What is the heart of moscow
What is the heart of moscow
Страноведческий урок по английскому языку «Сердце Москвы». 7-й класс
Класс: 7
Цель урока: научится рассказывать о достопримечательностях своей страны на английском языке.
Задачи:
Предметные УУД: развитие коммуникативных навыков посредством работы с текстом, совершенствование навыков аудирования, чтения и говорения.
Метапредметные УУД: формирование социокультурной компетенции через использование страноведческой информации на английском языке и анализ текста
Оборудование и оснащение урока:
Организационный момент
– Good morning dear boys and girls.
– Sit down please.
– How are you?
– How do you like the weather?
– How did you spend your time yesterday evening?
– Well, I see you are eager to start our English lesson, so let’s begin.
Фонетическая зарядка
– On the screen you can see the tongue-twister about the dog and shoes.
If a dog chews shoes
What shoes would he …. to chew?
Too few for sure.
You’re a ….shoe-chewer.
– What words are missing? (Choose and choosy)
– That’s right. Try to read it as quickly as you can.
– Thank you.
Подготовка к аудированию
– Now I want you to listen to the recording please, and answer the questions.
– What is it? (the chiming clock)
– Where can you hear this? (In Kremlin, Red Square)
– What are we going to speak about? (Moscow,Kremlin, Red Square)
– Read the title and look at the landmarks in the slide.
– What are them? (Saint Basil’s Cathedral, the Spasskaya Tower etc.)
– Where can you see them? (in Red Square)
– What do you think is “The Heart of Moscow”? (It’s Kremlin, Red Square)
Аудирование
– What other landmarks in Red Square do you know?
– Listen and compare your answers.
– Now please, listen to a tour guide talking about Red Square and match the information.
1) 17th century
2) 67.3 metres
3) 16th century
4) 3.38 metres
5) 1612
a) Kremlin clock made
b) Spasskaya Tower
c) Red Square got its name
d) War against Poland
e) Minute hand of the Kremlin clock
– Thank you very much. It’s a good job. The next thing we are going to do is to read the sentences and choose the correct word in each.
– Well done! Let’s move on to reading task.
Чтение
– Now you are going to read the text and check your answers.
| “…And here we are at the heart of Moscow, Red Square. It got its name in the 17 century. In Old Russian the word red means beautiful. As you can see, Red Square is very large. There are interesting landmarks in it. In the centre of Red Square, by Kremlin wall, you can see the Lenin Mausoleum designed by the architect Alexey Victorovich Shchusev. To the left there is the Spasskaya Tower, the tallest of the Kremlin towers. It is 67.3 metres high. The tower is famous for its clock, the Kremlin clock, made in the 16th century. The clock strikes every hour, half hour and quarter hour. The minute hand is 3.38 metres long. In the square you can also visit the State History Museum and the State Department Store (GUM). The most famous building in Red Square is St Basil’s Cathedral. There are eight smaller churches around the tallest ninth church. Next to the Cathedral, there is a monument to citizen Minin and Prince Pozharsky. They were heroes in the war against Poland in 1612. It was the first monument built in Moscow. Now dose anyone want to ask me anything before we…” |
– Fine! You all are very good! And now you have to explain the words in bold and make up your own sentences with the words.
– Excellent! Thank you. Let’s continue with speaking.
Говорение
– Now I’d like you to make up groups of four and draw a map of Red Square. Then use the phrases below to present it to the class.
– It’s very interesting! Well my friends, you did very well, that’s why I’ll give you good marks for today.Thank you for your work, and now your hometask.
Write a short description of a landmark in your city/town.
«The Heart of Moscow»
«The Heart of Moscow»
b) Make up your own sentences with the words.
Просмотр содержимого документа
«»The Heart of Moscow»»
Конспект страноведческого урока по английскому языку в 7 классе.
МАОУ Домодедовская СОШ№2
Учитель английского языка
Арзуманян Рузанна Валерьевна
Тема урока: «Сердце Москвы»
Цель урока: научится рассказывать о достопримечательностях своей страны на английском языке.
Воспитательный компонент: способствовать воспитанию у учащихся уважительного отношения к своей истории и культуре.
Образовательный компонент: формирование социокультурной компетенции через использование страноведческой информации на английском языке и анализ текста. Развивающий компонент: совершенствование навыков аудирования, чтения и говорения.
