What is engineering текст

Английский язык

Данное учебное пособие предназначается для студентов, обучающихся по направлениям подготовки бакалавров 110800 «Агроинженерия» и 190600 «Эксплуатация транспортно-технологических машин и комплексов»

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Engineering is putting knowledge of Nature to practical use. The final product of engineering is some physical thing: a machine, a tool, a garget. Engineering is solving problems. It is convenient to discuss engineering projects within the framework of five steps for solving problems

• Will you restore the logical order of these steps?

A good engineer first… second… next… then… and last…

a) defines the problem; b) verifies the solution; c) identifies possible solutions; d) implements the solution; e) selects a solution..

• Can you prove the following ideas? Will you say a few words in favour of each?

— It is important for an engineer to have a creative mind and to generate new ideas.

— It is obligatory to consult the scientific literature available on the problem under study.

— It is not recommended to trust the intuition.

— It is desirable for an engineer to enjoy the whole life cycle of the product designed by him.

— It is useful to have a feedback between an engineer and a customer.

engineering — инженерное дело, техника

final product — конечный продукт

to solve a problem — решить проблему

creative mind — творческий ум

desirable — желательный, заданный

feedback — обратная связь

Answer the questions.

1. What is engineering?

2. What is the final product?

3. Is it important to consult scientific literature?

4. Do you trust your intuition?

In his activities man makes use of a multitude of machines. Although most of them are of quite recent origin, a few simple ones are considered to have come from very ancient times. There were a lot of prehistoric implements, the bow and the arrow being the most ancient. They were his tools in his struggle for existence.

The wheel, one of the greatest inventions ever made by man is also of prehistoric origin. The inclined plane and its use have also been known. It was doubtless by its use that Egyptian slaves lifted the huge stones that went into the construction of the great pyramids.

The lever is probably of equally ancient origin. It is mentioned by the Greek Philosopher Aristotle as a means of lifting a great weight by using a very small force.

Tremendous changes in machine development were made in the 20 th century. Now we use not only powerful devices, precise instruments, but also ―clever machines.‖

multitude — множество, огромное количество

bow and arrow — лук и стрела

to be of recent origin — быть недавнего происхождения

implement — орудие, приспособление

inclined plane — наклонная плоскость

slave — раб lever — рычаг

powerful device — мощное устройство

Answer the questions.

1. What implements have come from ancient times?

2. What role did the inclined plane play?

3. What can you say about machine development in the 20th century?

4. What»clever machines»do you know?

5. What were these machines used for?

The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine (ICE) the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion apply direct force to some component of the engine. The force is applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into useful mechanical energy. The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by Étienne Lenoir

The cycle is characterized by four strokes, or straight movements alternately, back and forth, of a piston inside a cylinder:

1. intake (induction) stroke

2. compression stroke

3. power (combustion) stroke

4. exhaust stroke

1) The cycle begins at top dead center, when the piston is at its uppermost point. On the first downward stroke (intake) of the piston, a mixture of fuel and air is drawn into the cylinder through the intake (inlet) port.

2) The intake (inlet) valve (or valves) then close(s), and the following upward stroke (compression) compresses the fuel-air mixture.

3) The air-fuel mixture is then ignited, usually by a spark plug for a gasoline or by the heat and pressure of compression for a Diesel cycle of compression ignition engine, at approximately the top of the compression stroke.

4) The resulting expansion of burning gases then forces the piston downward for the third stroke (power), and the fourth and final upward stroke (exhaust) evacuates the spent exhaust gases from the cylinder past the then-open exhaust valve or valves, through the exhaust port.

internal combustion engine — двигатель внутреннего сгорания

to occur — происходить

nozzle — форсунка, наконечник, выпускное отверстие

stroke — ход, такт

intake — всасывание compression — сжатие

to ignite — воспламенять(ся) зажигать

spark plug — запальная свеча

downward (upward) — движение вниз (вверх)

exhaust gases — отработанные (выхлопные) газы

Answer the questions.

1. What is internal combustion engine?

2. What process produces force in the engine?

3. Who created the first ICE?

4. What are the main strokes in the ICE?

5. Can you describe them?

One of mankind s earliest and greatest inventions was the wheel. Without it there could be no industry, little transportation or communications, only crude farming, no electric power. Nobody knows when the wheel was invented. There is no trace of the wheel during the Stone Age, and it was not known to the American Indians until the White Man came. In the Old World it came into use during the Bronze Age, when horses and oxen were used as work animals.

