as well as interacting with friends have shifted online. So, how can you take advantage of this new giant? The only way to access the internet is through a computer. The internet is also a storehouse of information which can be accessed in the blink of an eye.

Stores a Vast Amount of Information

Those who know what a computer is know that with the rise in technology computers can store information in the order of terabytes. This amount is enough to save around 250 movies. So, imagine the vast information that you can have stored on the computer. Memory nowadays is cheaply available, so pictures, videos, music, and documents can all be stored on the computer at a cheap price.

The most critical computer basics are that the device saves time. Doing any computation on the computer saves you the time and the hassle of getting the task done. For example, preparing the monthly budget for a home can be easily accomplished on the computer in a matter of minutes, and the work is carried out not only efficiently but is also done correctly.

Computers Can Help You Make Money

If you are setting up a company of your own, you can use computers to connect to the internet and create a broader audience base. Knowing how to work with computers is a skill that is significantly in demand as many businesses have integrated their work in tandem with computers. Programmers and coders are some of the highest paid jobs in the market at present.

These benefits are sufficient reasons to use computers on a day to day basis to solve many problems that confront us. Hopefully, now you may have some idea of what the computer means.

Also, the definition of a computer system should be clear to you. With this basic understanding, you can systematically further your study of computers. As our future looms large, computers are set to take over the world. They will define the manner in which one does business as well as to conduct their personal lives, so now is the time to gain as much knowledge about them so that you stay relevant.

What is Cloud Computing?

Cloud Computing refers to the on-time delivery of diverse services with the use of the Internet in one’s device. Cloud Computing contains many tools and applications which can help one do their job with the internet. Some services of Cloud Computing are data storage, servers, databases, etc

In Cloud Computing, a cloud-based storage facility makes it possible to save them to a remote database rather than maintaining files on hard drives or local storage devices. As long as the given electronic device has access to the high-speed internet, it can access the data and the software programs stored in the cloud.

Text 2. WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

A computer is a machine with an intricate network of elec­tronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores, are capable of being in one or two possible states, that is, on or off; magnetized or demag­netized. The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters, and characters (symbols).

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 14

The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the ma­chine do what we want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or magnetize or do not magne­tize the cores.

The basic job of computers is processing of information. For this reason computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions, called a program, and characters, called data, perform mathematical and / or logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations. The program, or part of it, which tells the comput­ers what to do and the data, which provide the information needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory.

It is considered that computers have many remarkable pow­ers. However most computers, whether large or small, have three basic capabilities.

First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic op­erations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation.

Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user. After all, if we couldn’t feed information in and get results back, these machines wouldn’t be of much use. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use ter­minals, diskettes, disks and magnetic tapes. The computer’s input device (a disk drive or tape drive) reads the information into the computer. For outputting information two common devices used are: a printer, printing the new information on paper, and a cathode-ray-tube display, which shows the results on a TV-like screen.

Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type: «Who would win the war between two coun­tries?» or «Who is the richest person in the world?» Unfortu­nately, the computer can only decide three things, namely: Is one number less than another? Are two numbers equal? and, Is one number greater than another?

A computer can solve a series of problems and make thou­sands of logical decisions without becoming tired. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job.

15 Unit 1. Information-Dependent Society

A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it works according to the instructions given to it. There are times when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical ‘brain’, but its achievements are limited by the minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives it the necessary information; but because electric pulses can move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out great numbers of arithmetic-logical operations almost instan­taneously. A person can do the same, but in many cases that person would be dead long before the job was finished.

8. Переведите текст. Ответьте на вопросы, используя ин­
формациютекста.

1. What is a computer? 2. What are the two possible states of the switches? 3. What are the main functions of a computer? 4. In what way can we make the computer do what we want? 5. What is the basic task of a computer? 6. In what form does a computer accept information? 7. What is a program? 8. What are data? 9. What is memory? 10. What three basic capabilities have computers? 11. What are the ways of inputting informa­tion into the computer? 12. What is the function of an input device? 13. What devices are used for outputting information? 14. What decisions can the computer make? 15. What are the computer’s achievements limited by?

