What is edinburgh famous for

20 Fun Facts About Edinburgh That Will Surprise You

Last Updated: 1st March 2022

Dark alleyways, haunted graveyards, and medieval buildings: get ready for mystery and intrigue with these fun facts about Edinburgh.

Boasting an eclectic mix of cobblestone streets and cocktail clubs, historical buildings and fresh attitudes, Edinburgh is an ancient yet vibrant city.

From almost every corner of Edinburgh the famed, centuries-old Edinburgh Castle, perched high upon a rock, creates and impressive backdrop. Outdoors the adventurous hike up Arthur’s Seat or a relaxing afternoon at Portobello beach are also just minutes away.

The gorgeous city of Edinburgh, pronounced Edin-bruh, is the capital of Scotland. There are plenty of incredible facts about Edinburgh for the curious reader and seasoned traveller alike.

For example, the city plays host to an incredible month-long arts festival, where the city’s population almost doubles in size! It is also the second most visited city in the UK. Its mixture of history, nature, and culture attracts almost 5 million visitors per year – not bad for Scotland’s second city!

Edinburgh is such an amazing city to visit

This vibrant and happening city has a deep dark past though. Witch hunts, gruesome murders, lakes filled with dead bodies: Edinburgh had it all. To this day, it is considered to be one of the most haunted cities in the world. Apparently spending the night at Edinburgh Castle is terrifying (you can check this out in our fun facts about Scotland).

So, if you’re visiting the area, or you’ve lived in Edinburgh and you’re wondering ‘what is Edinburgh famous for?’, this list has got you covered. Get ready for some seriously interesting facts just perfect for fascinating your friends and family!

And if you need a little inspiration or information, check out our other site Fun Facts About. This website is full of interesting facts that’ll blow your mind, so take a look now!

Fun Facts About Edinburgh

1. Edinburgh city facts

Scots name: Edinburgh
Scottish Gaelic name: Dùn Èideann
Founded: Pre-7th century AD
Population:

488,000
Demonym: Edinburgher
First evidence of life in the area:

2000 BC
Number of whisky distilleries: 2.5 (one is under construction)

2. Old Town, New Town

The original and oldest part of Edinburgh is appropriately named ‘Old Town’, and has maintained much of its medieval layout.

However, the area dubbed New Town, dating back to the 1700s, is perhaps less aptly named. The New Town area’s design was based on a squared off version of the British flag, the Union Jack. Both Old and New Town are listed together as a UNESCO heritage site.

3. Going up in smoke

Back in the 1800s, Edinburgh had the nickname of Auld Reekie, meaning “old smokey”. It gained this title due to the poor air quality created by the many coal and wood fires in the city.

From a distance the city appeared to be sitting in a cloud of smoke. Two hundred years on, Edinburgh, with over 130 parks and heritage sites, is actually the greenest city in the United Kingdom. What a transformation!

4. Edinburgh has a plethora of listed buildings

Alongside two UNESCO heritage sites, Edinburgh plays host to over 4,500 listed structures. Of these, approximately 900 are in the highest category, category A.

Buildings, or other structures, that are classified as ‘listed’ in the UK are considered to be of national architectural or historic interest. Many of the A listed buildings are to be found in the Old and New Town.

All the buildings are seriously impressive here

5. Edinburgh Fringe Festival

When it comes to festivals, what is Edinburgh famous for? The Edinburgh Fringe! Every year, for almost the entirety of August, Edinburgh’s population doubles in size as it hosts the world’s largest arts festival!

The Edinburgh Fringe Festival, also referred to as simply The Fringe, features a whopping 55,000 performances in more than 300 venues. This festival dates back to 1947 and celebrates everything that is performing arts, from theatre to comedy to cabaret.

6. Not in a Royal mile!

One of the funniest Edinburgh city facts is that the Royal Mile isn’t technically a mile long. Sitting in the Old Town, stretching from Edinburgh Castle to Holyrood Palace, the Royal Mile is actually 1.13 miles and composed of several shorter streets. Furthermore, this isn’t the road’s official name, and businesses along it must use their real postal addresses.

7. Edinburgh: The home of Harry Potter

What is Edinburgh famous for in the modern literary world? Harry Potter! Author J.K. Rowling, wrote the majority of the Harry Potter books while living in Edinburgh, drawing a lot of inspiration from the city.

You can still visit many of her writing haunts, such as the The Elephant House, and see if you get inspired yourself.

8. Harry Potter on set

Many scenes in the Harry Potter films were also shot in Edinburgh; you’ll find a lot of familiar locations if you know where to look. You can take a Harry Potter tour, find a location guide online, or simply take a wander and see where you recognise. There are a few Potter themed shops that will get you in the mood too.

There are so many fascinating facts about Edinburgh Castle too

9. The impressive Edinburgh Castle

Sitting upon Castle Rock and looking out over the city, Edinburgh Castle paints an impressive picture. While the castle has naturally developed over time, there has been a royal castle in this location for 1,100 years!

One of the most important strongholds in Scotland, this castle has been under siege 26 times, making it one of Great Britain’s most besieged castles.

10. A stronghold for elephants

Another one of our favourite facts about Edinburgh Castle is that it used to be home to an elephant. The elephant was brought home by the 78 th Highlanders from Sri Lanka in 1838. It became a mascot for the regiment and head of the marching band. It also reportedly soon developed a taste for beer.

11. The lost honours

The Honours of Scotland, generally referred to as the Scottish Crown Jewels, is the British Isles’ oldest surviving set of crown jewels. The set, which is comprised of a sceptre, sword, and crown, were first used as a set for the coronation of Mary, Queen of Scots in 1543.

For their safety the Honours were hidden within the castle in 1707, and were subsequently considered lost until they were rediscovered in 1818.

12. Taking the hot seat

Did you did you know that the rock on which Edinburgh Castle sits is actually an extinct volcano? There is another extinct volcano on the other side of Edinburgh too, the summit known as Arthur’s Seat. Both have been extinct for hundreds of millions of years, so no need to fear an eruption!

How epic is this view of the city from Arthur’s Seat?

13. The Stolen Stone of Destiny

The Stone of Destiny, or Stone of Scone, is an important ceremonial symbol in Scotland. In 1269 it was taken by English King Edward and installed in Westminster Abbey.

One fateful Christmas Day, four incensed Scottish students stole the large piece of ceremonial sandstone, moving it to Arbroath Abbey. The stone was recovered and sent back to Westminster Abbey. In 1996 the stone was officially returned to Scottish soil, and is now housed in Edinburgh Castle.

14. A knight that lives in a zoo

One of the best Edinburgh city facts is that they have a knighted penguin. The only one in the world, in fact! Sir Nils Olav, third of his name, is a king penguin and lives out his days in the Edinburgh zoo. He is the mascot of the Norwegian King’s Guard, where he holds the rank of Brigadier.

15. Ebenezer Scroggie: Mean man

The miserly protagonist of A Christmas Carol, Ebenezer Scooge, was based on a real person. While wandering around Canongate cemetery, Charles Dickens’ gaze fell upon a gravestone inscription reading ‘Ebenezer Scroggie – meanman’.

