What is the newspaper style
What is the newspaper style
Newspaper style
English newspaper writing dates from the 17 th century. The first of any regular English newspapers was the Weekly News, which first appeared in May 23, 1622. The early English newspaper was principally a vehicle of information. Commentary found its way into the newspapers later.
It lasted for some twenty years till in 1641 it ceased publication. The 17th century saw the rise of a number of other news sheets, which, with varying success, struggled on in the teeth of discouragement and restrictions imposed by the Crown. With the introduction of a strict licensing system many such sheets were suppressed, and the Government, in its turn, set before the public a paper of its own—The London Gazette, first published on February 5, 1666. The paper was semi-weekly and carried official information, royal decrees, news from abroad, and advertisements.
But as far back as the middle of the 18 th century the British newspaper was very much like what it is today, carrying foreign and domestic news, advertisements, announcements and articles containing comments.
The first English daily newspaper—the Daily Courant— was brought out on March 11, 1702. The paper carried news, largely foreign, and no comment, the latter being against the principles of the publisher, as was stated in the first issue of his paper. Thus, the early English newspaper was principally a vehicle of information. Commentary as a regular feature found its way into the newspapers later.
The rise of the American newspaper, which was brought onto American soil by British settlers, dates back to the late 17th, early 18th centuries.
It took the English newspaper more than a century to establish a style and a standard of its own. And it is only by the 19th century that newspaper English may be said to have developed into a system of language media, forming a separate functional style.
The specific conditions of newspaper publication, the restrictions of time and space, have left indelible mark on newspaper English. For more than a century writers arid linguists have been vigorously, attacking «the slipshod construction and the vulgar vocabulary» of newspaper English. The very term newspaper English carried a shade of disparagement.
Not all the printed matter found in newspapers comes under newspaper style. The modern newspaper carries material of an extremely diverse character. On the pages of a newspaper one finds not only news and comment on it, press reports and articles, advertisements and announcements, but also stories and poems, crossword puzzles, chess problems and the like. Since the latter serve the purpose of entertaining the reader, they cannot be considered specimens of newspaper style.
Information in the English newspaper is conveyed, in the first place, through the medium of:
brief news items;
press reports (parliamentary, of court proceedings, etc.);
articles purely informational in character;
advertisements and announcements.
The newspaper also seeks to influence public opinion on political and other matters. Elements of appraisal may be observed in the very selection and way of presentation of news, in the use of specific vocabulary, such as allege and claim, casting some doubt on the facts reported, and syntactic constructions indicating a lack of assurance on the part of the reporter as to the correctness of the facts reported or his desire to avoid responsibility. The headlines of news items, apart from giving information about the subject-matter, also carry a considerable amount of appraisal (the size and arrangement of the headline, the use of emotionally coloured words and elements of emotive syntax), thus indicating the interpretation of the facts in the news item that follows. But, of course, the principal vehicle of interpretation and appraisal is the newspaper article and the editorial in particular. Editorials (leading articles or leaders) are characterized by a subjective handling of facts, political or otherwise. They have much in common with classical specimens of publicistic writing and are often looked upon as such. However, newspaper evaluative writing unmistakably bears the stamp of newspaper style. Thus, it seems natural to regard newspaper articles, editorials included, as coming within the system of English newspaper style. But it should be noted that while editorials and other articles in opinion columns are predominantly evaluative, newspaper feature articles, as a rule, carry a considerable amount of information, and the ratio of the informative and the evaluative varies substantially from article to article.
To understand the language peculiarities of English newspaper style it will be sufficient to analyze the following basic newspaper features:
brief news items;
advertisements and announcements;
Newspaper style has its specific vocabulary features and is characterized by an extensive use of:
special political and economic terms (president, election);
non-term political vocabulary (nation, crisis, agreement, member);
newspaper clichés (pressing problem, danger of war, pillars of society);
abbreviations (NATO, EEC);
Thus, English newspaper style may be defined as a system of interrelated lexical, phrase logical and grammatical means, which is perceived by the community as a separate linguistic unity that serves the purpose of informing and instructing the reader.
