What is george stephenson famous for ответы на вопросы
What is george stephenson famous for ответы на вопросы
Text A. George Stephenson
George Stephenson was a British inventor and engineer He is famous for building the first practical railway locomotive.
Stephenson was born in 1781, in England. During his youth he worked as a fireman and later as an engineer in the coal mines of Newcastle. He invented one of the first miner’s safety lamps independently of the British inventor Humphrey Davy. Stephenson’s early locomotives were used to carry loads in coal mines, and in 1823 he established a factory at Newcastle for their manufacture. In 1829 he designed a locomotive known as the Rocket, which could carry both loads and passengers at a greater speed than any locomotive constructed at that time. The success of the Rocket was the beginning of the construction of locomotives and the laying of railway lines.
Questions:
What was George Stephenson and what is he famous for? What is his main invention?
Text B. Electrical and Electronics Engineering
This is the widest field of engineering, concerned with systems and devices that use electric power and signals. Among the most important subjects in the field are electric power and machinery, electronic circuits, control systems, computer design, superconductors, solid-state electronics, robotics, lasers, radar, consumer electronics, and fiber optics.
Electrical engineering can be divided into four main branches: electric power and machinery, electronics, communications and control, and computers.
Text C. Electric Power and Machinery
Engineers working in this field design and operate systems for generating, transmitting, and distributing electric power. Several important developments appeared in this field. One of these is the ability to transmit power at extremely high voltages in both the direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) modes, reducing power losses. Another is the real-time control of power generation, transmission and distribution, using computers.
5. Переведите на русский язык следующие слова:achievement, basic, concept, founder, input, inventor.
6. Переведите на английский язык следующие слова: движение, допускать, достижение, изобретатель, концепция.
7. Переведите на русский язык предложение, содержащее модальный глагол или его эквивалент. For other types of signals the carrier level may have to be increased.
8. Выпишите из текста «А» предложение, содержащее сказуемое в страдательном залоге. Переведите предложение на русский язык.
9. Составьте резюме, используя образец в Приложении.
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 1
Вариант № 2
Выполните следующие задания:
1. Образуйте форму множественного числа следующих существительных: work, capacity, power, fiber, element, flight, branch, method.
2. Напишите формы указательных местоимений в единственном и во множественном числе.
3. Образуйте степени сравнения следующих прилагательных и наречий: large, small, new, many, famous, interesting, general.
4. Прочтите и переведите тексты. Текст «А» переведите письменно и ответьте на вопросы после текста.
George Stephenson
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George Stephenson, (born June 9, 1781, Wylam, Northumberland, England—died August 12, 1848, Chesterfield, Derbyshire), English engineer and principal inventor of the railroad locomotive.
Stephenson was the son of a mechanic who operated a Newcomen atmospheric-steam engine that was used to pump out a coal mine at Newcastle upon Tyne. The boy went to work at an early age and without formal schooling; by age 19 he was operating a Newcomen engine. His curiosity aroused by the Napoleonic war news, he enrolled in night school and learned to read and write. He soon married and, in order to earn extra income, learned to repair shoes, fix clocks, and cut clothes for miners’ wives, getting a mechanic friend, the future Sir William Fairbairn, to take over his engine part-time. His genius with steam engines, however, presently won him the post of engine wright (chief mechanic) at Killingworth colliery.
Stephenson’s first wife died, leaving him with a young son, Robert, whom he sent to a Newcastle school to learn mathematics; every night when the boy came home, father and son went over the homework together, both learning. In 1813 George Stephenson visited a neighbouring colliery to examine a “steam boiler on wheels” constructed by John Blenkinsop to haul coal out of the mines. In the belief that the heavy contraption could not gain traction on smooth wooden rails, Blenkinsop had given it a ratchet wheel running on a cogged third rail, an arrangement that created frequent breakdowns. Stephenson thought he could do better, and, after conferring with Lord Ravensworth, the principal owner of Killingworth, he built the Blucher, an engine that drew eight loaded wagons carrying 30 tons of coal at 4 miles (6 km) per hour. Not satisfied, he sought to improve his locomotive’s power and introduced the “ steam blast,” by which exhaust steam was redirected up the chimney, pulling air after it and increasing the draft. The new design made the locomotive truly practical.