He thought there could be no bigger indicator of a wasted life than to be remembered as mean and thus the character developed. However, Scroggie’s gravestone actually reads ‘mealman’, meaning corn trader; he was reportedly jolly and mischievous.

16. Underground Edinburgh

In the 19 th century the city population was growing rapidly, and housing space within Old Town was tight. To maintain the security of living within the wall, people began converting basements and cellars into housing.

Dark, cramped and unsanitary, many less fortunate families resided in this underground network. As the city expanded beyond the walls, these subterranean abodes were abandoned and often destroyed. However, if you’re curious, you can take a tour to explore this underground city.

This is such a fascinating city

17. Nor Loch

One of the creepiest facts about Edinburgh is that the now gorgeous, green area known as Princes Street Gardens was once a lake turned sewer and dumping ground for dead bodies.

This man made lake, Nor Loch, was heavily polluted as it was not only used as cheap body disposal, but also as a raw sewage reservoir. The stench was said to be unbearable. Though if you visit today, you wouldn’t have a clue!

18. Witch Hunts

It is believed that at least 300 witch trials were undertaken in the aforementioned, very polluted, Nor Loch. Between the 16 th and 18 th centuries, the primarily female ‘witches’ would be trialled by ducking in the Loch.

If they survived, this was taken as a sign of their guilt and they would be sentenced to death. If they demised during the trial, it was assumed that they had been innocent.

19. What is Edinburgh famous for? Ghosts!

Perhaps after hearing the last few facts you won’t be surprised to hear that Edinburgh is one of the most haunted cities in the world!

The most notorious of all is the ghost of Bloody MacKenzie, who roams around Greyfriars Kirkyard, and is said to provide a very interactive experience. Other ghost hot-spots include Edinburgh Castle, Brodie’s Close in Old Town, and Edinburgh Vaults in South Bridge.

20. The world’s largest electric blanket

The final of these Edinburgh facts is that this city is home to the world’s largest electric blanket, though you won’t find it on any bed. It is actually nestled underground on The Mound.

It was installed under the road in 1959, in an effort to stop it from freezing in winter, allowing for safer driving. While it is unfortunately no longer functional, the 35km blanket still lays beneath.

We really hope you’ve enjoyed these interesting facts about Edinburgh – hopefully you learned something new! What was your favourite Scottish fact listed here? You can let us know in the comments below.

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21 Top-Rated Attractions & Things to Do in Edinburgh

Written by Bryan Dearsley
Updated Nov 26, 2021

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One of the most beautiful cities in all of the UK, Edinburgh rises from the wide Firth of Forth to a high, rocky pinnacle crowned by the stone walls and towers of Edinburgh Castle.

The Scottish capital is a center of culture and the arts, and is especially well-known for its festivals. These include the Edinburgh International Book Festival, which welcomes more than 1,000 authors, to the sparkling Christmas Markets and the Edinburgh Fringe, the world’s largest festival of the arts.

Between these and internationally known events such as the Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo, there are always plenty of fun events and entertainment opportunities here.

Note: Some businesses may be temporarily closed due to recent global health and safety issues.

Old Town Edinburgh and Edinburgh Castle

Edinburgh may seem at times to be two separate cities, so different are the 18th-century New Town‘s elegant Georgian neighborhoods of stately terraces from the Old Town‘s narrow winding lanes, steep staircases, and hidden passageways.

While many of the most popular tourist attractions are along the Royal Mile, which follows the crest of the hill between the castle and Holyrood Palace and Princes Street, be sure to explore the other side of the hill, where you’ll find the picturesque Grassmarket. One of Edinburgh’s most important market squares since the Middle Ages, it rings with history. In this pedestrian-friendly area of shops and cafés look for the White Hart Inn, where Robbie Burns once wrote poetry.

To make sure you get the most out of your visit to this extremely romantic Scottish city, be sure to read our list of the top attractions and things to do in Edinburgh.

1. Edinburgh Castle

Edinburgh Castle

Scotland’s most famous landmark, Edinburgh Castle is one of Britain’s most visited tourist attractions. Highlights of a visit include hearing the famous One O’clock Salute from Half Moon Battery (cannon fire commemorates the tradition of helping ships synchronize their clocks), the impressive Scottish National War Memorial and National War Museum, and the stunning collection of Crown Jewels housed in the Royal Palace.

Address: Castle Hill, Edinburgh, Scotland

2. Palace of Holyroodhouse and Holyrood Abbey

Palace of Holyroodhouse and Holyrood Abbey

The Palace of Holyroodhouse – usually simply referred to as Holyrood Palace – is the Queen’s official Edinburgh residence and has frequently been at the center of Scottish history. Built in 1678, it was where James II and James IV were each married, where James V and Charles I were crowned, and where «Bonnie Prince Charlie» held court in 1745.

When the Queen is away – which is typically 51 weeks of the year, as she’s only here for «Royal Week» each summer – public access is permitted. At such times, access is granted to the stunning Historic Apartments (former home of Mary Queen of Scots) and the State Apartments, famous for their fine furnishings, tapestries, and plasterwork.

The Great Gallery displays portraits of Scottish kings, both legendary and real. The Queen’s Gallery, opened in 2002 as part of the Golden Jubilee celebrations, hosts changing exhibitions from the Royal Collection. The neighboring 12th-century Holyrood Abbey was founded by King David I.

If you’re traveling with kids, be sure to allow them to enjoy dressing up in the costumes in the Family Room; and if you’ve got time, linger a little longer in the charming café and enjoy a proper afternoon tea. Guided tours are available.

Location: Royal Mile, Canongate, Edinburgh

Palace of Holyroodhouse Map (Historical)

3. Stroll the Royal Mile

The Royal Mile

The Royal Mile refers to the streets linking Edinburgh Castle and the Palace of Holyroodhouse. Lined with charming townhouses, churches, and historic landmarks, this splendid thoroughfare is a great place to stroll for its shops (including kiltmakers), inns, museums, cafés, and restaurants.

Many of the buildings are tall, averaging six to 15 stories and are referred to locally as «lands.» Narrow little alleys, called «winds,» with their quaint hidden backyard «closes,» weave in and around them.

Some of the most popular attractions are at the upper end of the Royal Mile – commonly called Castle Hill – and include Outlook Tower and the Camera Obscura and the Tolbooth (St. John’s Highland Church) with the city’s tallest church tower. It houses the interesting People’s Story Museum and Gladstone’s Land, a six-story merchant’s house with pretty ceiling paintings and original furniture.

Also worthy of a visit is Lady Stair’s Close, home to The Writer’s Museum. Here, you’ll find displays of manuscripts, portraits, etchings, and memorabilia of the poet Robert Burns and writers Sir Walter Scott and Robert Louis Stevenson.

Just around the corner and overlooking Princes Park, the Museum on the Mound is worth checking out for its displays relating to the history of money and economics.

4. Climb to Arthur’s Seat and the Salisbury Crags

Climb to Arthur’s Seat and the Salisbury Crags

At 820 feet, Arthur’s Seat is the highest point in the 640-acre Holyrood Park. The spectacular views from the top encompass the whole city all the way to the mouth of the Forth. The easiest way up is from Dunsapie Loch, where there’s a good-sized car park. Alternatively, you can walk from the Old Town, heading up past the Dynamic Earth science center onto a path that leads from Queen’s Drive.