9. Найдите в тексте 2 английские эквиваленты следующих
словосочетаний:

Сложная сеть электронных цепей; управлять (приво­дить в действие) переключателями; возможные состояния; хранить (запоминать) числа; обрабатывать символы; по­средством ввода сигналов; включать; выключать; размаг­ничивать сердечники; обработка информации; информа­ция в виде команд; символы, называемые данными; выполнять математические операции; выдавать результа­ты; обеспечивать необходимую информацию; иметь заме­чательные возможности; основные свойства; сложение, вычитание, деление, умножение; возведение в степень; средства для общения с пользователем; устройство ввода; дисковод; считывать информацию; вывод информации; катоднолучевая трубка; принимать решения; выполнять тысячи логических операций; без устали; находить реше-

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 16

ние задачи; значительно меньший промежуток времени; человек; нудная рутинная работа; в соответствии с введен­ной программой; вырабатывать свои суждения; возможно­сти ограничены программой, заложенной в него челове­ком; дать требуемую информацию; электрические импульсы; со скоростью света; мгновенно производить огромное количество математических операций; человеку может не хватить всей жизни, чтобы закончить работу.

10. Составьте пары или группыблизких позначению слов
из перечня, приведенного ниже.

Например: A. to perform, to exercise, to carry out; B. a man, a person, a human being;

Verbs: to turn on, to provide, to type, to accept, to help, to learn, to observe, to call, to tell, to keep, to feed, to solve, to relate, to switch off, to communicate, to receive, to supply, to switch on, to assist, to print, to study, to input, to turn off, to decide, to store, to say, to name, to watch.

Nouns: work, machine, fundamentals, display, application, capabilities, job, storage, screen, state, basics, use, concept, specialist, journal, character, memory, idea, expert, magazine, position, symbol, command, data, solution, device, instruction, powers, information, decision.

Adjectives: basic, tiny, common, small, main, significant, routine, general, remarkable, uninterested, intricate, important, wonderful, complex, little.

Adverbs: rapidly, probably, instantaneously, in a moment, quickly, perhaps.

Выполните письменный перевод текста 3 по вариантам.

Text3. APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS

1.At present a great deal of the work force of most coun­tries is engaged in creating, processing, storing, communicat­ing and just working with information. Computers have become commonplace in homes, offices, stores, schools, research insti­tutes, plants.

The use of computers in business, industry and communi­cation services is widespread today. Computer-controlled robots are able to improve the quality of manufactured products and

17 Unit 1. Information-Dependent Society

to increase the productivity of industry. Computers can control the work of power stations, plants and docks. They help in mak­ing different decisions and in management of economy.

The work of banks depends upon computer terminals for millions of daily operations. Without these terminals, records of deposits and withdrawals would be difficult to maintain, and it would be impossible to make inquiries about the current sta­tus of customer accounts.

Computers form a part of many military systems including communication and fire control. They are applied for automatic piloting and automatic navigation. Space exploration depends on computers for guidance, on-board environment and re­search.

2. Computers find application in astronomy and upper at­mosphere research. Weather forecasting, library information services can benefit from computers too.

It is interesting to note that computers are widely used in medicine. They became valuable medical diagnostic tools. Computers are used for optical scanning and image processing, ranging from pattern recognition to image processing. Techni­cians can operate computer tomography scanners which com­bine x-rays with computer technology to give sectional views of the body of patients. The views then can be combined into a single image shown on the screen.

It should be noticed that learning on a computer can be fun. Students spend more time with computer-aided instruction per­forming the assigned task, as compared with conventional class­room.

At last air traffic control is impossible without computer ap­plication. It fully depends upon computer-generated informa­tion.

Many other uses of computers that we cannot imagine at present will become commonplace in the transition from an industrial to post industrial, or information society.

to maintain records — вести учет

deposits and withdrawal — вклады и изъятие (выемка)

guidance — наведение (на цель); управление; руковод­ство

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