Over the next few years, Stephenson built several locomotives for Killingworth and other collieries and gained a measure of fame by inventing a mine-safety lamp. In 1821 he heard of a project for a railroad, employing draft horses, to be built from Stockton to Darlington to facilitate exploitation of a rich vein of coal. At Darlington he interviewed the promoter, Edward Pease, and so impressed him that Pease commissioned him to build a steam locomotive for the line. On September 27, 1825, railroad transportation was born when the first public passenger train, pulled by Stephenson’s Active (later renamed Locomotion), ran from Darlington to Stockton, carrying 450 persons at 15 miles (24 km) per hour. Liverpool and Manchester interests called him in to build a 40-mile (64-km) railroad line to connect the two cities. To survey and construct the line, Stephenson had to outwit the violent hostility of farmers and landlords who feared, among other things, that the railroad would supplant horse-drawn transportation and shut off the market for oats.
When the Liverpool-Manchester line was nearing completion in 1829, a competition was held for locomotives; Stephenson’s new engine, the Rocket, which he built with his son, Robert, won with a speed of 36 miles (58 km) per hour. Eight locomotives were used when the Liverpool-Manchester line opened on September 15, 1830, and all of them had been built in Stephenson’s Newcastle works. From this time on, railroad building spread rapidly throughout Britain, Europe, and North America, and George Stephenson continued as the chief guide of the revolutionary transportation medium, solving problems of roadway construction, bridge design, and locomotive and rolling-stock manufacture. He built many other railways in the Midlands, and he acted as consultant on many railroad projects at home and abroad.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Erik Gregersen.
George Stephenson and Robert Stephenson
George Stephenson was а British inventor and engineer. Не is famous for building the first practical railway locomotive.
Stephenson was born in 1781 in England. During his
youth he worked as а fireman and later as an engineer in
the coal mines of Newcastle. Не invented one of the first
miner’s safety lamps independently of the British inventor
Humphrey Davy. Stephenson’s early locomotives were used
to carry load in coal mines, and in 1823 he established а
factory at Newcastle for their manufacture. In 1829 he
designed а locomotive known as the Rocket, which could
carry both loads and passengers at а greater speed than
any locomotive constructed at that time. The success of
the Rocket was the beginning of the construction of
locomotives and the laying of railway lines.
Robert Stephenson, the son of George Stephenson was
a British civil engineer. Не is mostly well-known
for the construction of several notable bridges.
Не was born in 1803. Не was educated in Newcastle
and at the University of Edinburgh. In 1829 hе assisted
his father in constructing а locomotive known as the
Rocket, and four years later he was appointed construction
engineer of the Birmingham and London Railway,
completed in 1838.
Stephenson built several famous bridges, including the
Victoria Bridge in England, the Britannia Bridge in
Wales, two bridges across the Nile in Egypt and the
Victoria Bridge in Montreal, Canada.
Вариант 5
1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе B обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
A l. I went to bed at ten о’clock yesterday.
2. I go to bed at ten о’clock every day.
3. Nelly will leave for Moscow tomorrow.
4. She is drinking coffee now.
B 1. Bread is eaten every day.
2. The dinner was cooked in time.
2. Напишите предложения в страдательном залоге и переведите их на русский язык.
1. They will read this book tomorrow in the evening.
2. We use electricity in everyday life.
3. We have not yet marked this town on the map.
3. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и II,
установите функцию каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением,
обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. А letter sent from St. Petersburg today will be in Moscow tomorrow.
2. The girl writing on the blackboard is our best pupil.
3. This text was translated at the last lesson.
4. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них
модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. You must work hard at your English.
2. You may finish the work tomorrow.
3. Не will be able to visit you tomorrow.
4. Нс can speak Spanish.
5. We had to do it yesterday.
5.Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,2-й абзацы текста.
What Is a Computer?
The term computer is used to describe а device made
up of а combination of electronic and electromechanical
(part electronic and part mechanical) components.
Computer has nо intelligence by itself and is referred
as hardware. А computer system is а combination of five
elements:
When one computer system is set up tо communicate
with another computer system, connectivity becomes the
sixth system element. In other words, the manner in which
the various individual systems are connected — for
example, by phone lines, microwave transmission, or
satellite — is an element of the total computer system.
Software is the term used tо describe the instructions
that tell the hardware how to perform а task. Without
software instructions, the hardware doesn’t know what
to do. People, however, are the most important component
of the computer system: they create the computer software
instructions and respond tо the procedures that those
instructions present.
The basic job of computer is processing information.