Also easy to climb are the dramatic Salisbury Crags, a series of 151-foot cliffs adjacent to Arthur’s Seat. Other features in this huge park are the ancient cultivation terraces, some of the earliest and best-preserved examples of ancient farming practices in Scotland, and the picturesque ruins of the medieval St. Anthony’s Chapel.

5. Set Sail for Royal Yacht Britannia

Royal Yacht Britannia

The Royal Yacht Britannia is one of Britain’s most popular attractions associated with the monarchy. Over the years, the Queen has welcomed heads of state and famous people from around the world to this luxurious vessel. After more than 40 years serving the Royal Family, the 60-year-old yacht was sent to Leith, Edinburgh’s port area, as the centerpiece of the Britannia Visitor Centre.

Once aboard, you’ll learn about the history of this and other royal yachts as you explore the ship’s five main decks. Highlights include the Royal Apartments and bedrooms; the lovely sun lounge; and the onboard Royal Deck Tea Room, where you can stop for tea and cakes.

For those wanting to spoil themselves with a luxury getaway, consider a stay aboard the former lighthouse ship, the Fingal, docked adjacent to the royal yacht.

Address: Ocean Drive, Leith, Edinburgh

6. Explore the Past at the National Museum of Scotland

National Museum of Scotland

Since opening in 2011, the National Museum has become one of Scotland’s most popular attractions, and one of the best things to do for free in Edinburgh.

Welcoming over two million visitors each year, it incorporates collections from a number of Edinburgh’s older museums, with highlights including national archaeological collections; medieval artifacts; and displays focusing on natural history, geology, art, science, and technology.

In its 16 galleries, containing more than 8,000 artifacts, are Dolly the sheep – the world’s first cloned mammal – as well as some of Elton John’s more elaborate stage costumes. Traditional museum displays also include material from Ancient Egypt and the infamous Maiden, an early form of guillotine.

There’s plenty to see and do here, so expect to spend at least three or four hours exploring. Guided tours are available, and two restaurants are located on-site.

Address: Chambers Street, Edinburgh, Scotland

7. See the Flowers Bloom at Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh

Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh

Founded in 1670, the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) is the second oldest such garden in Britain. It’s also one of the largest, and boasts an impressive 13,200 different plant species.

Within its magnificent 70 acres are a herbarium with a collection of over three million specimens, Britain’s biggest palm house, and a tropical house with exotic orchids. There’s also an alpine house; a terraced moorland garden; a heather garden; and an extensive arboretum with rare giant trees from the Himalayas, North America, and China.

Other highlights include the woodland garden with its colorful azaleas, hydrangeas, camellias, and rhododendrons. There’s also an aquatic house with tropical water plants, such as the pink water lily from India. Touring displays can be enjoyed in the Exhibition Hall.

For a special festive treat, visit for the spectacular light displays over the Christmas period. A variety of educational programs are also available for those wanting a more immersive experience.

Address: Arboretum Place, Edinburgh

8. Walk the Length of Princes Street

Princes Street and Gardens

Busy Princes Street is the New Town’s main thoroughfare. It extends for almost a mile and is lined with colorful gardens and elegant shops, including the tradition-conscious Jenners of Edinburgh, founded in 1838 and one of the world’s oldest department stores.

Also good for shopping is the Princes Mall, popular with its small shops set among fountains and cafés and plenty of places to browse. As well as these temples to consumerism, you’ll find restaurants, from fast food to gourmet bistros.

Of interest to those keen on genealogy is New Register House, home to the Scottish National Archives, some of which date as far back as the 13th century. Princes Street’s historic landmarks include the 200-foot-tall Sir Walter Scott Monument and the David Livingstone Memorial, a memorial to the missionary and African explorer.

When you’re done with all that shopping and history, head for Princes Street Gardens, home to the world’s oldest floral clock (1903). From here, you’re also afforded spectacular views of Edinburgh Castle, which overlooks the gardens.

9. See the Camera Obscura & World of Illusions

Camera Obscura & World of Illusions

A combination of Edinburgh history, city views from a new perspective, and experience with optical illusions, the Camera Obscura & World of Illusions is an attraction that certainly appeals to all ages.

The centerpiece, set in a Victorian rooftop room, is a pinhole camera that projects live moving images of Edinburgh onto a viewing table. The panorama is created by a combination of mirror and lenses, and it has been entertaining people here since 1853.

The rest of the experience will challenge your faith in your own vision, with a hall of mirrors, a vertigo-inspiring spinning vortex, 3-D holograms, and a whole range of optical experiences

Address: 549 Castlehill, Edinburgh

10. Tour the Scottish National Gallery & Portrait Gallery

The National Galleries of Scotland

Paintings of Scotland’s leading historic figures from the 16th century to the present day can be seen in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, one of Edinburgh’s three major art galleries.

The highlight of the gallery’s 65,000-plus pieces is the huge processional frieze showing Scotland’s most famous personalities, including Robbie Burns, Sir Walter Scott, Sean Connery, Robert Louis Stevenson, Mary Stuart, and Bonnie Prince Charlie, among others. The gallery is also home to the Scottish National Photography Collection.

Founded in 1859, the Scottish National Gallery is the country’s second major art collection and displays Scotland’s biggest collection of European paintings and sculptures. Its collection includes works from the Renaissance period right up to the Post-Impressionists.

Tours, lectures, and even art classes are available for visitors to enjoy, along with a restaurant. A handy shuttle bus service is also available that connects these two galleries with the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art (see below).

Address: The Mound, Edinburgh

11. Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art (Modern One)

Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art

The Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art – also known as «Modern One» – is another must-visit for art enthusiasts. Here, you’ll find displays of paintings by Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso; surrealistic works by Rene Magritte, Joan Miró, and Max Ernst; and contemporary paintings by Bruce McLean, Callum Innes, and Gwen Hardie.

The gallery is also well-known for its impressive collection of sculptures. Notable examples are works by Henry Moore, Barbara Hepworth, and David Hockney. The extensive grounds of this impressive gallery are also worth exploring.

Across the road is what’s come to be known as «Modern Two,» housed in an old hospital built in the 1830s. Here, you’ll see works by Surrealists, including sculptor Eduardo Paolozzi, as well as an impressive recreation of his original London studio. A number of works by Dada are also on display.

If you plan on seeing both locations, as well as the National Gallery and Portrait Gallery, there’s a lot of art (and walking) to experience, so you may want to spread your visits over a couple of days.

Address: 75 Belford Road, Edinburgh

12. St. Giles Cathedral

St. Giles Cathedral

Consecrated in 1243, St. Giles Cathedral – also known as the High Kirk of Edinburgh – is Edinburgh’s principal church. It’s also one of the city’s most popular places to visit, attracting upwards of a million visitors each year.

The current structure was built in the 1300s and is notable for its impressive 161-foot-tall central tower with its eight arched buttresses. These form a huge crown (the Crown Steeple), which has become a favorite backdrop for photos and selfies. Interior highlights include memorials to the dead of WWI; lovely stained-glass windows; and a statue of John Knox, leader of the Protestant Reformation (his former home, 45 High Street, is close by and contains a museum).