Предметные УУД: развитие коммуникативных навыков посредством работы с текстом, совершенствование навыков аудирования, чтения и говорения.
Метапредметные УУД: формирование социокультурной компетенции через использование страноведческой информации на английском языке и анализ текста
Оборудование и оснащение урока:
Мультимедийный проектор и презентация в PowerPoint.
Аудиозапись текста «The Heart of Moscow»
Англо-русские словари на столах.
Good morning dear boys and girls.
Sit down please.
How do you like the weather?
How did you spend your time yesterday evening?
Well, I see you are eager to start our English lesson, so let’s begin.
On the screen you can see the tongue-twister about the dog and shoes.
If a dog chews shoes
What shoes would he …. to chew?
Too few for sure.
You’re a ….shoe-chewer.
-What words are missing? (Choose and choosy)
-That’s right. Try to read it as quickly as you can.
Подготовка к аудированию:
— Now I want you to listen to the recording please, and answer the questions.
What is it? (the chiming clock)
Where can you hear this? (In Kremlin, Red Square)
What are we going to speak about? (Moscow, Kremlin, Red Square)
-Read the title and look at the landmarks in the slide.
What are them? (Saint Basil’s Cathedral, the Spasskaya Tower etc.)
Where can you see them?( in Red Square)
What do you think is “The Heart of Moscow”? (It’s Kremlin, Red Square)
-What other landmarks in Red Square do you know?
— Listen and compare your answers.
-Now please, listen to a tour guide talking about Red Square and match the information.
Kremlin clock made
Red Square got its name
War against Poland
Minute hand of the Kremlin clock
-Thank you very much. It’s a good job. The next thing we are going to do is to read the sentences and choose the correct word in each.
Moscow/Red Square got its name in 17 century.
The name Red Square means beautiful/large.
The Kremlin clock strikes three/four times per hour.
St Basil’s Cathedral has eight/nine churches.
-Well done! Let’s move on to reading task.
-Now you are going to read the text and check your answers.
“…And here we are at the heart of Moscow, Red Square. It got its name in the 17 century. In Old Russian the word red means beautiful. As you can see, Red Square is very large. There are interesting landmarks in it.
In the centre of Red Square, by Kremlin wall, you can see the Lenin Mausoleum designed by the architect Alexey Victorovich Shchusev. To the left there is the Spasskaya Tower, the tallest of the Kremlin towers. It is 67.3 metres high. The tower is famous for its clock, the Kremlin clock, made in the 16 th century. The clock strikes every hour, half hour and quarter hour. The minute hand is 3.38 metres long.
In the square you can also visit the State History Museum and the State Department Store (GUM). The most famous building in Red Square is St Basil’s Cathedral. There are eight smaller churches around the tallest ninth church.
Next to the Cathedral, there is a monument to citizen Minin and Prince Pozharsky. They were heroes in the war against Poland in 1612. It was the first monument built in Moscow. Now dose anyone want to ask me anything before we…”
-Fine! You all are very good! And now you have to explain the words in bold and make up your own sentences with the words.
— Excellent! Thank you. Let’s continue with speaking.
Now I’d like you to make up groups of four and draw a map of Red Square. Then use the phrases below to present it to the class.
In the centre of the square you can see…
Next to that is…
The most famous place is…
-It’s very interesting! Well my friends, you did very well, that’s why I’ll give you good marks for today.Thank you for your work, and now your hometask.
Write a short description of a landmark in your city/town.
Why Is The Red Square The Heart of Moscow?
Red Square (Красная площадь) is a place of enormous significance to Russian history, and also to Western perception of Russia. For instance, the most commonly held beliefs on the origin of Red Square’s name are either associated with Communism, or alleged massacres which took place there under Ivan the Terrible. The reality however, is far less ideological, or grim. If you have or are currently studying Russian language, chances are you have noticed similarities between the words for “red”, Красная and beautiful, прекрасная. So in truth, all the name alludes to is the beauty of the square, not the blood of victims of a massacre, or the red banner of Communism.