At first all wheels were solid discs. The problem to be solved was to make the wheels lighter and at the same time keep them strong. At first holes were made in the wheels, and they became some with iron and then with rubber.

to come into use — найти свое применение

Bronze Age — Бронзовый Век

solid — прочный, твердый

Answer the questions.

1. What was one of the greatest world’s inventions?

2. When was the wheel invented?

3. What was the problem to be solved with the wheels?

4. What was the wheel covered with?

Isaac Newton is generally regarded as one of the greatest and most famous scientists in history. Newton was an astronomer, physicist, mathematic and philosopher who is known for theorizing and reporting on gravitational force and three laws of motion.

Isaac Newton discovered that white light is made up of a spectrum of colours, that when blender together produce the white light. He showed by use of a prism that white light can be split into a spectrum of colours and then used a second prism to show this spectrum can then be rejoined to produce white light. Newton also theorized that light was composed of particles but had to associate the property of light with waves in order to explain refraction of light.

engineering

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engineering, the application of science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to the uses of humankind. The field has been defined by the Engineers Council for Professional Development, in the United States, as the creative application of “scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behaviour under specific operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics of operation and safety to life and property.” The term engineering is sometimes more loosely defined, especially in Great Britain, as the manufacture or assembly of engines, machine tools, and machine parts.

The words engine and ingenious are derived from the same Latin root, ingenerare, which means “to create.” The early English verb engine meant “to contrive.” Thus, the engines of war were devices such as catapults, floating bridges, and assault towers; their designer was the “engine-er,” or military engineer. The counterpart of the military engineer was the civil engineer, who applied essentially the same knowledge and skills to designing buildings, streets, water supplies, sewage systems, and other projects.

Associated with engineering is a great body of special knowledge; preparation for professional practice involves extensive training in the application of that knowledge. Standards of engineering practice are maintained through the efforts of professional societies, usually organized on a national or regional basis, with all members acknowledging a responsibility to the public over and above responsibilities to their employers or to other members of their society.

The function of the scientist is to know, while that of the engineer is to do. Scientists add to the store of verified systematized knowledge of the physical world, and engineers bring this knowledge to bear on practical problems. Engineering is based principally on physics, chemistry, and mathematics and their extensions into materials science, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, transfer and rate processes, and systems analysis.

Unlike scientists, engineers are not free to select the problems that interest them. They must solve problems as they arise, and their solutions must satisfy conflicting requirements. Usually, efficiency costs money, safety adds to complexity, and improved performance increases weight. The engineering solution is the optimum solution, the end result that, taking many factors into account, is most desirable. It may be the most reliable within a given weight limit, the simplest that will satisfy certain safety requirements, or the most efficient for a given cost. In many engineering problems the social and environmental costs are significant.

Engineers employ two types of natural resources—materials and energy. Materials are useful because of their properties: their strength, ease of fabrication, lightness, or durability; their ability to insulate or conduct; their chemical, electrical, or acoustical properties. Important sources of energy include fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas), wind, sunlight, falling water, and nuclear fission. Since most resources are limited, engineers must concern themselves with the continual development of new resources as well as the efficient utilization of existing ones.

History of engineering

In construction, medieval European engineers carried technique, in the form of the Gothic arch and flying buttress, to a height unknown to the Romans. The sketchbook of the 13th-century French engineer Villard de Honnecourt reveals a wide knowledge of mathematics, geometry, natural and physical science, and draftsmanship.

In Asia, engineering had a separate but very similar development, with more and more sophisticated techniques of construction, hydraulics, and metallurgy helping to create advanced civilizations such as the Mongol empire, whose large, beautiful cities impressed Marco Polo in the 13th century.

Civil engineering emerged as a separate discipline in the 18th century, when the first professional societies and schools of engineering were founded. Civil engineers of the 19th century built structures of all kinds, designed water-supply and sanitation systems, laid out railroad and highway networks, and planned cities. England and Scotland were the birthplace of mechanical engineering, as a derivation of the inventions of the Scottish engineer James Watt and the textile machinists of the Industrial Revolution. The development of the British machine-tool industry gave tremendous impetus to the study of mechanical engineering both in Britain and abroad.

The growth of knowledge of electricity—from Alessandro Volta’s original electric cell of 1800 through the experiments of Michael Faraday and others, culminating in 1872 in the Gramme dynamo and electric motor (named after the Belgian Zénobe-Théophile Gramme)—led to the development of electrical and electronics engineering. The electronics aspect became prominent through the work of such scientists as James Clerk Maxwell of Britain and Heinrich Hertz of Germany in the late 19th century. Major advances came with the development of the vacuum tube by Lee de Forest of the United States in the early 20th century and the invention of the transistor in the mid-20th century. In the late 20th century electrical and electronics engineers outnumbered all others in the world.