Computers accept information in the form of instruction
called а program and characters called data to perform
mathematical and logical operations, and then give the
results. The data is raw material while information is
organized, processed, refined and useful for decision
making. Computer is used to convert data into information
Вариант 6
1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе B обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
A 1. She showed him the way to the metro station.
2. They didn’t turn off the light.
3. Someone wants you on the phone.
4. We will finish this work in time.
B 1. This article was translated by his friend.
2. Some important facts were explained to him.
4. She was told to go home at once.
2. Напишите предложения в страдательном залоге и переведите их на русский язык.
1. They looked for the girl everywhere.
2. We must finish the work by tomorrow.
3. He gave the patients some good advice.
3. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и II и установите функцию каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите на русский язык.
1. She went into the room, leaving the door open.
2. The man has stopped a taxi.
3. The article written the day before was corrected.
4. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. You must take a taxi if you want to catch that train.
2. The lecture is to begin at nine.
3. He was able to do it yesterday.
4. She hopes she can find the job she is looking for.
5. Their travel by sea may be cheaper, but it takes a long time.
5. Прочитайте и устно переведите c1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 3 и 4 абзацы.
James Prescott Joule
James Prescott Joule, a famous British physicist, was born in 1818 in Salford, England.
Joule was one of the most outstanding physicists of his time. He is best known for his research in electricity and thermodynamics. In the course of his investigations of the heat emitted in an electrical circuit, he formulated the law, now known as Joule’s law of electric heating. This law states that the amount of heat produced each second in a conductor by electric current is proportional to the resistance of the conductor and to the square of the current. Joule experimentally verified the law of conservation of energy in his study of the conversion of mechanical energy into heat energy.
Организация стока поверхностных вод: Наибольшее количество влаги на земном шаре испаряется с поверхности морей и океанов (88‰).
Поперечные профили набережных и береговой полосы: На городских территориях берегоукрепление проектируют с учетом технических и экономических требований, но особое значение придают эстетическим.
Механическое удерживание земляных масс: Механическое удерживание земляных масс на склоне обеспечивают контрфорсными сооружениями различных конструкций.
FAMOUS PEOPLE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
George Stephenson
George Stephenson was a British inventor and engineer. He is famous for building the first practical railway locomotive.
Stephenson was born in 1781 in Wylam, near Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland. During his youth he worked as a fireman and later as an engineer in the coal mines of Newcastle. He invented one of the first miner’s safety lamps independently of the British inventor Humphry Davy. Stephenson’s early locomotives were used to carry loads in coal mines, and in 1823 he established a factory at Newcastle for their manufacture. In 1829 he designed a locomotive known as the Rocket, which could carry both loads and passengers at a greater speed than any locomotive constructed at that time. The success of the Rocket was the beginning of the construction of locomotives and the laying of railway lines.
Robert Stephenson, the son of George Stephenson was a British civil engineer. He is mostly well-known known for the construction of several notable bridges.
He was born in 1803 in Willington Quay, near Newcastle upon Tyne, and educated in Newcastle and at the University of Edinburgh. In 1829 he assisted his father in constructing a locomotive known as the Rocket, and four years later he was appointed construction engineer of the Birmingham and London Railway, completed in 1838. Stephenson built several famous bridges, including the Victoria Bridge in Northumberland, the Britannia Bridge in Wales, two bridges across the Nile in Damietta in Egypt and the Victoria Bridge in Montreal, Canada. Stephenson was a Member of Parliament from 1847 until his death in 1859.
UNIT 5
PLASTICS
I. Text A: «Plastics», Text B: «Types of plastics», Text C: «Composite Materials»
II. Famous People of Science: Alfred Bernhard Nobel.
Text A: «PLASTICS»
Plastics are non-metallic, synthetic, carbon-based materials. They can be moulded, shaped, or extruded into flexible sheets, films, or fibres. Plastics are synthetic polymers. Polymers consist of long-chain molecules made of large numbers of identical small molecules (monomers). The chemical nature of a plastic is defined by the monomer (repeating unit) that makes up the chain of the polymer. Polyethene is a polyolefin; its monomer unit is ethene (formerly called ethylene). Other categories are acrylics (such as polymethylmethacrylate), styrenes (such as polystyrene), vinys (such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC)), polyesters, polyurethanes, polyamides (such as nylons), polyethers, acetals, phenolics, cellulosics, and amino resins. The molecules can be either natural — like cellulose,wax, and natural rubber — or synthetic — in polyethene and nylon. In co-polymers, more than one monomer is used.