Location
Red Square is located near the highest wall of the Kremlin (Кремль), and the area where it now stands was originally created to be a field of fire in the event of an attack by a military force against the Kremlin, as this was the one side of the Kremlin most exposed, with no natural barriers preventing an invading body from approaching. However, the area was quickly transformed into an area where all sorts of social events such as balls, market exchanges, and general town meetings could take place. Over time, the square was gradually built up and modified, around it a series of markets sprung up, which stood in the place of the modern day GUM, or Main Universal Store ( Главный универсальный магазин), and St. Basil’s Cathedral ( Храм Василия Блаженного), perhaps the most famous building in Russia, which finished construction in 1561. The area was first paved to please the merchants in 1804.
Timeless Monuments
Following the Napoleonic War and the large scale, though not complete, destruction of the Kremlin in 1812, the area was reconstructed, and the now famous Monument to Minin and Pozharsky (Па́мятник Ми́нину и Пожа́рскому) was installed in front of St. Basil’s Cathedral. The two men had once gathered a massive volunteer army and expelled the Polish military occupiers from Russia, ending the time of troubles. The construction of the monument and its central placement served as a testament to the growing sense of patriotism in Russia.
Though always an important area, the place took on new political significance under Soviet rule, and after Lenin’s death and the construction of his mausoleum in 1924, Soviet leadership would always make appearances standing atop the mausoleum for important parades and events such as May Day, Victory Day, and the anniversary of the October Revolution. These events were often filmed and gave western experts a rare glimpse into the internal politics of the Soviet Union, with the positioning of important members of the government on the mausoleum serving as shorthand for political status. Those closest to the leader of the time were believed to be those in favor, and those on the outskirts those who had fallen from the good graces of the party leadership.
Red Square Today
Today, Red Square, coupled with the Kremlin and St. Basil’s Cathedral, is without a doubt the most famous landmark in all of the Russian Federation and a huge source of tourism for the country. Although the Soviet regime has fallen, Lenin’s Mausoleum still serves as the grandstand for the Russian heads of state during important ceremonies, and military processions still occur on May 9th, Victory Day, every year. This historic and beautiful square captures the minds of many, and I must admit that when I first arrived in Moscow, I could barely contain my excitement over finally coming to the place where so many important people in Russian history had stood before me.
Whether it is the spectacle of a military parade, the beauty of the surrounding buildings, or the rich history of the place, Red Square has something to offer everyone!
This post was brought to you by Ryan, currently studying Russian at Liden and Denz
General Info about Moscow
Moscow (Russian Moskva) is the capital city of Russia. What comes to your mind when you hear the name of this country? I suppose it is the size. It’s not a surprise for anyone that Russia is the biggest country in the world. And, of course, a huge country has a huge capital. The population of Moscow is roughly equal to the population of Norway and Switzerland combined. It’s like a separate country with its own life style and rules. That’s why so many people have some questions about Moscow. In this article, I’ll try to answer to the most popular of them and give you some General info about Moscow.
WHERE IS MOSCOW SITUATED?
Moscow is located in the far western part of the country. If you look at the map and want to find Moscow, it could be easier to find firstly Russian or East European plain which is the second in the world after the Amazon lowlands.
Moscow from the top
WHY MOSCOW IS NAMED MOSCOW?
As many others cities, the capital of Russia is situated on a river which actually gave the city its name.
HOW MANY PEOPLE LIVE IN MOSCOW?
Moscow’s population is about 12.19 million people (2018), that makes it the sixth largest city in the world and the second most populous city in Europe.
ARE THERE MIGRANTS IN MOSCOW?
Moscow’s official population are mostly its residents with “permanent residency.” There are additional 1.8 million official “guests” on temporary residency through visas or documentation. Those without documentation, mostly from Central Asia, add another 1 million people.
HOW OLD IS MOSCOW?
Moscow was founded in 1147. It is one of the oldest cities in Russia. The year of the city foundation is generally accepted to be 1147 when prince Yuri Dolgorukiy called upon his brother, the prince of the Novgorod-Severski to “come to me, brother, to Moscow.” This is the first record of Moscow in Russian chronicles.
Historical heart of Moscow
WHAT ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS WERE DISCOVERED IN MOSCOW?
The oldest coins found on the territory of the Kremlin date to 862-866 AD. The remains of an ancient roadway and fragments of old settlements (found near Red Square) are attributed to the 11th century. But what was the name of this settlement at that time? The chronicles keep silence.