Chemical engineering grew out of the 19th-century proliferation of industrial processes involving chemical reactions in metallurgy, food, textiles, and many other areas. By 1880 the use of chemicals in manufacturing had created an industry whose function was the mass production of chemicals. The design and operation of the plants of this industry became a function of the chemical engineer.

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries the field of environmental engineering expanded to address global warming and sustainability. The development and deployment of renewable energy, such as solar and wind power, the creation of new technologies for carbon sequestration and pollution control, and the design of green architecture and environmentally friendly urban planning are all recent developments.

Engineering functions

Problem solving is common to all engineering work. The problem may involve quantitative or qualitative factors; it may be physical or economic; it may require abstract mathematics or common sense. Of great importance is the process of creative synthesis or design, putting ideas together to create a new and optimum solution.

Although engineering problems vary in scope and complexity, the same general approach is applicable. First comes an analysis of the situation and a preliminary decision on a plan of attack. In line with this plan, the problem is reduced to a more categorical question that can be clearly stated. The stated question is then answered by deductive reasoning from known principles or by creative synthesis, as in a new design. The answer or design is always checked for accuracy and adequacy. Finally, the results for the simplified problem are interpreted in terms of the original problem and reported in an appropriate form.

In order of decreasing emphasis on science, the major functions of all engineering branches are the following:

What is engineering?In general, eng

What is engineering?
In general, engineering is a science that deals with design, construction and operation of structures, machines, engines and other devices. Engineer is a person who has received technical education and has a basic knowledge of other engineering fields, because most engineering problems are complex and interrelated. The term engineering is difficult to translate into Ukrainian because it has a lot of meanings. Most often it is translated as: інженерна справа, технічний дизайн, будівництво, виробництво. There exist the following main branches of engineering:

Engineers in this field design, test, build, and operate machinery of all types. The field is divided into:

machine-tools, mechanisms, materials, hydraulics and pneumatics

тепло применительно к двигателям, работе и энергии, отоплению, вентиляции и кондиционированию воздуха. Инженер-механик должен быть обучен механики и гидравлики, металлургии и конструкции машины. Инженер-механик разрабатывает не только машины, которые делают продукты, но сами продукты.

Что такое инженерия?
В общем, инженерное дело – это наука, которая занимается проектированием, строительством и эксплуатацией конструкций, машин, двигателей и других устройств. Инженер – это человек, получивший техническое образование и имеющий базовые знания в других инженерных областях, потому что большинство инженерных проблем сложны и взаимосвязаны. Термин «инженерия» трудно перевести на украинский язык, потому что он имеет много значений. Чаще всего это переводится как: ЗурабИшвили, Зураб Ишвили, Загитова. Существуют следующие основные отрасли техники:

Гражданское строительство занимается проектированием больших зданий, дорог, мостов, плотин, каналов, железнодорожных линий, аэропортов, туннелей и других сооружений. Инженер-строитель должен иметь глубокие знания свойств и механики строительных материалов, механики конструкций и почв, а также гидравлики и механики жидкости. Среди основных подразделений в этой области строительно-техническое проектирование, транспортное машиностроение и гидравлическое машиностроение.

Инженеры в этой области проектирование, испытание, сборка и эксплуатация оборудования всех типов. Поле разделено на:

станков, механизмов, материалов, гидравлики и пневматики

тепла, применяемого к двигателям, работе и энергии, отоплению, вентиляции и кондиционированию воздуха. Инженер-механик должен быть обучен механике и гидравлике, металлургии и машиностроению. Инженер-механик проектирует не только машины, которые делают продукты, но и сами продукты.

What is Engineering?- Types of Engineering

What is Engineering?

Engineering is the use of scientific principles to design and build machines, structures, and other items, including bridges, tunnels, roads, vehicles, and buildings. The discipline of engineering encompasses a broad range of more specialized fields of engineering, each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of applied mathematics, applied science, and types of application.

Engineering is the application of science and math’s to solve problems. While scientists and inventors come up with innovations, it is engineers who apply these discoveries to the real world. Yet, today’s engineers operate in many different areas as well as building structures.

Engineering is part of STEM education, which aims to engage students with science, technology, engineering, and mathematics yet, as a discipline, it has been practiced for thousands of years.