The giant molecules of which polymers consist may be linear,branched, or cross-linked, depending on the plastic. Linear and branched molecules are thermoplastic (soften when heated), whereas cross-linked molecules arethermosetting (harden when heated).
Most plastics aresynthesized from organicchemicalsor from natural gas or coal. Plastics are light-weight compared to metals and are good electrical insulators. The best insulators now are epoxy resins and teflon. Teflon or polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE) was first made in 1938 and was produced commercially in 1950.
Plastics can be classified into several broad types.
1. Thermoplastics soften on heating, thenharden again when cooled. Thermoplastic molecules are alsocoiled and because of this they are flexible and easilystretched.
Typical example of thermoplastics is polystyrene. Polystyrene resins are characterized by high resistance to chemical and mechanical stresses at low temperatures and by very low absorption of water. These properties make the polystyrenes especially suitable for radio-frequency insulation and for parts used at low temperatures in refrigerators and in airplanes. PET (polyethene terephthalate) is a transparent thermoplastic used for soft-drinks bottles. Thermoplastics are also viscoelastic, that is, they flow (creep) under stress. Examples are polythene, polystyrene andPVC.
2. Thermosetting plastics (thermosets) do not soften when heated, and with strong heating they decompose. In most thermosets final cross-linking, which fixes the molecules, takes place after the plastic has already been formed.
Thermosetting plastics have a higher density than thermoplastics. They are less flexible, more difficult to stretch, and are lesssubjected to creep. Examples of thermosetting plastics include urea-formaldehyde or polyurethane and epoxy resins, most polyesters, and phenolic polymers such as phenol-formaldehyde resin.
3. Elastomers are similar to thermoplastics but have sufficient cross-linking between molecules topreventstretching and creep.
Vocabulary:
carbon — углерод
flexible— гибкий
fibre— волокно, нить
chain— цепь
identical— одинаковый, идентичный
molecule— молекула
branch — разветвленный
to synthesize — синтезировать
chemicals — химические вещества
to soften — смягчать
cellulose — клетчатка, целлюлоза
wax — воск
thermosetting plastics — термореактивные пластмассы
to harden — делать твердым
coil — спираль
stretched — растянутый
transparent — прозрачный
rubber — резина, каучук
to decompose — разлагаться
soft-drink — безалкогольный напиток
to subject — подвергать
polyurethane — полиуретан
resin — смола
similar — сходный, подобный
sufficient — достаточный
to prevent — предотвращать
General understanding
1. What is the definition of plastics?
2. What is the basic chemical element in plastics formula?
3. What do polymers consist of?
4. What are long-chain molecules made of?
5. What are the main types of polymers?
6. Give examples of plastics belonging to these types.
7. What plastics are the best electrical insulators?
8. Describe the difference between thermoplastics and thermosets.
9. What are the main types of structures of polymers?
10. What are the most important properties of plastics?
11. Give the examples of various uses of plastics because of their characteristic properties.
Exercise 5.1. Find English equivalents in the text:
1. синтетические полимеры
2. молекулы с длинными цепями
3. характерные свойства полимера
4. синтезируются из органических химических веществ
5. хороший электрический изолятор
6. размягчаться при нагревании
7. затвердевать при охлаждении
8. гибкий и легко растяжимый
9. течь под нагрузкой
10. более высокая плотность
11. менее подвержены ползучести
12. достаточная взаимосвязь между молекулами
Exercise 5.2. Translate into English:
1. Длинные цепи молекул полимеров состоят из одинаковых небольших молекул мономеров.
2. Сополимеры состоят из двух и более мономеров.
3. Пластмассы можно получать в виде листов, тонких пленок, волокон или гранул.
4. Молекулы полимеров могут быть линейными, ветвящимися или с поперечными связями.
5. Малый вес пластмасс и хорошие электроизоляционные свойства позволяют использовать их в радиоэлектронике и электроприборах, а также вместо металлов.
6. Молекулы термопластов имеют извитую форму и, поэтому, они гибкие и легко растяжимы.
7. Эластомеры имеют большое число поперечных связей между молекулами.
George Stephenson and Robert Stephenson
George Stephenson was а British inventor and engineer. Не is famous for building the first practical railway locomotive.
