What must you know about aids перевод текста

What mast you know aboutaids?

Aids is an abbreviation for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. This means that the body’s natural defense mechanism against infection is seriously impaired.

Aids is caused by a virus called HIV. People with Aids can look and feel healthy. There are no particular symptoms of AIDS as they depend solely (только) upon whichever chance infection affects the sufferer. This is the main risk of the disease. Like hepatitis B the AIDS virus has been found in most sufferers but is transmitted mainly by contact with blood containing the virus. HIV is present on the blood of all infected persons but it usually takes years before they suffer any effects.

You should know some important facts about Aids.

You can get infected with the Aids virus by:

· Sharing needles to inject drugs with a person who has the virus.

To protect yourself from Aids:

· Do not use anyone else’s needles. Don’t share your needles with anyone.

· Man and wife should remain faithful (верными) to each other; girls and boys should preserve chastity (целомудрие) before marriage as it used to be in the traditional families.

Don’t forget that a woman with the Aids virus can infect her unborn baby. A woman with the Aids virus can also pass it to her baby when breast-feeding. If you think you may be infected, you can take your blood test and it can show if you have the Aids virus.

You cannot get the Aids virus by:

· sitting near someone;

· using bathrooms, telephones, drinking fountains;

· eating in a restaurant;

· sharing food, plates, cups, forks and spoons;

· swimming in a pool;

· being bitten by mosquitoes or other bugs;

You cannot get the Aids virus through the air or by everyday contact.

Say it in English / Скажите это по-английски:

Синдром иммунодефицита, защитный механизм организма, выглядеть и чувствовать себя здоровым, основной риск заболевания, биологические жидкости, обмениваться иглами, инфицировать ребенка, анализ крови, рукопожатие.

Say it in Russian / Скажите это по-русски:

The body’s natural defence mechanism, an illness that can kill symptoms of AIDS, a sufferer, to get infected with the Aids virus, the blood of all infected persons, sharing needles, to infect her unborn baby, when breast-feeding, shaking hands.

In pairs, discuss the questions / Обсудите вопросы в парах:

1. What is the main risk of Aids?

2. What important facts should we know about Aids?

3. What should we do to protect ourselves from Aids?

4. Can we get the Aids virus by shaking hands, sharing food, swimming in a pool?

5. Can we get the Aids virus through the air?

Match the words in column A to the words in column B / Соотнесите слова в двух колонках А и В

Level B

Translate the text from Russian into English:

Кто должен пройти тестирование на ВИЧ?

Все, кто когда-либо имел незащищенный сексуальный контакт, пережил травму использованной иглой или инъекцию одним шприцем с кем-либо, проходил процедуру переливания крови или других жидкостей организма, должны сделать тест на ВИЧ. Однако отрицательный тест не означает, что человек не заражен: если одно из перечисленных выше рискованных действий было совершено незадолго до проведения исследования, то антитела к вирусу еще не успеют выработаться и аппаратура их не зафиксирует. Так что для получения достоверного результата должно пройти несколько месяцев, и тогда диагностику можно будет повторить.

Если вы обнаружили у себя или близких перечисленные ниже симптомы, то найдите время для проведения тестирования на ВИЧ:

Тема 6.15. Туберкулез / Tuberculosis

Level A

We learn the new words / Мы учим новые слова

Ex.1 Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты.

Злоупотребляют наркотиками, препараты психотропного вещества, должны применяться под наблюдением врача, были сделаны из растений, уйти от реальности.

understanding their potential abuse; take to change the way they feel think or behave, must be used under medical supervision, to treat illnesses; basically to change the way a person feels thinks or behaves;

1)What is fundamental to understand the essence of drugs?

2)What are drugs?

3) What is a psychoactive substance?

4) What kind of drugs do you know?

5) What naturally occurring drugs do you know?

6)What synthetic drugs do you know?

7) Why do people use drugs?

Text

WHAT MUST YOU KNOW ABOUT AIDS?

Aids is an abbreviation for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. This means that the body’s natural defense mechanism against infection is seriously impaired.

Aids is an illness that can kill Aids is caused by a virus called HIV. People with Aids can look and feel healthy. There are no particular symptoms of AIDS as they depend solely upon whichever chance infection affects the sufferer. This is the main risk of the disease. Like hepatitis B the AIDS virus has been found in most sufferer but is transmitted mainly by contact with blood containing the virus. HIV is present on the blood of all infected persons but it usually takes years before they suffer any effects.

You should know some important facts about Aids.

You can get infected with the Aids virus by:

· Sharing needles to inject drugs with a person who has the virus.

To protect yourself from Aids:

· Do not use anyone else’s needles. Don’t share your needles with anyone.

Don’t forget that a woman with the Aids virus can infect her unborn baby. A woman with the Aids virus can also pass it to her baby when breast-feeding. If you think you may be infected you can take your blood test and it can show if you have the Aids virus.