You can see examples of engineering in the Pyramids of Giza, at Stonehenge, the Parthenon, and elsewhere. Engineers work on everything from cell membranes to construction and prosthetics to improving engine and transport efficiencies and developing renewable energy resources.

While engineering dates right back to the invention of the wheel (and beyond), the term itself comes from the word engineer, which goes back to the 14th century, when an ‘engine’er’ meant someone who constructed military engines like catapults and other ‘siege engines.’ This military meaning can still be seen in use today with the Corps of Royal Engineers and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

The word ‘engine’ itself comes from the Latin word ‘ingenium’ (c. 1250), which means ‘innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention.’

Engineering developed beyond military applications and began to be applied to civilian structures like bridges and buildings, leading to the creation of the term civil engineering, to differentiate it from the original military engineering field.

What Does an Engineer Do?

Engineers are involved in the design, evaluation, development, testing, modification, inspection, and maintenance of a wide range of products, structures, and systems.

This involves everything from the recommending of materials and processes, overseeing manufacturing and construction processes, and conducting failure analysis and investigation, to providing consultancy services and teaching engineering to students and trainees.

Types of Engineering

The field of engineering is divided into a large number of specialty areas:

There is often considerable overlap among the different specialties. For this reason, engineers need to have a general understanding of several areas of engineering besides their specialty. For example, a civil engineer needs to understand concepts of structural engineering, an aerospace engineer needs to apply principles of mechanical engineering, and nuclear engineers need a working knowledge of electrical engineering.

50+ Types of Degrees in Engineering You Can Get

There are tons of different types of degrees in engineering you can earn in college and graduate school. This list contains more than 50 examples of engineering majors, organized by the five engineering branches (which are also majors in and of themselves).

Not all schools offer all these exact majors and specializations, so be sure to check each college you’re interested in to see what types of degrees in engineering it offers. As a general rule, tech schools, such as Caltech, MIT, and Georgia Tech, will typically offer a much wider array of engineering majors and degrees.

While this is certainly not an exhaustive list, it should hopefully give you an idea of the different types of engineering you could study in college and what kinds of specializations you can select. You might also consider checking out our picks for the best engineering schools.

Chemical Engineering

Civil Engineering

Electrical Engineering

As its name suggests, this type of engineering focuses on technology, specifically the design and production of electronic devices.

Industrial Engineering

Mechanical Engineering

Other Types of Engineering

Below are some types of engineering that don’t exactly fit into any of the five major categories above.

Why Engineering is Important?

Engineering has been a part of human history, in one form or another, for thousands of years. Of course, as our knowledge and understanding of science and mathematics grew, so our engineering expertise and competence also improved.

Today’s engineers use the most advanced technologies, alongside established scientific principles, to apply cutting-edge solutions and innovation to real-world challenges.

It is hard to over-emphasize the importance of engineering in human history, from designing transportation systems to powering our homes, engineering is all around us, right down to the device you are using to read this.

As our scientific knowledge continues to advance, so engineering will find ways to take this new information and apply it to the world around us.

Which Type of Engineering Is Right for You?

As you saw above, there are tons of different types of engineering fields you could enter. But which is ultimately the best choice for you? Here are four factors to keep in mind as you consider what type of engineering you want to major in and use in your career.

1. What Are Your Interests?

First, you should think about what your biggest academic and personal interests are.

For example, have you always been fascinated by how things are built? Maybe you often played with LEGO bricks as a child and can easily envision yourself helping construct and design public buildings and roads. In that case, civil engineering would be an excellent fit for you.

Or perhaps you’re interested in computers and coding, in which case a career as a software or computer engineer would be a great choice.

Take some time to really ask yourself which of your interests you’re most passionate about. It might even help to write down a list of your favorite hobbies and the most interesting classes you’ve taken in school. Afterward, compare those interests to the five major types of engineering and try to see how they align.

2. What Are Your Strengths?

In addition to your interests, take some time to consider your biggest strengths. For instance, was chemistry a total breeze for you? Then chemical engineering might be a smart choice for a college major.

Or maybe you’re a natural-born leader who’s always managing projects and looking for ways to increase productivity. In that case, you might think about studying industrial engineering.

To figure out your strengths, look at your grades in different classes you’ve taken and make a list of what you believe to be your best skills. Then, try to match these to the five different types of engineering listed above.

3. What Salary Can You Earn with an Engineering Degree?

Here are the median salaries for some of the most popular engineering branches.