The Thistle Chapel is also worth checking out and is best known for its oak carvings; heraldic emblems; and seals of the «Knights of the Thistle,» Scotland’s oldest order of knights. Sir Robert Lorimer designed the chapel in 1911, and it’s a superb example of the modern Gothic style. Fun things to do while visiting the cathedral include joining a rooftop tour, or enjoying an afternoon choir concert.

Address: High Street, Edinburgh

St.Giles Cathedral Map (Historical)

13. Take in the Views from Calton Hill and the Scottish National Monument

Calton Hill and the Scottish National Monument

Calton Hill provides a panoramic view of the city, with Princes Street, the castle, and the Old Town silhouetted against Arthur’s Seat. To the east and north you can see the Firth of Forth and the docks at Leith. At the foot of the hill stands the 13th-century Royal High School, where Sir Walter Scott was once a pupil.

Perhaps the most important of Edinburgh’s many memorials is the impressive National Monument on Calton Hill, erected to remember the dead from the Napoleonic Wars. Henry Playfair designed the memorial using the Parthenon in Athens as his inspiration.

Work began in 1822, but the project had to be abandoned due to lack of money. Nelson’s Monument was unveiled in 1816 after Horatio Nelson’s victory at the Battle of Trafalgar.

Opposite Calton Hill stands a memorial to famed Scottish poet, Robert Burns. For a spectacular memento of your Edinburgh vacation, be sure to snap a few shots from here over the city at sunset.

14. Learn about the City’s Past at the Museum of Edinburgh

Museum of Edinburgh

Located on historic Canongate, the Museum of Edinburgh is also worth a look for those with an interest in digging a little deeper into this fascinating city’s rich and storied history. The building itself is well worth seeing and was constructed in the late 1500s.

Its fascinating exhibits tell of Edinburgh’s origins through artifacts and original documents, as well as tales of its heroes and everyday life. Of note is its important collection of decorative arts, including finely crafted glassware and silverware, 18th-century porcelain, and clocks.

Fans of the popular Outlander TV show should also pay a visit. The museum building and neighboring Bakehouse Close were featured in the show’s third series, and make for a great selfie opportunity.

Address: 142-146 Canongate, Edinburgh

15. Greyfriars Church and Greyfriars Bobby

Greyfriars Church and Greyfriars Bobby

Located at the south end of picturesque Candlemakers Row, Greyfriars Church is a must-visit when in Edinburgh. Here, you’ll find the city’s oldest graveyard, the final resting place for a number of celebrated Scots, including poet Allan Ramsay (1686-1758).

The first «National Covenant,» directed against Charles I’s attempt to impose the constitution of the Anglican Church on Scotland, was signed here in 1638, under which framework the church would be subjected to the power of the state. Buried within the Covenanters Prison is James Hutton, considered by many as the father of modern geology.

Perhaps the most famous name associated with the church, however, is Greyfriars Bobby. In 1858, this Skye terrier loyally followed the coffin of his master, John Gray, to the graveyard and until his death 14 years later refused to leave. A kennel was built for him to shelter in, and a famous landmark outside the church is a statue of Bobby erected in 1873.

If visiting on Thursday, be sure to spend time enjoying one of the regular afternoon concerts. A museum is located on-site, and guided tours are available.

Address: 1 Greyfriars, Edinburgh

16. Edinburgh Zoo

Giant panda at the Edinburgh Zoo

Set on 82 acres of land on the edge of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Zoo was established in 1913 and remains one of the top things to do for families visiting the city.

The zoo boasts a diversity of creatures from around the globe, some of whom were born and raised here through its successful breeding programs. Edinburgh Zoo has the distinction of being the only UK zoo park to house koalas and pandas, and was the first to breed penguins. Among its other «star» animals are a troop of chimps and wallabies, as well as an exhibit of smaller creatures, such as amphibians and insects, in an area called «Wee Beasties.»

Those wanting to broaden their zoo experience can opt to participate in a variety of special events and animal interaction opportunities, including the popular «keeper experiences,» which offer a fun behind-the-scenes look at the day-to-day care of animals.

Also fun are the «Animal Antics» shows, which provide a fascinating insight into the training and care of a variety of species. There’s a great garden area to explore, too, plus a number of casual food options and a gift shop.

Address: Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, 134 Corstorphine Road, Edinburgh

17. The Museum of Childhood

The Museum of Childhood | Martin Moscosa / photo modified

Not just for kids, the Museum of Childhood includes excellent collections of old toys, including model trains, dolls, and games from around the world. But it’s more than just a place full of old toys (as much fun as they are). The museum – the first of its kind when it opened in the early 1900s – explores other aspects of growing up, including a fun look at schooldays, trends, and fashions.

Adding to the authenticity is a re-creation of a Victorian streetscape complete with outdoor toys, as well as an opportunity to dress up in period costumes and play the kinds of games our ancestors would have enjoyed.

Address: 42 High Street, Edinburgh

18. Explore Dynamic Earth: Edinburgh’s Science Centre

Dynamic Earth | Edinburgh / photo modified

Dynamic Earth is a multi-media presentation that takes visitors on a 500-million-year journey through the Earth’s history. Using hi-tech gadgetry and superb special effects, its displays realistically portray natural events such as volcanoes, tropical rainstorms, and glaciation.

Located at the foot of Arthur’s Seat near Holyrood Park, this unique science center is housed in an ultra-modern tent-like structure and is particularly fun for kids. And thanks to facilities like the excellent 360-degree Showdome, with its 3D movies, it’s as entertaining as it is educational.

The museum’s latest addition is 4Dventure flight simulator, where visitors explore evolution and the diversity of the world’s climates by «flying» through time and space.

Address: Holyrood Road, Edinburgh

19. Visit the Real Mary King’s Close

The Real Mary King’s Close | Blake Patterson / photo modified

One of the newest attractions in Edinburgh, The Real Mary King’s Close offers visitors a fascinating glimpse into one of the oldest sections of the Royal Mile.

Located under the historic Old Town area, Mary King’s Close was buried and closed after being partly dismantled in the 1700s to make way for the Royal Exchange. This network of narrow streets, now underground, was once a vibrant neighborhood lined with tenement homes, and has long been the subject of myths of ghosts and murder.

Visitors can now join fun tours led by costumed guides that lead you to some of the best preserved areas of this fascinating underground world. Along the way, you’ll learn how, during the time of the plague, some 300 residents were sealed up and forgotten about, so legend has it.

Displays and exhibits are also used to show what the area once would have looked like, as well as sharing details of life during the 17th century. (Editor’s Note: Advanced booking is recommended, especially during the busy summer season.)

Ghost tours can also be booked at the Edinburgh Vaults, a series of underground storage chambers built in the 1780s. You can also get a taste for life during medieval times at the popular Edinburgh Dungeon, another underground attraction, this time located on East Market Street.

Address: Warriston’s Close, 2, High Street, Edinburgh

20. John Knox House & Scottish Storytelling Centre

John Knox House

Located on the Royal Mile a short distance from the castle, the John Knox House & Scottish Storytelling Centre attraction is a treat for anyone interested in Scotland’s rich cultural heritage. It was built in 1470 and is said to be the one time home of the protestant reformer after which it’s named.