Newspaper style should not be confused with publicist style. Not everything found in a newspaper should be included in newspaper style such as publicist essays and feature articles. Znamenskaya distinguishes certain features, which are typical for newspaper style:
Newspaper is a very important thing in our life. Reading of newspapers has become a habit for most of us. A good newspaper is useful for everyone. They have a greater value for all, especially in a democracy. They keep us well informed. They increase our general knowledge. They tell us what is happening around us. They are the world’s mirrors. Newspaper style has its specific features, which distinguish it from other styles. And that is why newspaper style is studied as a separated type of functional style in English stylistic.
Гальперин И.Р. Стилистика английского языка / И.Р. Гальперин. – М.: Высшая школа, 1981;
Знаменская Т.А. Стилистика английского языка / Основы курса. Учебное пособие. – М.: 2016;
NEWSPAPER STYLE IN STYLISTICS
Functional Style is a system of interrelated language means, which serves a definite aim in communication. Each style is recognized as an independent whole. The peculiar choice of language means is primarily dependent on the aim of the communication, on the function the style performs.
As a matter of fact there exist a number of classifications of functional styles, but the most common one was introduces by I.R. Galperin. It includes the belles-letters style, the publicistic style, the newspaper style, the scientific prose style, and the style of official documents.
English newspaper style may be defined as a system of interrelated lexical, phraseological and grammatical means as a separate unity that basically serves the purpose of informing and instructing the reader. It goes without saying that the bulk of the vocabulary used in newspaper style is neutral and commonly literary. But apart from this, newspaper style has its specific vocabulary features.
Its basic genres, which can be classed as follows:
1. Newspaper Style.
2. Headlines Articles.
3. Brief News, Items, Advertisements and Announcements.
Function of newspaper style:
1. Provides information without comment or appeal.
2. Delivers ‘hot news’.
3. Addresses general public.
Newspaper style was the last of all the styles of written literary English to be recognized as a specific form of writing standing apart from other forms.
The first English daily newspaper – the Daily Courant – was brought out on March 11, 1702. The paper carried news, largely foreign, and no comment, the latter being against the principles of the publisher, as was stated in the first issue of his paper. Thus the early English newspaper was principally a vehicle of information. Commentary as a regular feature found its way into the newspapers later. But as far back as the middle of the 18th century the British newspaper was very much like what it is today, carrying on its pages news, both foreign and domestic, advertisements, announcements and articles containing comments.
The most concise form of newspaper informational is the headline. The headlines of news items, apart from giving information about the subject-matter, also carry a considerable amount of appraisal (the size and arrangement of the headline, the use of emotionally colored words and elements of emotive syntax), thus indicating the interpretation of the facts in the news item that follows.
1. Brief news items. The function of a brief news item is to inform the reader. It states only facts without giving comments. Newspaper style has its specific vocabulary features and is characterized by an extensive use of:
– special political and economic terms;
– non-term political vocabulary;
The following grammatical peculiarities of brief news items are of paramount importance, and may be regarded as grammatical parameters of newspaper style:
– complex sentences with a developed system of clauses;
– attributive noun groups;
– specific word order.
2. The headline. The headline is the title given to a news item of a newspaper article. The main function of the headline is to inform the reader briefly of what the news that follows is about.
Syntactically headlines are very short sentences or phrases of a variety of patterns:
– full declarative sentences;
– sentences with articles omitted;
– phrases with verbals;
– questions in the forms of statements;
– headlines including direct speech.
3. Advertisements and announcements. The function of advertisement and announcement is to inform the reader. There are two basic types of advertisements and announcements in the modern English newspaper: classified and non-classified (separate). In classified advertisements and announcements various kinds of information are arranged according to subject-matter into sections, each bearing an appropriate name. As for the separate advertisements and announcements, the variety of language form and subject-matter is so great that hardly any essential features common to all be pointed out.
4. The editorial. Editorials are an intermediate phenomenon bearing the stamp of both the newspaper style and the publistic style. The function of the editorial is to influence the reader by giving an interpretation of certain facts. Emotional coloring in editorial articles is also achieved with the help of various stylistic devices (especially metaphors and epithets), both lexical and syntactical, the use of which is largely traditional.