Conclusion

Engineering is all around us and is an integral part of our everyday lives. It is something that many people take for granted, but it is engineering that allows you to make a coffee in the morning, heats or cools your home, allows you to travel, communicate on your mobile device, and so much more besides.

Within each of these branches are dozens of specializations you can study. As a whole, engineers make good money, and many engineering jobs are in fairly high demand.

When it comes to deciding which engineering, field is right for you, be sure to look at the following four factors:

Overall, engineering is a great field to get into, with lots of unique options to choose from. Just be sure to take lots of time to figure out which type of engineering will work best for you!

What are engineers do?

Engineers design, build, and maintain various complex systems and structures, from buildings to software. While there are many engineering professions, there is one consistent engineering mindset: to innovate.

Do engineers make good money?

What is your definition of engineering?

Engineering is a scientific field and job that involves taking our scientific understanding of the natural world and using it to invent, design, and build things to solve problems and achieve practical goals. This can include the development of roads, bridges, cars, planes, machines, tools, processes, and computers.

Is engineering a good career?

As per research, engineering graduates with top-notch qualities and extensive knowledge get high-paying and highly rewarding careers in the industry. And of course, the income keeps on getting better with time and as you keep gaining more skills.

What engineers do all day?

To engineer literally means ‘to make things happen. Most of what engineers do on a daily basis can fall into four categories: communicating, problem-solving, analyzing, and planning. Depending on an engineer’s industry and role, their day will typically consist of a various mix of these functions.

Which engineering is best for girls?

Computer Engineering is one of the most sought-after engineering career choices available to girl students in India. The best part of this course is, that there is no fieldwork at all. The expansion in the IT sector and software revolution in India has also made this course demanding.

Is engineering hard to study?

Considered one of the toughest courses in the world, engineering students are required to have tactical skills, analytical skills, critical thinking, and problem-solving abilities. Engineering continues to be one of the most preferred choices of students after pursuing Science PCM in class 12th.

Do engineers need to be good at math?

Yes. They need to understand calculus, multivariable calculus, differential equations, linear algebra, and statistics so that they can understand what’s going on with the engineering models they use.

What are 3 main roles of an engineer?

Engineers develop new technological solutions. During the engineering design process, the responsibilities of the engineer may include defining problems, conducting and narrowing research, analyzing criteria, finding and analyzing solutions, and making decisions.

How is math used in engineering?

Civil engineers use mathematics equations to study the chemistry of materials. In order to use the right material for the project, engineers measure the strength of the material and apply chemical equations to judge the strength of the material.

How much does a engineer make?

Which is better doctor or engineer?

So, in that case, engineers can get a good job earlier than doctors. After an engineering degree, it will be easier to get jobs, but after a medical degree, it won’t be easy to open your own clinic or hospital if nobody in your family background is a doctor, or if you have no good connections with any doctor.

Do engineers do a lot of math?

This requires very involved mathematics from algebra through calculus to differential equations and vector analysis. There are, however, quite a few engineering jobs that require almost no advanced math and very little basic math or algebra. It is a very broad field.

How long does it take to become an engineer?

It takes four to five years to become an engineer. Engineering degrees are followed by post-education examinations, specialization, supervised training, and continued education. It can take 8-12 years for advanced engineering degrees. You can study for two years and earn an associate’s degree in engineering technology.

What do engineers study?

An engineering major is an interdisciplinary study of math, science, and some business principles. General engineering courses teach students how to design and conduct experiments, identify and solve problems, understand professional and ethical responsibility, and communicate effectively.

Can an average student do engineering?

Yes, an average student can do engineering department easily. In CSE you have to face lots of mathematics stuffs like Linear Algebra, Probability, Statistics, Modern Algebra, etc. Maybe you will face difficulty in starting but if you are average in math then you can improve yourself and do very well in CSE courses.

Which subject is best for engineering?

Subjects such as physics, chemistry, or agricultural science can provide a good foundation for students of engineering, as the first year at college usually involves the study of core scientific concepts.

Do engineers need a degree?

Engineering positions typically require a bachelor’s degree in engineering or a relevant field. Some engineering jobs, especially in management, require a master’s degree. An engineering degree in a specialty area may qualify engineers for a career in a related field.

Can anyone become an engineer?

Engineering requires creativity, dedication, and patience in your work. It’s not that anyone can become an engineer. For engineering, your basic education must include geometry, trigonometry, algebra and calculus, physics, chemistry, and biology depending on which field your interest resides.