A highlight of a visit is exploring the exhibits and displays related to the Scottish Reformation, a pivotal moment in the country’s history. Other notable features include a well-preserved hand-painted ceiling from this period and carvings from the 1800s. Guided tours are available.

The adjoining Scottish Storytelling Centre is also worth a visit. Billed as a «home for Scotland’s stories,» this popular venue hosts regular performances by musicians and actors, as well as readings by leading Scottish writers. A variety of workshops and learning opportunities are also available, with programs aimed at all ages. For a truly memorable experience, book one of the venue’s professional storytellers for a personalized story-telling session or workshop. A café is also located on-site.

Address: Scottish Storytelling Centre, High Street, Edinburgh

21. The Surgeons’ Hall Museums

The Surgeons’ Hall Museum

The Surgeons’ Hall Museums consist of three fascinating attractions in one, all of them dealing with important advancements in medicine and medical procedures. These include the Wohl Pathology Museum, the History of Surgery Museum, and the Techniques and Technologies Dental Collection.

Set in the impressive Royal College of Surgeons building, these fascinating museums feature collections of tools and material relating to medicine and surgical procedures. Workshops and other learning opportunities are held here frequently, along with the occasional themed special events at Halloween and Christmas.

Address: Nicolson Street, Edinburgh

Where to Stay in Edinburgh for Sightseeing

If you’re visiting Edinburgh for the first time and want to see all the best places to visit in this beautiful part of Scotland, the city center makes a great base, especially the areas of Old Town, with the Royal Mile, and New Town, with the fabulous shops of Princes Street. The more affordable West End is also a popular and convenient place to stay. These areas put you in close range of the city’s top historic attractions, such as Edinburgh Castle and the Palace of Holyroodhouse and Holyrood Abbey, as well as museums, galleries, and restaurants. Here are some highly rated hotels in these central locations:

Luxury Hotels:

Mid-Range Hotels:

Budget Hotels:

Tips and Tours: How to Make the Most of Your Visit to Edinburgh

Frequently Asked Questions

How do you get from Edinburgh Airport to the city center?

Located just eight miles west of the city center, Edinburgh Airport is well served by public transit. From here, an easy journey by Edinburgh Trams and a change to the mainline train will get you to Waverley station in under 30 minutes. The same journey by car (taxis are plentiful, and Uber is available) takes around 25 minutes. Buses are available and offer good connections to other parts of the city.

What are the best shopping areas in Edinburgh?

Whether you’re looking for souvenirs or traditional Scottish crafts and clothing – and who wouldn’t want to buy a kilt? – Princes Street and the Royal Mile are your best bets. Both are home to a number of large department stores. If you’re looking for the big-name fashion outlets, head to Waverley Mall, just steps from the city’s train station – you’ll find shops in a bright, modern-looking building.

If you’re planning on visiting the Royal Yacht Britannia, be sure to add the Ocean Terminal, in the old docklands area, to your list of places to shop. There are also many great restaurants and entertainment options here, too.

What are the must-visit destinations near Edinburgh?

Some of the best places to visit in Scotland can be enjoyed on easy day trips from Edinburgh. Highlights include several castles, including famous Stirling Castle, which is easy to get to by train or by road. Scotland’s cultural capital, Glasgow, is also only a short train ride to the west. From here, you can grab a quick bus connection to Loch Lomond. Said to be the country’s prettiest loch, it’s a great area for outdoorsy-types to explore, thanks to its many hiking and biking trails.

Also within reach is one of Europe’s most scenic train rides. Made famous by the Harry Potter movie franchise, the journey from Balloch to Oban, gateway to the Isle of Skye and the Hebrides, travels over the spectacular Glenfinnan viaduct. North of Edinburgh, St. Andrews is of interest not just to golfers, but to history enthusiasts. But wherever you plan to travel in Scotland, you’ll find Edinburgh a good starting point.

21 Things Edinburgh is Known and Famous For

One of Scotland‘s crowning jewels is undoubtedly its capital city, Edinburgh. A single glance at its striking architecture and dramatic cityscape, and you’d be hard-pressed not to fall in love right then and there.

The city is steeped in history and legend, but what exactly is it known for? What distinguishes Edinburgh from other big cultural hubs in the UK like London and Belfast? Keep reading to find out!

Edinburgh is known for being one of the most beautiful cities in the world, its historic attractions, UNESCO World Heritage sites, and rich history. Widely considered the world’s best festival city, it’s a powerhouse for the literary arts, comedy, culture, high education, and more.

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1. Best art festivals in the world

Edinburgh is often regarded as the world’s top festival city. Every year, it hosts a wide variety of festivals that pull talent and attendees from all over the globe. Whether it’s science, music, comedy, movies, or books, you’ll find a festival in Edinburgh for nearly every passion or interest.

The most popular festivals? Without a doubt, the Fringe Festival is at the top of the list. Described as the “single greatest celebration of arts and culture on the planet,” it’s no surprise that people flock here every August to enjoy comedy, theater, and other performances.

Some other favorites are the Edinburgh International Book Festival, which celebrates the written word in all its forms, and the International Film Festival, which showcases everything from small indie flicks to big Hollywood blockbusters. You may even spot a celebrity or four!

2. Birthplace of the Harry Potter books

Edinburgh is famous for being where J. K. Rowling wrote most of the Harry Potter books.

In fact, the Elephant House, the very cafe where she sat and wrote the early books is still up and running today. According to the cafe, her favorite spot was in the back room where she had a cozy seat with a view of Edinburgh Castle.

Curious about the real-life inspiration for Diagon Alley? Check out the image for #4 on this list!

3. Being the ‘Athens of the North’

In the 18th century, Edinburgh restyled itself as the Athens of the North.

While other cities were focused on industrial advancements, Edinburgh decided it would prefer to be known for its contributions to literature, medicine, philosophy, economics, and other intellectual pursuits instead. In other words, it strove to have the same effect on the world as Athens did in ancient times.

To mark this cultural inspiration, architects designed a number of Greek-style features to brighten up the city. In Edinburgh’s New Town, you’ll see pillars and porticos that bring to mind the ornate designs of Ancient Greece.

4. The Royal Mile

Linking two significant locations in Edinburgh, the Royal Mile is a famous street that stretches across the heart of the Old Town. At one end is Edinburgh Castle and at the other, Holyrood Palace, the official residence of the Queen and her family whenever they visit Scotland.

For centuries, the Royal Mile was Edinburgh’s main street and it’s still quite central today. A smorgasbord of pubs, restaurants, and shops can be found alongside this (roughly) mile-long road. In the daytime, it’s bustling and lively, the perfect starting point for visitors.

5. A knighted penguin

Yep, you read that correctly! At the Edinburgh Zoo, you’ll find the world’s only knighted penguin, Brigadier Sir Nils Olav III.

In 2008, the king penguin became a ‘sir’ in front of 130 guardsmen from the Norwegian Army. His knighthood was approved by the King of Norway at the time, Harald V, and in 2016, he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier.

Today, he remains the mascot and colonel-in-chief of the Norwegian King’s Guard.