Newspaper is a very important thing in our life. Reading of newspapers has become a habit for most of us. A good newspaper is useful for everyone. They have a greater value for all, especially in a democracy. They keep us well informed. They increase our general knowledge. They tell us what is happening around us. They are the world’s mirrors. Newspaper style has its specific features, which distinguish it from other styles. And that is why newspaper style is studied as a separated type of functional style in English stylistic.
1. Гальперин И.Р. Стилистика английского языка // М.: Высшая школа, 1981.
2. Знаменская Т.А. Стилистика английского языка // Основы курса. Учебное пособие. М.: 2016.
Newspaper style: characteristic features and substyles.
Newspaper styleis a system of interrelated lexical, phraseological and grammatical means which is perceived by the community speaking the language as a separate unity that basically serves the purpose of informing and instructing the reader. To attract the reader’s attention specific headlines, space ordering, a large proportion of dates, personal names of countries, institutions, and individuals are used. Since the primary function of newspaper style is to impart information, only printed matter serving this purpose comes under newspaper style proper.
The newspaper also seeks to influence public opinion on political and other matters.
The headlines of news items, apart from giving information about the subject-matter, also carry a considerable amount of appraisal (the size and arrangement
of the headline, the use of emotionally coloured words and elements of emotive syntax), thus indicating the interpretation of the facts in the news item that follows. But, of course, the principal vehicle of interpretation and appraisal is the newspaper article and the editorial in particular. Editorials (leading articles or leaders) are characterized by a subjective handling of facts, political or otherwise. They have much in common with classical specimens of publicistic writing and are often looked upon as such. However, newspaper evaluative writing unmistakably bears the stamp of newspaper style. Thus, it seems natural to regard newspaper articles, editorials included, as coming within the system of English newspaper
style. But it should be noted that while editorials and other articles in opinion columns are predominantly evaluative, newspaper feature articles, as a rule, carry a considerable amount of information, and the ratio of the informative and the
evaluative varies substantially from article to article. To understand the language peculiarities of English newspaper style it will be sufficient to analyse the following basic newspaper features:
1) brief news items,
2) advertisements and announcements,
4) the editorial.
Brief news item
a) Special political and economic terms, e. g. Socialism, constitution,
b) Non-term political vocabulary, e. g. public, people, progressive, nation-wide,
c) Newspaper clichés, i.e. stereotyped expressions, commonplace phrases familiar to the reader e. g. vital issue, pressing problem, informed sources, danger of war. Clichés more than anything else reflect the traditional manner of expression in newspaper writing.
d) Abbreviations. News items, press reports and headlines abound in abbreviations of various kinds. Among them abbreviated terms— names of organizations, public and state bodies, political associations, industrial and other companies, various offices, etc.—known by their initials are very common, e.g. UNO (United Nations Organization), TUG (Trades Union Congress).
e) Neologisms. These are very common in newspaper vocabulary. The newspaper is very quick to react to any new development in the life of society, in science and technology.
The following grammatical peculiarities of brief news items are of paramount importance, and may be regarded as their grammatical parameters.
a) Complex sentences with a developed system of clauses, e. g.
b) Verbal constructions (infinitive, participial, gerundial) and verbal noun constructions.
c) Syntactical complexes, especially the nominative with the infinitive. These constructions are largely used to avoid mentioning the source of information or to shun responsibility for the facts reported.
d) Attributive noun groups are another powerful means of effecting brevity in news items.
e) Specific word-order. Newspaper tradition, coupled with the rigid rules of sentence structure in English, has greatly affected the word-order of brief news items. The word-order in one-sentence news paragraphs and in what are called «leads» (the initial sentences in longer news items) is more or less fixed.
The headline.
The headline (the title given to a news item or an article) is a dependent form of newspaper writing. The main function of the headline is to inform the reader briefly what the text that follows is about. English headlines are short and catching, they «compact the gist of news stories into a few eye-snaring words. A skillfully turned out headline tells a story, or enough of it, to arouse or satisfy the reader’s curiosity. In some English and American newspapers sensational headlines are quite common. The practices of headline writing are different with different newspapers. In many papers there is, as a rule, but one headline to a news item.
