What is law перевод текста
What is law перевод текста
What is law? Descriptive and prescr
Descriptive and prescriptive.
(1) The English word “law” refers to limits upon various forms of behavior.
Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people, or even natural
phenomena, usually behave. An example is the rather consistent law of gravity:
another is the less consistent laws of economics. Other laws are prescriptive – they
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prescribe how people ought to behave. For example, the speed limits imposed upon
drivers are laws that prescribe how fast we should drive. They rarely describe how
fast we actually do drive, of course.
Social morality, rules and laws
(2) In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws.
Some of them are customs – that is, informal rules of social and moral behavior.
Some are the rules we accept if we belong to particular social institutions, such as
religious, educational and cultural groups. And some are precise laws made by
nations and enforced against all citizens within their power.
(3) Customs need not be made by governments, and they need not be written
down. We learn how we are expected to behave in society through the instruction of
family and teachers, the advice of friends, and our experiences in dealing with
strangers. Sometimes, we can break these rules without suffering any penalty. But if
we continually break the rules, or break a very important one, other members of
society may ridicule us, criticize us, act violently toward us or refuse to have
anything to do with us. The ways in which people talk, eat and drink, work, and relax
together are usually guided by many such informal rules which have very little to do
with laws created by governments.
(4) The rules of social institutions tend to be more formal than customs, carrying
precise penalties for those who break them. They are not, however, enforceable by
any political authority. Sports clubs, for example, often have detailed rules for their
members. But if a member breaks a rule and refuses to accept any punishment, the
club may have no power other than to ask him or her to leave the club.
(5) However, when governments make laws for their citizens, they use a system
of courts backed by the power of the police to enforce these laws. Of course, there
may be instances where the law is not enforced against someone – such as when
young children commit crimes, when the police have to concentrate on certain crimes
and therefore ignore others, or in countries where there is so much political
corruption that certain people are able to escape justice by using their money or
influence. But the general nature of the law is that it is enforced equally against all
members of the nation.
(6) Government-made laws are nevertheless often patterned upon informal rules
of conduct already existing in society, and relations between people are regulated by
a combination of all these rules. This relationship can be demonstrated using the
example of a sports club.
(7) Suppose a member of a rugby club is so angry with the referee during a club
game that he hits him and breaks his nose. At the most informal level of social
custom, it is probable that people seeing or hearing about the incident would criticize
the player and try to persuade him to apologize and perhaps compensate the referee in
some way. At a more formal level, the player would find he had broken the rules of
his club and perhaps of a wider institution governing the conduct of all people
playing rugby, and would face punishment, such as a fine or a suspension before he
would be allowed to play another game. Finally, the player might also face
prosecution for attacking the referee under laws created by the government of his
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country. In many countries there might be two kinds of prosecution. First, the referee
could conduct a civil action against the player, demanding compensation for his
injury and getting his claim enforced by a court of law if the player failed to agree
privately. Second, the police might also start an action against the player for a crime
of violence. If found guilty, the player might be sent to prison, or he might be made
to pay a fine to the court – that is, punishment for an offence against the state, since
governments often consider anti-social behavior not simply as a matter between two
individuals but as a danger to the well-being and order of society as a whole.
(8) What motives do governments have in making and enforcing laws? Social
control is undoubtedly one purpose. Public laws establish the authority of the
government itself, and civil laws provide a framework for interaction among citizens.
Without laws, it is argued, there would be anarchy in society (although anarchists
themselves argue that human beings would de able to interact peacefully without laws
if there were no governments to interfere in our lives).
(9) Another purpose
Text 1 What is law? Every day of ou
In conclusion, the individual participates in court proceedings in a number of important ways. His relative success will depend on how he reacts to a specific situation. However, knowledge of the law and legal procedures coupled with adequate preparation are the best aids to a successful handling of court cases and duties.
текст 1
что такое право?»каждый день в нашей жизни мы будем руководствоваться законом.»в основном, это система правил.люди проходят эти законы для того, чтобы жить в мире и гармонии.если люди были конфликты, они могут обратиться в суд.суд решает конфликты между двумя людьми объект и тему.соединенные штаты имеют уникальную судебной системы является то, что государство и федеральной системы.
including the names of witnesses, documentary evidence and other details.
text 6
to be protected, people should know the laws
in the united states before the police starts questioning it orally read out that can be detainee
1.You have the right to remain silent. 2.All that you say can be used against you in court. 3.You have the right to lawyer.
во всех гражданских действий текст 5 участвует по крайней мере двух сторон, истец и ответчик, которые называются сторон.чаще всего, стороны в гражданских судах дилетанты.помочь, они могут привести к адвокату.
в начале вы хотите раскрыть факты об инциденте,в том числе имена свидетелей и документальные доказательства и другие детали.
текст 6
защищаться, люди должны знать законы
в соединенных штатах, до того, как полиция начала допроса он устно огласил, что может ожидать задержанный
1.you есть право хранить молчание. 2.all, что вы скажете, может быть использовано против вас в суде. 3.you имеют право на адвоката.
в заключениечеловек участвует в судебных разбирательствах в ряде важных аспектов.его относительный успех будет зависеть от того, как он реагирует на конкретной ситуации.однако знание правовых и юридических процедур, наряду с надлежащей подготовки являются наилучшим спида для успешного рассмотрения судебных дел и обязанностей.
Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст
The English word law refers to limits upon various forms of behaviour. Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people, or even natural phenomena, usually behave. In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs — that is, informal rules of social and moral behaviour. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social institutions, such as religious, educational and cultural groups. And some are precise laws made by nations and enforced against all citizens within their power.
What motives do governments have in making and enforcing laws? Social control is undoubtedly one purpose. Public laws establish the authority of the government itself, and civil laws provide a framework for interaction among citizens. Without laws, it is argued, there would be anarchy in society (although anarchists themselves argue that human beings would be able to interact peacefully without laws if there were no governments to interfere in our lives).
Another purpose is the implementation of justice. Justice is a concept that most people feel is very important but few are able to define. Sometimes a just decision is simply a decision that most people feel is fair. But can we create a just society by simply observing public opinion? If we are always fair to majorities, we will often be unfair to minorities. If we do what seems to be fair at the moment, we may create unfairness in the future. Many philosophers have proposed concepts of justice that are much more theoretical than everyday notions of fairness, and sometimes governments are influenced by philosophers. But in general, governments are guided by more practical considerations such as rising crime rates or the lobbing of pressure groups.
Sometimes laws are simply an attempt to implement common sense. It is obvious to most people that dangerous driving should be punished; that fathers should provide financial support for their children if they desert their families; that a person should be compensated for losses when someone else breaks an agreement with him or her. But in order to be enforced, common sense needs to be defined in law, and when definitions are being written, it becomes clear that common sense is not such a simple matter. Instead, it is a complex skill based upon long observation of many different people in different situations. Laws based upon common sense do not necessarily look much like common sense when they have been put into words.
In practice, governments are neither institutions solely interested in retaining power, nor clear-thinking bodies implementing justice and common sense. They combine many purposes and inherit many traditions. The laws that they make and enforce reflect this confusion.
Task 7. Подготовьте устный пересказ прочитанного текста на английском языке (10-15 предложений)
Ответ оставил Гуру
Text 1 What is law? Every day of ou
In conclusion, the individual participates in court proceedings in a number of important ways. His relative success will depend on how he reacts to a specific situation. However, knowledge of the law and legal procedures coupled with adequate preparation are the best aids to a successful handling of court cases and duties.
текст 1
что такое право?»каждый день в нашей жизни мы будем руководствоваться законом.»в основном, это система правил.люди проходят эти законы для того, чтобы жить в мире и гармонии.если люди были конфликты, они могут обратиться в суд.суд решает конфликты между двумя людьми объект и тему.соединенные штаты имеют уникальную судебной системы является то, что государство и федеральной системы.
including the names of witnesses, documentary evidence and other details.
text 6
to be protected, people should know the laws
in the united states before the police starts questioning it orally read out that can be detainee
1.You have the right to remain silent. 2.All that you say can be used against you in court. 3.You have the right to lawyer.
во всех гражданских действий текст 5 участвует по крайней мере двух сторон, истец и ответчик, которые называются сторон.чаще всего, стороны в гражданских судах дилетанты.помочь, они могут привести к адвокату.
в начале вы хотите раскрыть факты об инциденте,в том числе имена свидетелей и документальные доказательства и другие детали.
текст 6
защищаться, люди должны знать законы
в соединенных штатах, до того, как полиция начала допроса он устно огласил, что может ожидать задержанный
1.you есть право хранить молчание. 2.all, что вы скажете, может быть использовано против вас в суде. 3.you имеют право на адвоката.
WHAT IS LAW?(1) Law is a body of ru
WHAT IS LAW?
(1) Law is a body of rules supported by the power of government. It governs the behavior of all members of society. It is not possible to have a society without laws, as there would be anarchy in society then.
(2) Governments make laws and enforce them against all citizens within their power. They have two motives in making and enforcing laws. One is social control; the other is the implementation of justice. To establish social control governments use public law and civil law. Public law ensures the authority of the government itself and civil law provides framework for interaction among people. Justice is a concept that most people feel is very important but few are able to defy ne. Sometimes a just decision is simply a decision that most people feel is fair.
(3) New laws appear all the time as our life is changing very fast. But no country has been successful in producing laws, which are entirely satisfactory. Ordinary people start thinking about law only when everyday informal ways of settling disputes break down. When we buy a train ticket, a lawyer may tell us it represents a contract with legal obligations, but to most of us it is just a ticket that gets us on the train. If our neighbor plays loud music late at night, we will probably try to discuss the matter with him rather than consulting the police, lawyers or courts. Only when we are injured in a train accident or when a neighbor refuses to behave reasonably, we start thinking about the legal implications of our everyday activities.
(4) Even so, some transactions in modern society are so complex that few of us would risk making them without first seeking legal advice. We use it when we buy or sell a house, setup a business, or decide whom to give our property to when we die. On the whole, it seems that people all over the world are becoming more and more accustomed to using legal means to regulate their relations with each other.
(5) As countries cooperate more and more and have an increasing number of common global problems to solve, there are attempts to internationalize legal standards, so that the same legal principles could be applied to all countries and people. When law helps people to reach just agreements, it is regarded as a good thing. However, when it involves time and money and shows people’s inability to cooperate informally, law seems to be an evil — but a necessary one that everyone should have a basic knowledge of.