6. Home of the encyclopedia

Centuries ago, the very first Encyclopedia Britannica was printed and published in Edinburgh. While no one bats an eyelid at an encyclopedia today, at the time of its first publication, it was revolutionary.

While dictionaries and thesauruses existed back then, the Encyclopedia had a much more ambitious goal: provide accurate descriptions and explanations for essentially everything in the world. In other words, an old-school Google!

7. The Old and New Town

Edinburgh is famous for its mesmerizing architecture, and there’s no better example of this than in the Old Town and New Town. In 1995, both areas were designated UNESCO World Heritage sites, and it’s easy to see why!

The medieval architecture of the Old Town creates a beautiful contrast against the Georgian designs of the New Town. Like fictional towns torn from the pages of a storybook, they provide glimpses into different eras of Edinburgh’s history.

8. Edinburgh Castle

The majestic castle that sits on Castle Rock is not just one of Edinburgh’s best attractions; it’s one of the most fascinating historical places in all of Western Europe.

Over the course of history, Edinburgh Castle has served as a prison during times of war, a military fortress, and a residence for the royal family.

It also currently holds the record for the most besieged castle in Europe. And considering how many castles there are throughout Europe, that’s quite a record! Edinburgh Castle has been attacked 23 times throughout history, and after each time, this ancient fortress had to be rebuilt.

Even before Edinburgh Castle existed, Castle Rock was occupied by humans for well over a thousand years. The area is steeped in history. Understandably, it’s the second-most visited paid attraction in the entire United Kingdom.

9. Arthur’s Seat

One of the best views in Edinburgh can be seen from atop Arthur’s Seat, an ancient volcano that overlooks the city. Rest assured, however, that this volcano is no longer active!

Arthur’s Seat takes its name from the epic legends of King Arthur. It’s even thought to be where his legendary castle, Camelot, used to stand.

There are many routes to climb Arthur’s Seat, but for the best views? Walk from Holyrood Palace and allow yourself two hours.

10. Grave robbers

Between the 16th and 18th centuries, grave robbing was prevalent throughout much of the United Kingdom. And yes, it’s exactly what it sounds like; corpses were stolen from their graves!

Why? The reason was simple: medical schools, including Edinburgh’s Royal College of Surgeons, paid large sums of money to suppliers of fresh cadavers. You see, anatomical research was advancing quickly during this era, but there weren’t enough bodies to conduct experiments on.

Edinburgh is known for being home to some of the most notorious grave robbers of all time, Burke and Hare. These two men took things a little too far and resorted to murder just for some fresh cadavers to sell.

Thankfully, these criminals were eventually caught! However, in an ironic twist of fate, Burke’s body was sold to the anatomy school. A pocketbook made of his skin can still be seen at Edinburgh’s Surgeons’ Hall Museum.

11. An underground city

You may think the Old Town is the oldest part of Edinburgh, but believe it or not, there’s another area that’s much more historic… and it’s underneath the city!

These vaults were originally meant to provide storage for merchants and tradespeople, but they were abandoned and used by the public when its faulty design led to wet supplies.

These underground halls and chambers were only rediscovered in the 80s, and it took another decade for them to be fully excavated.

Today, anyone can take a tour of the labyrinthine passages underneath the city. Be warned though, you may stumble across a ghost or two!

12. Greenest city in the United Kingdom

Many centuries ago, Edinburgh was known for being a highly polluted city with an awful stench, but now they can proudly say they’ve left the past behind.

Today, Edinburgh is known for being the greenest city in the entire United Kingdom with the best air quality and the greenest spaces per head.

13. Ghosts

It goes without saying that a city so historic has its ghosts, but did you know Edinburgh is actually considered one of the most haunted cities in the world? There are so many haunted buildings in Edinburgh that it deserves their own list.

Unsurprisingly, Edinburgh Castle is supposedly haunted by its former prisoners. Even the Tolbooth Tavern has its own resident ghost, known to push drinks off tables and knock pictures off the wall.

However, it’s widely agreed that Greyfriars Kirkyard is Edinburgh’s most haunted place of all. Stop by if you dare! Hundreds of supernatural experiences have been reported at the mausoleum of evil George Mackenzie over the years.

14. Scotch whisky

Scotland is famous for Scotch Whisky, also known simply as Scotch. It’s made from malted barley or grains, or a blend of the two, and it must be aged in an oak barrel for at least three years.

Another important rule? According to law, whisky cannot be called Scotch unless it’s made in Scotland.

Edinburgh offers one of the best Scotch Whisky experiences in the whole country. At the Scotch Whisky Experience, anyone can taste this delightful dark beverage or even take a class to learn more about its history.

15. One of the best universities in the world

The University of Edinburgh is often ranked in the world’s top 20 universities, and it’s been a major powerhouse in education ever since it first opened in 1583.

A number of history’s greatest thinkers and scientists had their start at this prestigious university. It’s often said that even Sir Arthur Conan Doyle found his inspiration for the iconic character Sherlock Holmes here.

Today, many of the university’s alumni have gone on to be Nobel Prize winners, prime ministers, and space explorers.

And here’s another fun fact… did you know you can study psychokinesis at this university? If you’re not sure what that is, think Eleven from Stranger Things!

16. Haggis

Like anywhere in Scotland, Edinburgh is known for its Haggis.

This Scottish national food is made of sheep’s pluck, spices, onions, suet, and oatmeal. It’s best eaten with neeps and tatties (that’s turnips and potatoes to the Scots!), and a glass of Scotch Whisky.

For some of the best Haggis in Scotland, head down to Greyfriars Bobby’s Bar in Edinburgh.

17. Scotland’s most famous and loyal watchdog

In the mid-19th century, the gardener John Gray and his little Skye Terrier, Bobby, were a frequent sight in Edinburgh. Through all the hardships of life, they were close companions.

Unfortunately, John Gray eventually died of tuberculosis. He was buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard and ever-loyal Bobby refused to leave his master’s grave, even during harsh weather conditions. For 14 years, until the day of his own death, Bobby guarded John Gray’s grave.

This sweet Terrier was beloved by the whole city. To honor Bobby, there’s a sculpture of him just opposite his master’s resting place at Greyfriars Kirkyard.

18. World’s largest electric blanket

There’s nothing fuzzy about this blanket, but it sure is useful. In the winter, it’s no secret that roads can get blocked with snow and ice. In the 50s, a steep hill called the Mound was especially busy.

To combat potential accidents and jams, they installed a large ‘electric blanket’ underneath the roadway to prevent it from getting frozen. A genius idea!

19. The Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo

The military tattoo is world-famous, and for those who don’t know, it doesn’t have anything to do with being tattooed! A military tattoo is a musical performance or theatrical display involving armed forces.

Edinburgh is famous for holding the grandest and most impressive military tattoo in the world. Every year, the tattoo is performed by the British Armed Forces as well as Commonwealth and International military bands.

You can catch this breathtaking display during Edinburgh’s festival season in August.

20. The Inspiration for Scrooge in A Christmas Carol

As if Edinburgh’s literary ties could get any more interesting! Charles Dickens was inspired to create the iconic grump, Mr. Ebenezer Scrooge, after stumbling across a bizarre gravestone in Edinburgh… or so he thought.