IS IT COLD IN MOSCOW?
ARE THERE BEARS IN THE STREETS OF MOSCOW?
With no doubt, it is a stereotype. Of course, you can’t meet a bear just walking around the city, only in the zoo. However, if you move several kilometres farther, you may very well meet one in the forest.
People walking in Moscow
WHAT IS THE BEST TIME TO VISIT MOSCOW?
The best time to visit Moscow is April and May, when the sun begins to shine for significant portions of the day, and hotel rates have yet to skyrocket into peak ranges. But, of course, the golden period is summer, when the city is warm and bustling.
WHAT ARE VISA REQUIREMENTS FOR MOSCOW?
Visitors from the US, UK, and other countries must first obtain a travel visa before they will be permitted to enter Moscow. A valid passport and other documents are obligatory for obtaining a visa.
WHAT IS THE TIME ZONE IN MOSCOW?
Moscow follows the Moscow Time zone, followed by St. Petersburg and most of western Russia as well. Moscow Time is UTC+4 and it’s one of nine time zones in Russia. Moscow does not observe daylight savings.
WHAT TO SEE IN MOSCOW?
Moscow is famous for its long history and rich cultural heritage. Being in Moscow one must visit Red Square and the Kremlin which are the symbols of all Russia. Besides, there is huge number of different cathedrals, palaces, museums, and art galleries with breathtaking architecture. If you are with your children, visit Moscow zoo which is home to more than 6,000 animals and more than 1,000 species.
WHAT DOES ARCHITECTURE IN MOSCOW LOOK LIKE?
Moscow today is full of historical buildings and monuments of unique architectural styles and techniques. Each of them carries its own stories and legends, reminding the viewer of various glorious eras. Emphasizing the characteristics of all periods that Russia has been through, from Tsardom Empire and the Russian Empire to the Soviet Union and the today’s Russian Federation, each of the following buildings and monuments is an important part of Moscow history.
WHAT IS ECONOMY IN MOSCOW LIKE?
Moscow has a large economic infrastructure. It is home to the most billionaires in the world. In 2008 Moscow was named the world’s most expensive city for non-Russian workers for the third year in a row. In 2009, however, Moscow went down to third after Tokyo and Osaka came in first and second.
HOW MUCH DOES IT COST TO LIVE IN MOSCOW?
Moscow is not the most expensive city in the world, but living here might be a challenge for new expats. Finding a place to live in Moscow is tricky, but there are many options for any budget. The cheapest way is to rent a single room in a shared apartment. Depending on the location, the average monthly cost is from 15,000 rubbles ($253) to 30,000 rubbles ($507).
WHAT LANGUAGE IS SPOKEN IN MOSCOW?
Russian is the official language of Moscow, and the majority of citizens of this city speak this language. However, English is more widely spoken here than in any other city in Russia, and is the second language of 80 percent of the bilingual citizens of the city.
Because Russia’s official alphabet is the Cyrillic alphabet, signs will also be written in Cyrillic script. This can make getting around tricky at first, but a Russian phrasebook can help you decipher street signs and place names.
WHAT DO PEOPLE EAT IN MOSCOW?
This is a very important question of general info about Moscow. Moscow has absorbed the culture and traditions of different nationalities of Russia and Europe. This applies to the Moscow cuisine. Moscow dishes are original, hearty, and different from other regional cuisines of Russia, even if prepared according to the same recipes. The most common dishes are Open Pies, Sour Soup, and Borsch.
ARE PEOPLE IN MOSCOW FRIENDLY?
Recently, Moscow is the world’s most unfriendly city by readers of Travel+Leisure. However, many people who have visited this city think that it isn’t true. Sometimes Russian people seem to be severe. But it’s because of their mentality, inside of which you can find and friendly people.
Tourists in Moscow
WHO ARE FAMOUS MOSCOVITES?
In Moscow there are about 4,532 famous musicians, actors, historical figures, and other celebrities. This list includes Alexander Pushkin (author of Eugene Onegin), Fyodor Dostoevsky (author of Crime and Punishment), and Wassily Kandinsky (known as the Father of Abstract Art).
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Geographical Position of Moscow
Moscow is a big city. It is the capital of Russia and the center of Moscow Region. It is situated in the center of the European part of the country. Moscow stands on the banks of the Moskva-river which is joined to the great Russian river Volga by the Moscow Canal.