Syntactically headlines are very short sentences or phrases of a variety of patterns:
a) Full declarative sentences, e.g. ‘They Threw Bombs on Gipsy Sites’ (Morning Star),
b) Interrogative sentences, e. g. ‘Do-you love war?’ (Daily World),
c) Nominative sentences, e.g. ‘Gloomy Sunday’ (The Guardian),
d) Elliptical sentences:
a. with an auxiliary verb omitted, e.g. ‘Initial report not expected until June!’ (The Guardian),
c. with the subject and part;of-the predicate omitted, e.g. ‘Off to the sun’ (Morning Star),
e) Sentences with articles omitted, e. g. ‘Step to Overall Settlement Cited in Text of Agreement’ (International Herald Tribune),
Articles are very frequently omitted in all types of headlines.
f) Phrases with verbals—infinitive, participial and gerundial, e.g. TogUS aid* (MorningStar), To visit Faisal’ (Morning Star),
g) Questions in the form of statements, e.g. ‘The worse the better?’ (Daily World),
h) Complex sentences, e. g. ‘Senate Panel Hears Board of Military Experts Who Favoured Losing Bidder’ ‘(The New York Timesi)
Headlines including direct speech:
a. introduced by a full sentence, e.g.’, ‘Prince Richard says: «I was not in trouble»‘ (The Guardian),
b. introduced elliptically, e.g. ‘The Queen: «My deep distress'» (The Guardian),
The above-listed patterns are the most typical, although they do not cover all the variety in headline structure.
The headline in British and American newspapers is an important vehicle both of information and appraisal; editors give it special attention, admitting that few read beyond the headline, or at best the lead. To lure the reader into going through the whole of the item or at least a greater part of it, takes a lot of skill and ingenuity on the part of the headline writer.
The Editorial
The function of the editorial is to influence the reader by giving an interpretation of certain facts. Editorials comment on the political and other events of the day. Their purpose is to give the editor’s opinion and interpretation of the news published and suggest to the reader that it is the correct one. Like any evaluative writing, editorials appeal not only to the reader’s mind but to his feelings as well. Hence the use of emotionally coloured language elements, both lexical and structural, Here are examples:
«The long-suffering British housewife needs a bottomless purse to cope with this scale of inflation.» (Daily Mirror)
In addition to vocabulary typical of brief news items, writers of editorials make an extensive use of emotionally coloured vocabulary. Alongside political words and expressions, terms, cliches and abbreviations one can find colloquial words and expressions, slang, and professionalisms. The language of editorial articles is characterized by a combination of different strata of vocabulary, which enhances the emotioiial effect, for example:
MRS. THATCHER has now arrived back from her American jamboree proudly boasting that she is now «totally established as a political leader in the international sphere.»
This simply goes to show that the fawning American audiences drawn from the top drawer of US capitalist society to whom she spoke will buy any farrago of trite and pious platitudes.
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
2 Гальперин И.Р.English Stylistics. Учебник./И.Р. Гальперин.- Изд. 2-е, испр. и доп.- М.: «KD LIBROCOM», 2010.-336 с.
3 Кузнец М.Д., Скребнев Ю.М. Стилистика английского языка. – Л.: Государственное учебно-педагогическое издательство, 1960. – 172с
4 Кухаренко, В.А. Практикум по стилистике английского языка: Учеб. пособие для студентов филол. фак. ун-тов, ин-тов и фак. ин. яз.- М: «Флинта», «Наука», 2009.- 184 с.
Characteristic features of the Newspaper style.
Newspaper articles belong to the written variety of the publicistic style.
A newspaper serves to inform and convince the reader. It is intended for different kinds of audience, people who differ in their background and levels of education and culture. The newspaper is usually read in places where it is hard to concentrate (in the underground, at breakfast or lunch, during a break). The reading is often broken off. All these factors impose certain rules on creating a newspaper article. The article should be understandable to everyone; it should not rely very much on background knowledge of the reader or on the context. It is supposed to arouse the reader’s interest at once and keep it throughout the article. The main information should be imparted in a short, and expressive way.
Newspaper article are characterized by the following general features.
1. Newspaper articles abound in proper names (names of people, geographical places, establishments), numerals and other classes words expressing plurality and dates.
2. Newspaper language comprises a great number of economic and political terms and abstract words though they usually convey quite concrete information.