On a walk through Canongate Kirkyard, Dickens came across a gravestone for a man named Ebenezer Scroggie. Beneath his name, the words ‘meal man’ were engraved to indicate he was a corn merchant; however, Dickens misread this as ‘mean man’ and thought this was very amusing.

Who would’ve guessed such an unforgettable and classic character could be born out of a careless mistake?

21. Unicorns

Don’t get your hopes up, I’m not talking about actual unicorns. Scotland chose a mythical creature as its national animal, and you guessed it, it’s a unicorn.

You’ll see unicorns everywhere in Edinburgh, from statues to engravings on the sides of buildings. Some visitors even enjoy walking down the Royal Mile and counting how many unicorns they can spot.

Easily one of the most beautiful and fascinating cities in the world, Edinburgh never disappoints. If you’ve ever visited, let us know what your experience was like in the comments below!

Why Edinburgh is Famous For | Discover What is Edinburgh Known For

Why Edinburgh is Famous For | Discover What is Edinburgh Known For

Edinburgh is a beautiful city in Italy whose glass is completely filled with exotic places and exclusive fashion. Edinburgh is famous for its incredible architectural designs and fashion sense all over the world that is evident in culture from the very beginning of ancient times. There are tonnes of adorable monuments that have stood firm for more than 100 years and hold some mesmerizing designs that can’t be even structured today with the help of modern designers. If you wonder what is Edinburgh best known for? Follow the given below list of the top 10 reasons that mention its entire historic landmarks along with other distinct extraordinary entities.

List of things: Why Edinburgh is Famous?

1. Fascinating History

The beautiful city of Edinburgh, Scotland – Edinburgh gained city status in 1889, but people in this part of the world have lived since the 8500s. It is a beautiful city that serves as the capital of Scotland but has a definite charm. After all, how many city streets in the world are lined with a huge volcanic eruption on one side and a castle on top? That’s what you’ll see when you head down Princes Street, the main shopping street in Edinburgh, but it’s a city that doesn’t just offer a castle.

2. Foods

Edinburgh is best known for its delicious food. Haggis is a traditional dish with minced mutton, oats, and local herbs. It has a grainy texture and goes very well with turnips and potatoes (they are called nephews and patties in Scottish). Every January, on the night of the burning, the night of the patriotic celebration of the Scots, it is a tradition to serve the Haggis and read the poem The Title for a Haggis. You can find haggis all over Edinburgh in menus, from cafes to fine restaurants, but if you go downhill with the Old Town Grassmarket, you’ll find plenty of traditional pubs. The Last Drop is one of our favorites and serves the famous dish as an appetizer or mainly.

3. Edinburgh Castle

It is true to say that Edinburgh Castle is certainly one of the most visited places in the city, and with good reason. The castle ramparts offer the best view of the city unless of course, you want to hike to the top of Arthur’s Seat, which is worth doing. What people don’t know is that the castle gets a different look every August, when that’s when the world-famous military tattoo in Edinburgh takes place. Take a tour of the castle and get acquainted with the daring night sieges and fierce battles against the English. The Great Hall has held countless royal ceremonies over the centuries, and as you walk through the great salons, you can feel a sense of prestige in the air.

4. Scotch & Whisky

Few things that make Edinburgh famous are whiskey and scotch. There’s an interactive whiskey barrel tour that draws you through the stages of production, explains the flavors, and tastes the finished product (under-18s get Irn-Bru as a substitute). Audio guides are available. There is a restaurant called Amber that serves locally sourced food, including haggis. Try the Taste of Scotland menu, which showcases the best of Scotland’s seasonal produce. For true whiskey connoisseurs, book the Masterclass package. This includes a post-tour tasting featuring classic dramas from Scotland’s 4 whiskey-producing regions. It will definitely go away with a greater appreciation for the famous drink.

5. Pipes and Drums of Bands

Pipes and Drums of Bands

In front of the castle is an extensive, open area called the esplanade. Temporary sessions are held each year to allow ticket holders to come and witness the pipes and drums of bands from all over the world. The sight of color and sound, unlike anything you’ve probably witnessed before, and the people with Scottish heritage who take part in it only find themselves wiping away a tear or two during the performances.

The National Museum of Scotland is home to the famous 12 million items, everything from nature, art, design, and technology. The museum also hosts regularly scheduled events, which can be fashion shows or interviews with an astronaut. The Grand Gallery is an impressive square. The high atrium has a glass roof that sheds light on the building and a large exhibition hangs from the ceiling. Entry to the Scottish Museum is free, although donations are welcome. For most visits, download the Highlights app from the National Museums of Scotland, which adds height to the exhibitions. Available in 4 languages.

7. Edinburgh Festival

If you just want a little sample of what it’s all about, take a walk along the Royal Mile from the castle to Holyrood Palace and drink in every process. From musicians and mages to people dressed as gargoyles, it will supply everything mixed with old architecture.

Edinburgh Old Town

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Edinburgh

View of Edinburgh from Arthur’s Seat

Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland. It is the seventh largest city in the United Kingdom and the second largest Scottish city after Glasgow. It has been the capitol of Scotland since 1437 and is the seat of the Scottish Parliament. The city was a center of the Enlightenment, led by the University of Edinburgh, earning it the nickname Athens of the North.

Located in the southeast of Scotland, Edinburgh lies on the east coast of the Central Belt, along the Firth of Forth, near the North Sea. Owing to its rugged setting and vast collection of Medieval and Georgian architecture, including numerous stone tenements, it is often considered one of the most picturesque cities in Europe.

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The Old Town and New Town districts of Edinburgh were listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995. They display a «remarkable juxtaposition» between districts carefully planned and built centuries apart which «exerted a major influence on the development of urban architecture and town planning throughout Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.» Edinburgh is one of Europe’s foremost tourist destinations, attracting one million visitors a year. It is the second most visited tourist destination in the United Kingdom, after London.

Geography

The origin of the city’s name inEnglish is understood to come from the Brythonic Din Eidyn (Fort of Eidyn) from the time when it was a Gododdin hillfort. It came to be known to the English, the Bernician Angles, as Edin-burh. The burgh means «fortress» or «walled group of buildings,» while Edin is untranslated.

The city is affectionately nicknamed Auld Reekie (Scots for Old Smoky), because of smoke from coal and wood fires. Edinburgh has also been known as Dunedin, deriving from the Scottish Gaelic, Dùn Èideann. Dunedin, New Zealand, was originally called «New Edinburgh» and is still nicknamed the «Edinburgh of the South.»

Edinburgh occupies seven miles (11 km) of the north-facing slope on the southern shore of the Firth of Forth, which is an arm of the North Sea reaching west into the Scottish Lowlands. Much of the city lies among craggy upthrusts of lava and hills—the valleys between were scoured by Pleistocene Epoch glacial action.

Arthur’s Seat has an elevation of 823 feet (251 meters), while Castle Rock, a basalt plug sealing an extinct volcano, stands 250 feet (76 meters) above the valley floor and is crowned by the famous Edinburgh Castle.

Edinburgh has a temperate maritime climate, which is relatively mild despite its northerly latitude. Winters are especially mild, with the average maximum daytime temperature in January of 43.2°F (6.2°C), rising to an average maximum of around 65.8°F (18.8°C) in July. The proximity of the city to the sea mitigates any extremes of climate. Edinburgh is renowned as a windy city. Mean annual precipitation is 26.3 inches (668 mm).