Stephenson was born in 1781 in England. During his
youth he worked as а fireman and later as an engineer in
the coal mines of Newcastle. Не invented one of the first
miner’s safety lamps independently of the British inventor
Humphrey Davy. Stephenson’s early locomotives were used
to carry load in coal mines, and in 1823 he established а
factory at Newcastle for their manufacture. In 1829 he
designed а locomotive known as the Rocket, which could
carry both loads and passengers at а greater speed than
any locomotive constructed at that time. The success of
the Rocket was the beginning of the construction of
locomotives and the laying of railway lines.
Robert Stephenson, the son of George Stephenson was
a British civil engineer. Не is mostly well-known
for the construction of several notable bridges.
Не was born in 1803. Не was educated in Newcastle
and at the University of Edinburgh. In 1829 hе assisted
his father in constructing а locomotive known as the
Rocket, and four years later he was appointed construction
engineer of the Birmingham and London Railway,
completed in 1838.
Stephenson built several famous bridges, including the
Victoria Bridge in England, the Britannia Bridge in
Wales, two bridges across the Nile in Egypt and the
Victoria Bridge in Montreal, Canada.
Вариант 5
1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе B обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
A l. I went to bed at ten о’clock yesterday.
2. I go to bed at ten о’clock every day.
3. Nelly will leave for Moscow tomorrow.
4. She is drinking coffee now.
B 1. Bread is eaten every day.
2. The dinner was cooked in time.
2. Напишите предложения в страдательном залоге и переведите их на русский язык.
1. They will read this book tomorrow in the evening.
2. We use electricity in everyday life.
3. We have not yet marked this town on the map.
3. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и II,
установите функцию каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением,
обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. А letter sent from St. Petersburg today will be in Moscow tomorrow.
2. The girl writing on the blackboard is our best pupil.
3. This text was translated at the last lesson.
4. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них
модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. You must work hard at your English.
2. You may finish the work tomorrow.
3. Не will be able to visit you tomorrow.
4. Нс can speak Spanish.
5. We had to do it yesterday.
5.Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,2-й абзацы текста.
What Is a Computer?
The term computer is used to describe а device made
up of а combination of electronic and electromechanical
(part electronic and part mechanical) components.
Computer has nо intelligence by itself and is referred
as hardware. А computer system is а combination of five
elements:
When one computer system is set up tо communicate
with another computer system, connectivity becomes the
sixth system element. In other words, the manner in which
the various individual systems are connected — for
example, by phone lines, microwave transmission, or
satellite — is an element of the total computer system.
Software is the term used tо describe the instructions
that tell the hardware how to perform а task. Without
software instructions, the hardware doesn’t know what
to do. People, however, are the most important component
of the computer system: they create the computer software
instructions and respond tо the procedures that those
instructions present.
The basic job of computer is processing information.
Computers accept information in the form of instruction
called а program and characters called data to perform
mathematical and logical operations, and then give the
results. The data is raw material while information is
organized, processed, refined and useful for decision
making. Computer is used to convert data into information
Вариант 6
1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе B обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
A 1. She showed him the way to the metro station.
2. They didn’t turn off the light.
3. Someone wants you on the phone.
4. We will finish this work in time.
B 1. This article was translated by his friend.
2. Some important facts were explained to him.
4. She was told to go home at once.
2. Напишите предложения в страдательном залоге и переведите их на русский язык.
1. They looked for the girl everywhere.
2. We must finish the work by tomorrow.
3. He gave the patients some good advice.
3. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и II и установите функцию каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите на русский язык.
1. She went into the room, leaving the door open.
2. The man has stopped a taxi.
3. The article written the day before was corrected.
4. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. You must take a taxi if you want to catch that train.
2. The lecture is to begin at nine.
3. He was able to do it yesterday.
4. She hopes she can find the job she is looking for.
5. Their travel by sea may be cheaper, but it takes a long time.
5. Прочитайте и устно переведите c1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 3 и 4 абзацы.
James Prescott Joule
James Prescott Joule, a famous British physicist, was born in 1818 in Salford, England.
Joule was one of the most outstanding physicists of his time. He is best known for his research in electricity and thermodynamics. In the course of his investigations of the heat emitted in an electrical circuit, he formulated the law, now known as Joule’s law of electric heating. This law states that the amount of heat produced each second in a conductor by electric current is proportional to the resistance of the conductor and to the square of the current. Joule experimentally verified the law of conservation of energy in his study of the conversion of mechanical energy into heat energy.