Moscow was built on seven hills on the territory between the Moskva and the Yauza rivers. It was surrounded by thick forests, which protected it from many enemies. But it stood on the trade crossroads between North and South, East and West, which made the town grow strong and rich.
Let’s glance at the map of the city. It resembles the cross-section of a tree stump, the rings of which tell us its age. The Kremlin is the center of the city. Around it there are five rings, historically marking where the city’s boundaries were centuries ago.
The area of Moscow encircled by the Circular Road is about 900 square kilometres. And the population of the city is more than 9 million people. The Circular Road (109 km long) is the boundary of the modern city, though there are many districts outside it. Moscow is the fourth largest city of the world.
Moscow is the largest transport city of Russia. It is the port of five seas due to the Moscow Canal built in 1937 which connected the Moskva River and the Volga. Four airports in the suburbs of Moscow and nine railway stations connected Moscow with the whole world.
Moscow is a multinational city. You can find people of different nations and nationalities live in it.
1. Answer the questions:
1) Where was Moscow built?
2) What are the peculiarities of the city’s geographical position?
3) What does the map of the city resemble?
4) What is the area of Moscow encircled by?
5) What does the Moscow Canal connect?
2. Define if the statements are true or false:
1. The Moscow Canal connects the Moskva River and the Black Sea.
2. Moscow was built on seven hills.
3. Moscow is situated in the central Asian part of Russia.
4. The map of the city resembles the cross-section of a tree stump.
5. The Circular Road is 200 km long.
Write out all the geographical names, mentioned in the text.
4. Give a brief summary of the text. Train the pronunciation of the following proper names:
Yuri Dolgoruky (Long Hands) Юрий Долгорукий, суздальский князь
Suzdal Суздаль, древний русский город
Assumption Cathedral Успенский собор
Annunciation Cathedral Благовещенский собор
Dmitry Donskoy Дмитрий Донской
St Basil’s Cathedral собор Василия Блаженного
The Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts Музей изобразительных искусств им. А. С. Пушкина
The State Tretyakov Gallery Государственная Третьяковская галерея
The All-Russia Museum of Folk Arts Всероссийский музей декоративного, прикладного и народного искусства
The Andrei Rublev Museum of Early Russian Art Музей древнерусского искусства имени Андрея Рублева
Alexei Bakhrushin Theatre Museum Театральный музей имени А. Бахрушина
Mikhail Glinka Museum of Musical Culture Музей музыкальной культуры имени М. Глинки
The Bolshoi Opera House Большой театр оперы и балета
Dialogue 1:
— When was Moscow founded?
— Moscow was founded in 1147 (eleven forty seven).
— Is there a monument to Yuri Dolgoruky in Moscow? Where is it?
— Yes, there is. It is in the centre of Moscow.
— When did Moscow become the capital?
— In the 16th century. It was under Ivan III that Moscow became the capital of the State of Moscovy.
— In 1712 the capital was moved to St. Petersburg, wasn’t it? When did Moscow become the capital again?
— After the Great October Revolution Moscow became the capital again.
— What do you know about St Basil’s Cathedral?
— St Basil’s Cathedral was built in the mid-16th century in memory of the victory over Kazan.
— There is a monument to Minin and Pozharsky in the Red Square. What can you say about it?
— During the Troubled Times Moscow was occupied by the Polish invaders, but they were routed by the popular levy headed by Minin and Pozharsky.
— What can you see on the territory of the Kremlin?
— What is your favorite place in Moscow?
Reproduce dialogue 1 in parts.
Dialogue 2
About Moscow
— What date is accepted as the start of Moscow history?
— Moscow was the first mentioned in the records dated back to the year 1117. So it was founded more than eight centuries ago by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Historians have accepted the year 1147 as the start of Moscow’s history. At that time it was a small frontier post at the edge of Suzdal lands.
— Who led the Russian troops to a decisive victory over Tartar invaders in the battle of Kulikovo field?
— Moscow Prince Dmitry Donskoy did in 1380.
— When did Moscow become a wealthy city and a capital of the State of Moscovy?
— By the 15th century Moscow turned into a wealthy city. In the 16th century, under Ivan III, Moscow became the capital of the State of Moscovy.