The historic center of Edinburgh is divided by the broad green swathe of Princes Street Gardens. To the south is Edinburgh Castle, perched atop the extinct volcanic crag, and the long sweep of the Old Town trailing after it along the ridge. To the north lies Princes Street and the New Town. The gardens were begun in 1816 on bogland which had once been the Nor Loch. To the immediate west of the castle lies the financial district, housing insurance and banking buildings.

History

Evidence of human settlement on the shores of the Firth of Forth dates to 7000 B.C.E., while archaeological excavations reveal that the Castle Rock has been occupied since about 1000 B.C.E.

Roman forts were built at Cramond and Inveresk on the western and eastern margins of the present-day city during the second century C.E. A Celtic tribe known as the Votadini was based at Traprain Law, a hill about 20 miles (30 km) east of the modern city at that time, and moved to Castle Rock around 500, after the Romans departed.

In 580, when a military campaign started in Edinburgh (Din Etin) (commemorated in the Welsh poem Y Gododdin) most of the inhabitants of southern Scotland spoke British, the ancestor of modern Welsh. Around 638, Edinburgh was besieged, possibly marking the passing of control of the fort of Din Etin from the Gododdin to the Northumbrian English, led at this time by Oswald of Northumbria (604-642).

However, in the seventh century, Edwin of Northumbria (586-633), an Angle of Deira (the southern part of the Kingdom of Northumbria, captured this location and named it Eiden’s burgh (burgh being an old word for «fort»). Edwin made Edinburgh his capital and from it carved out a kingdom, which stretched to the river Humber in England, known as Northumbria/Bernicia.

By 731, Edinburgh was firmly within the kingdom of Northumbria at the time of Bede (672-735), who completed his History in that year. Around 960, Scots captured Edinburgh during the reign of Illulb mac Custantin (954-62). King David I (1085-1153) granted Edinburgh the status of a Royal burgh in 1125, which promoted the manufacture of cloth and trade in the city.

Because of Edinburgh’s earlier Anglo-Saxon rule, Edinburgh and the Border counties lay in a disputed zone between England and Scotland, England claiming all Anglo-Saxon Domains as English territory, and Scotland claiming all territory as far south as Hadrians Wall. This resulted in a long series of border wars and clashes, which often left Edinburgh Castle under English control.

After the Wars of Independence (1296–1328) fought against England, Edinburgh became Scotland’s main trading center. In 1329, King Robert the Bruce (reign: 1306–1329) confirmed Edinburgh’s privileges as a royal burgh and established a port at Leith. At that time, Edinburgh was renowned for its stench—domestic refuse and offal from skinners, butchers, and fishmongers were dumped on either side of the main street.

King James IV of Scotland (reign: 1488–1513) moved the Royal Court from Stirling to Holyrood, making Edinburgh Scotland’s capital. James V established the Court of Session, the central civil-law court, in Edinburgh in 1532.

In 1603, following King James VI’s accession to the English and Irish Thrones, James VI (1566-1625) instituted the first executive Parliament of Scotland which met in the Great Hall of Edinburgh Castle, later finding a home in the Tolbooth, before moving to purpose-built Parliament House, Edinburgh, which later became home to the Supreme Courts of Scotland

In 1639, disputes over the planned merger, between the Presbyterian Church and the Anglican Church, and the demands by Charles I, to reunify the divided St Giles’ Cathedral, led to the Bishops Wars (1639-1640), which in turn led to the English Civil War (1641-1653), and the eventual the occupation of Edinburgh by Commonwealth forces of Oliver Cromwell. In the 1670s, King Charles II commissioned the rebuilding of Holyrood Palace.

In 1707, the Act of Union, which joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland (previously separate states) was signed in a cellar in Parliament Square, and Edinburgh lost all independent political life. A surge of building took place within the Old Town.

Edinburgh was occupied by Jacobite forces during the last Jacobite rebellion in 1746, which aimed to return descendants of the Scottish House of Stuart to the throne of England. It was subsequently occupied by British forces under the command of the Prince William, Duke of Cumberland (1721-1765), leading to a long period of reprisals.

From 1772, after the draining of the Nor Loch, which had been both the city’s water supply and place for dumping sewage, Edinburgh expanded beyond the Old Town. The Nor Loch area became Castle Gardens. The New Town resulted from a 1776 design competition, which created a rigid, ordered grid, which fitted well with enlightenment ideas of rationality. George Street, Frederick Street, Hanover Street, Queen Street, and Prince’s Street, the main shopping street in Edinburgh, were named in honor of the Hanoverian monarch on the English throne.

A number of Scottish intellectuals, many from Edinburgh, including political economist Adam Smith (1723-1790) and philosopher David Hume (1711-1776), felt it was a time for Scotland to modernize. They promoted the idea of Britishness, and led the British Empire into a golden age of economic and social reform and prosperity. Edinburgh became a cultural center, earning it the nickname «Athens of the North,» both due to the Greco-Roman style of the New Towns’ architecture, as well as the rise of the Scottish/British intellectual elite there. The creator of the historical novel, Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832), was another Edinburgh native.

Excess soil from the construction of the New Town was dumped into the loch, creating what became The Mound. In the mid-nineteenth century the National Gallery of Scotland and Royal Scottish Academy Building were built on The Mound, and tunnels to Waverley Station driven through it.

From 1830 to World War I (1914-1918), Edinburgh, like many cities, industrialized, but most of this happened in Leith. Edinburgh did not grow greatly in size, but the increase in the laboring population brought overcrowding, malnutrition, and epidemics. Glasgow soon replaced it as the largest and most prosperous city in Scotland, becoming the industrial, commercial, and trade center, while Edinburgh remained Scotland’s intellectual and cultural center.

Sir Patrick Geddes (1854-1932), a pioneer of urban planning, tried to revive the Old Town in the 1890s. Nationalist poet Hugh MacDiarmid (1892-1978) made Edinburgh the center of the Scottish political and literary renaissance in the 1920s and 1930s.

After World War II (1939-1945), Edinburgh developed as a center for higher education, especially in medicine and surgery, electronics, and artificial intelligence. The cultural life of the city expanded, especially through the Edinburgh International Festival, which began in 1947. The city has begun a movement to conserve its stone architecture.

A new Scottish Parliament and government was established in Edinburgh in 1999, re-establishing the city as the capital and political center of Scotland.

Government

As part of the United Kingdom, Scotland is a liberal democracy and a constitutional monarchy. In elections to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the city is divided into five first-past-the-post constituencies. As capital of Scotland, Edinburgh is host to the national unicameral legislature, the Scottish Parliament, which opened in September 2004. The Scottish Parliament devolves responsibility for health, education, housing, economic development, regional transport, the environment, and agriculture. For elections to the European Parliament, Edinburgh is within the Scotland constituency.

Edinburgh constitutes one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and is represented by the City of Edinburgh Council, comprising 58 elected councillors, each representing a multi-member electoral ward, and led by the Lord Provost. Council elections are held on a four year cycle. Each of the multi-member wards elects three or four councillors by the single transferable vote system.