The Main Branches of Engineering

Engineering is the discipline and profession of applying technical and scientific knowledge and using natural laws and physical resources in order to design and implement materials, structures, machines, devices, systems, and processes.

Historically the main branches of engineering are categorized as follows: Electrical and Electronics Engineering – It is concerned with the development and design, application, and manufacture of systems and devices that use electric power and signals. Electric Power and Machinery – Engineers in this field have brought about several important developments since the late 1970s. One of these is the ability to transmit power at extremely high voltage in both the direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) modes, reducing power losses proportionately.

Communications and Control – Engineers work on control systems ranging from the everyday, passenger-actuated, such as those that run a lift, to the exotic, such as systems for keeping spacecraft on course. Control systems are used extensively in aircraft and ships, in military fire-control systems, in power transmission and distribution, in automated manufacturing, and in robotics.

Mechanical Engineering – The design of physical and mechanical systems, such as engines, power trains, kinematic chains, vibration isolation equipment. This field is divided into machinery, mechanisms, materials, hydraulics, and pneumatics; and heat as applied to engines, work and energy, heating, ventilating, and air conditioning.

Safety Engineering – This field has as its objects the prevention of accidents. Safety engineers develop methods and procedures to safeguard workers in hazardous occupations. Engineering is a key driver of human development. In a modem world it is a well respected profession.

Exercise 8. Find the following words and word combinations in the text “Engineering”.

Технические и научные знания; опасный; материальные ресурсы; обеспечивать материалами; применение; производство; инженер по технике безопасности; крайне высокое напряжение; постоянный ток; потери мощности; направленное на пассажира; в значительной степени; противопожарная система; трансмиссия; виброзащитное оборудование; предотвращение; защищать; глубокоуважаемый; переменный ток.

Now use some of expressions from this list to complete the following sentences:

1) Nowadays the profession of an engineer is a …… one.

2) A skilled engineer has a solid base of …….

3) ……. is the unidirectional flow of electric charge.

4) Did you not notice a safety symbol «Caution, risk of electric shock»? Do you know that it means……?

5) The smoke detector is one of the devices of ……. that are recommended for homes.

6) …… also assists in designing machinery, factories, ships, and roads, suggesting alterations and improvements to reduce the possibility of accident.

Exercise 9. Answer the questions to the text “Engineering”.

1) What is engineering? What is the function of this special field?

2) What branches of engineering do you know? Try to describe each of them.

3) What do you think what engineering branch is the most important one?

4) Engineer is a respected profession, isn’t it?

5) Why did you choose your specialty?

Exercise 10. Make these sentences negative and interrogative.

1) He passes some exams to enter the University.

2) There are some industrial plants where the computers use for control.

3) Engineers work with some electrical devices.

4) Give me something to fill my paper out.

5) I met that safety engineer somewhere before.

6) Someone left the switched light on in the office yesterday.

7) There are some engineering branches of current importance.

8) Some mechanical engineers specialize in particular types of machine.

9) Electronic engineer designs circuits to perform some specific tasks.

10) We have some new equipment to improve the quality of their work.

Exercise 11. Rewrite the following sentences using such adverbs as few, a few, little, a little.

1) His working day is so busy that he doesn’t have much time for relaxation.

2) Computer engineers told him about new hardware programs for three hours.

3) She didn’t have many English books at home, so she had to go to the library.

4) There were some new apparatus at the plant, but it didn’t take too much time for an engineer to install them.

5) I don’t need much oil to cover the moving parts.

6) He keeps trying, although he doesn’t have much chance of success.

7) The workers have twenty or thirty minutes to have a dinner.

8) Many students aren’t really hard-working.

9) There aren’t many current trends in electronics engineering.

10) Some graduates are sent for one or two months to industrial enterprises to get some practical know-how.

Exercise 12. Translate the sentences into English using active vocabulary of the lesson.

1) Инженеры компьютерщики занимаются разработкой компьютеров и программных систем.

2) Квалифицированный инженер обладает хорошими техническими и научными знаниями.

3) На современном этапе развития техники и науки авиационно-космическая индустрия является самой быстроразвивающейся.

4) Машиностроение связано с разработкой физико-механический систем таких как, двигатели, трансмиссия, кинематические цепи, виброзащитное оборудование и т.д.

5) Некоторые рабочие не соблюдают правила техники безопасности.

6) Автоматизированное производство и робототехника напрямую зависит от работы систем контроля.

7) Инженерное дело – основной двигатель прогресса.

Exercise 13. Speak on.

1) What new areas of engineering have you already known?

2) Which engineering field would you choose to work on in the future?