3. Newspaper clichés and phraseology are often employed in newspaper in newspaper style. Such clichés help to avoid misunderstanding, being trite банальные and widely used: bring down the government, showdown, dismiss allegations, come to office, come into force, bring to prominence.
4. a lot of abbreviations contribute to expressiveness. Abbreviations can stand for geographical names and names of well-known political and public figures, writers, film stars: JFK (John Francis Kennedy), BB (Brigitte Bardot). shortenings are also peculiar to English newspapers: Lib (Liberal party), Lab (Labour party), Mont (Montana)
5. As the newspaper is very sensitive to everything new taking place in the life of people, neologisms first come into being on its pages: long-haired (lads with the Beatle haircut).
6. The language of newspaper style is rich in stylistic devices, both lexical and syntactical, but they are usually dead so that are easily understood by everyone. Allusions, irony and punning are especially peculiar to newspaper style. As to the vocabulary newspaper language is a combination of words of various stylistic groups: colloquial, slangy, archaisms and barbarisms.
7. Articles contain lots of quotations of direct speech which may be often presented without inverted commas.
8. The syntax of some news items may be very complicated. The content is sometimes conveyed in 1-2-3 sentences which are complex with infinitival, participial, gerundial and nominative-with-the-infinitive constructions. The rule of sequence of tenses is not always observed.
Intonation.
Intonation is a complex unity of non-segmental features of speech: 1. melody, pitch of the voice; 2. sentence stress; 3. temporal characteristics (duration, tempo, pausation); 4. rhythm; 5. tamber.
Intonation organizes a sentence, determines communicative types of sentences and clauses, divides sentences into intonation groups, gives prominence to words and phrases, expresses contrasts and attitudes.
The two main functions of intonation are: communicative and expressive.
There are two main approaches to the problem of intonation in Great Britain. One is known as a contour analysis and the other may be called grammatical.
The first is represented by a large group of phoneticians: H. Sweet, D. Jones, L. Armstrong, and others. According to this approach the smallest unit to which linguistic meaning can be attached is a sense-group. Their theory is based that intonation consists of basic functional «blocks».
Thе grammatical approach to the study of intonation was worked out by M. Halliday. The main unit of intonation is a clause. Intonation is a complex of three systemic variables: tonality, tonicity and tone, which are connected with grammatical categories. Tonality marks the beginning and the end of a tone-group. Tonicity marks the focal point of each tone-group. |Tones can be primary and secondary. They convey the attitude of the speaker. Halliday’s theory is based on the syntactical function of intonation.
RHYTHM AND TEMPO. Rhythm is the regular alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables. Unstressed syllables have a tendency to cling to the preceding stressed syllables — enclitics, or to the following stressed syllables — proclitics. In English, as a rule, only initial unstressed syllables cling to the following stressed syllable, non-initial unstressed syllables are usually enclitics.
Each sense-group of the sentence is pronounced at approximately the same period of time, unstressed syllables are pronounced more rapidly. Proclitics are pronounced faster than enclitics.
PAUSATION AND TAMBER. The number and the length of pauses affect the general tempo of speech. A slower tempo makes the utterance more prominent and more important.
Pauses made between two sentences are longer than pauses between sense-groups. Their length is relative to the tempo and rhythmicality norms of an individual. Pauses show relations between utterances and intonation groups, performing a constitutive function. Attitudinal function of pausation can be affected through voiced pauses, which are used to signal hesitation, doubt and suspense.
The theory of Phoneme.
Ph studies sounds as articulatory and acoustic units, phonology investigates sounds as units which serve communicative purposes. The unit of phonetics is a speech sound, the unit of phonology is a phoneme. As a unit of phonology, phoneme is the smallest unit of speech sound, able to distinguish one word from another. Phonemes can be discovered by the method of minimal pairs. There are several theories of phoneme.
1.Бодуэн-де-Куртене defined the phoneme as a physical image of a sound. It is semantically differentiating unit.
2.The abstraction conception on the phoneme was originated by Фердинанд де Соссюр, the Danish linguist Hjemslev. The abst view regards the phoneme independent of the phonemic properties.
3.Трубецкой, Блумфилд, Jacobson viewed the phoneme as the minimal sound units by which meanings may be differentiated. They stated that the features of the phoneme involved in the differentiation of words are called distinctive.