— When were the largest Kremlin Cathedrals erected.
— At that time the Kremlin was rebuilt and the largest Kremlin Cathedrals were erected. Under Dmitry Donskoy the Kremlin was built of white stone. During the reign of Ivan III the walls of white stone were replaced by new redbrick walls and towers. The Prince invited Italian architects to construct the cathedrals. The Assumption Cathedral was built in 1475—70. The Russian Tzars and Emperors were crowned there. The Archangel Cathedral was the burial place of the Russian Princes and Tzars. The Annunciation Cathedral was erected in 1484. It is famous for the icons painted by Andrei Rublov and his apprentices.
— What can you see on the territory of the Kremlin?
— On the territory of the Kremlin you can see old cathedrals, the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great, the Palace of Congresses, the Tzar-Cannon and the Tzar-Bell, the biggest cannon and bell in the world.
— What the Kremlin is?
— The Kremlin is the heart of Moscow. It is the oldest historical and architectural centre of Moscow.
— What is your favorite place in Moscow?
— What can you see in Red Square?
— There is a monument to Minin and Pozharsky in Red Square. During the Troubled Times Moscow was occupied by the Polish invaders, but they were routed by the popular levy headed by Minin and Pozharsky. St Basil’s Cathedral was built in the mid-16th century, in memory of the victory over Kazan.
— What happened to Moscow in the beginning of the 18th and 19th centuries?
— Though Peter the Great moved the capital to St Petersburg in 1712, Moscow remained the heart of Russia. That is why it became the main target of Napoleon’s attack. Three quarters of the city were destroyed by fire during Napoleon’s occupation, but by the mid-19th century Moscow had been completely restored.
— When did Moscow become the capital again?
— After the Great October Revolution Moscow became the capital again.
— What is it Moscow now?
— Now Moscow is the capital of Russia, its political, economic, commercial and cultural centre, one of the largest cities in Europe, its total area is about nine hundred square kilometers (ancient Moscow occupied the territory of the present-day Kremlin). The population of the city is over 10 million. Moscow is the seat of the Russian parliament (the Duma) and the centre of political life of the country.
— Is Moscow a beautiful city?
— Moscow is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. The heart of Moscow is Red Square. It has more historic associations than any other place in Moscow. The Kremlin and St Basil’s Cathedral (Vasiliy Blazhenny) are masterpieces of ancient Russian architecture. The main Kremlin tower, the Spasskaya Tower, has become the symbol of the country.
There are a lot of beautiful palaces, old mansions, cathedrals, churches and monuments in Moscow. Now Moscow is being reconstructed and we all hope that in a few years the city will become even more beautiful.
— Are there museums in Moscow?
— There are more than 80 museums in Moscow. The largest museums are the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts and the State Tretyakov Gallery. Other unique museums in Moscow include the All-Russia Museum of Folk Arts, the Andrei Rublev Museum of Early Russian Art, Alexei Bakhrushin Theatre Museum, Michail Glinka Museum of Musical Culture and many others.
— What is Moscow famous for?
— Moscow is famous for its theatres. The best known of them is the Bolshoi Opera House, Drama theatres and studios are also very popular.
— Can you say Moscow is the centre of Russia education?
— Yes, I can. Moscow is a city of students. There are over 80 higher educational institutions in it, including several universities.
Tasks:
1. Read and translate Dialogue 2.
2. Make up a story about famous places of interest in Moscow on the basis of the dialogue.
3. Learn the names of all the places of interest and proper names by heart.
Грамматика
The Present Perfect Tense(настоящее совершённое время)
Обозначает действие, которое завершилось к настоящему моменту и связано с ним своим результатом.
Present Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to haveв форме настоящего времени (have, has)и формы причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle)смыслового глагола: I have worked, he has worked, we have worked.
2. Ввопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим: HaveI worked? Has he worked? Have we worked?
3. Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not,которая ставится после вспомогательного глагола: I have not worked, he has not worked, we have not worked.
4. В вопросительно-отрицательной форме частица notставится непосредственно после подлежащего: Have I not worked? Has he not worked? Have we not worked?
Организация стока поверхностных вод: Наибольшее количество влаги на земном шаре испаряется с поверхности морей и океанов (88‰).