4. The physical view on the phoneme was originated by Jhones. He defined the phoneme as a family of sounds, showing similarities. No member of the family can occur in the same phonetic context as any other member. This view was shared by Bloch and Treiger.
5.Щерба was the first to define the phoneme as a real, independent distinctive unit, which manifests itself in the form of allophones. Vasiliev developed his theory and wrote that a phoneme is a dialectical unity of 3 aspects: 1. material, real and objective, 2. abstractional, generalized, 3. functional. It serves to perform the following functions: constitutive, distinctive, recognitive. Vasiliev states that phoneme is material, real and objective, because it really exists in the material form of speech sounds, allophones. It is an objective reality, existing independently from our will or intention. It is an abstraction, because we make it from concrete realizations for classificatory purposes.
Stress in English.
Any word spoken in isolation has at least one prominent syllable which is called stress. Stress is defined differently by different authors. B. A. Bogoroditsky, for instance, defined stress as an increase of energy, accompanied by an increase of expiratory and articulatory activity. D. Jones defined stress as the degree of force, which is accompanied by a strong force of exhalation and gives an impression of loudness. H. Sweet also stated that stress is connected with the force of breath.
Generally Word stress can be defined as the singling out of one or more syllables in a word, which is accompanied by the change of the force of utterance, pitch of the voice, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the sound, which is usually a vowel.
According to the most important feature different types of word stress are distinguished in different languages.
1) dynamic, or force stress is achieved mainly through the intensity of articulation
2) musical, or tonic is achieved mainly through the change of pitch, or musical tone. It is characteristic of the Japanese, Korean and other oriental languages.
3) quantitative is achieved through the changes in the quantity of the vowels, which are longer in the stressed syllables than in the unstressed ones
4) Qualitative type of stress is achieved through the changes in the quality of the vowel under stress.
English word stress is traditionally defined as dynamic, but in fact, the special prominence of the stressed syllables is manifested in the English language not only through the increase of intensity, but also through the changes in the vowel quantity, consonant and vowel quality and pitch of the voice.
All English vowels may occur in stressed syllables with the syllabic /1, m, n/ are never stressed.
Stress can be characterized as fixed and free. In English stress is shifting which helps to differentiate parts of speech(import – to import). Stress helps to constitute and recognize words and their forms.
Организация стока поверхностных вод: Наибольшее количество влаги на земном шаре испаряется с поверхности морей и океанов (88‰).
Поперечные профили набережных и береговой полосы: На городских территориях берегоукрепление проектируют с учетом технических и экономических требований, но особое значение придают эстетическим.
Общие условия выбора системы дренажа: Система дренажа выбирается в зависимости от характера защищаемого.
Механическое удерживание земляных масс: Механическое удерживание земляных масс на склоне обеспечивают контрфорсными сооружениями различных конструкций.
Stylistic Devices
Study Stylistic Devices Online
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CHITIKA
Newspaper Style
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3)Divorce, Breakup problem and To Re-unit
4)Pregnancy problem
5)Financial problem and Job promotion
6)To get a good and rich life partner
7)To Lose your wrath
8)to enlargement of penis
I’m so happy my Dad got cured from ALS which almost make him disable in life,and he lose speech and swallowing ability with other health issues,on till i found someone testify of his Dad who got cured from ALS with natural herbal treatment from Dr Oselumen,i also reach the Dr online through his email droselumen@gmail.com and i inquire his ALS natural herbal product,after 3 weeks of using the natural herbal treatment my Daddy got cure permanently, please help me in thanking this Dr for good work by healing ALS patient, they are not here to cheat on sick people but ready to help the sick, my Dad get himself back to feet after 3 weeks of taking the medication, here is the Dr. whatsapp num +2348054265852 or email droselumen@ gmail.com DOCTOR OSELUMEN CAN AS WELL CURE THE FOLLOWING DISEASE
1. HIV/AIDS
2. HERPES
3. CANCER OF ALL KINDS
4. HPV
5. Hepatitis A,B,C
6. Diabetes
7. CHRONIC DISEASE
8. STROKE
9. AUTISM
10.LUPUS