You cannot get the Aids virus by:

· sitting near someone;

· using bathrooms, telephones, drinking fountains;

· eating in a restaurant;

· sharing food, plates, cups, forks and spoons;

· swimming in a pool;

· being bitten by mosquitoes or other bugs;

You cannot get the Aids virus through the air or by everyday contact.

Words:

1. a defense mechanism – защитный механизм

2. an illness – болезнь

3. to kill – убить

4. healthy – здоровый

5. an infection – инфекция

6. to suffer – страдать

7. body fluids – биологические жидкости

8. containing the virus – содержащей вирус

9. a needle – игла

10. to protect – защищать

11. a condom – презерватив

12. to infect – заразить

Синдром иммунодефицита, защитный механизм организма, выглядеть и чувствовать себя здоровым, основной риск заболевания, биологические жидкости, обмениваться иглами, инфицировать ребенка, анализ крови, рукопожатие.

The body’s natural defence mechanism, an illness that can kill, symptoms of AIDS, a sufferer, to get infected with the Aids virus, the blood of all infected persons, sharing needles, to infect her unborn baby, when breast-feeding, shaking hands.

1. What is the main risk of Aids?

2. What important facts should we know about Aids?

3. What should we do to protect ourselves from Aids?

4. Can we get the Aids virus by shaking hands, sharing food, swimming in a pool?

5. Can we get the Aids virus through the air?

Text

CLONING

The world was stunned by the news in late February 1997 that a British embryologist named Ian Wilmut and his research team had successfully cloned a lamb named Dolly from an adult sheep. Dolly was created by replacing the DNA of one sheep’s egg with the DNA of another sheep’s udder. The world media was immediately filled with heated discussions about the ethical implications of cloning. Scientists and ethicists have debated the implications of human and non-human cloning extensively when scientists at the Roslin Institute in Scotland produced Dolly.

No direct conclusions have been drawn, but compelling arguments state that cloning of both human and non-human species results in harmful physical and psychological effects on both groups.

Many people are convinced that the cloning of any species, whether they are human or non-human, is ethically and morally wrong. Cloning of human beings would result in severe psychological effects in the cloned child, and that the cloning of non-human species subjects them to unethical or unmoral treatment for human needs. The possible physical damage that could be done if human cloning became a reality is obvious when one looks at the sheer loss of life that occurred before the birth of Dolly. Less than ten percent of the initial transfers survive to be healthy creatures.

There were 277 trial implants of nuclei. Nineteen of those 277 were deemed healthy while the others were discarded. Five of those nineteen survived, but four of them died within ten days of birth of severe abnormalities. Dolly was the only one to survive. It has lived for seven years. In addition to physical harms, there are worries about the psychological harms on cloned human children. «One of those harms is the loss of identity, or sense of uniqueness and individuality.

The cloning of a non-human species subjects them to unethical treatment purely for human needs. What would happen if humans started to use animals as body for growing human organs? Where is the line drawn between human and non-human? If a primate was cloned so that it grew human lungs, liver, kidneys, and heart, what would it then be? Would non-human primates, such as a chimpanzee, who carried one or more human genes via transgenic technology» be defined as still a chimp, a human, a subhuman, or something else? It could create a world-wide catastrophe that no one would be able to stop. That is why the majority considers that the ethical and moral implications of cloning are such that it would be wrong for the human race to support it.

On the other hand, some people think that potential benefits outweigh the potential harms of cloning. Cloning would be probably used by infertile people who now use donated sperm, eggs, or embryos. It may provide a way for completely sterile individuals to reproduce, a valuable basic research of technologies related to reproduction and development.

The dilemma is very complex. The question shakes us all to our very souls. For humans to consider the cloning of one another forces them all to question the very concepts of right and wrong that make them all human. Many countries imposed a ban for human-cloning research.

Words:

1. to stun — оглушать, ошеломлять

2. research — (научное) исследование

3. lamb — ягненок, барашек; овечка

4. adult — взрослый, совершеннолетний

6. е8£ — биол. яйцеклетка

7. heated discussion — горячая дискуссия

8. implication — следствие, вывод; последствия, результаты

9. to draw a conclusion — сделать, извлечь вывод

10. compelling — неодолимый, неотразимый, непреодолимый

11. harmful — вредный, пагубный

12. severe — жестокий, тяжелый (о болезни, утрате и т. п.); крупный, ощутимый (об убытке и т. п.)

13. treatment — обращение (of — с кем-л.)

14. obvious — очевидный, явный, ясный

15. sheer — абсолютный, полнейший, сущий, явный

16. loss — утрата, потеря

17. creature — создание, творение

18. trial — испытательный, пробный

19. nuclei — ядра

20. to survive — остаться в живых; выжить

21. abnormality — отклонение; аномалия

22. in addition — в добавление, к тому же, сверх, кроме того

23. identity — индивидуальность; личность

24. uniqueness — единственность, уникальность

25. lung — анат. Легкое

26. liver — анат. Печень

27. kidney — анат. Почка

28. heart — анат. Сердце

29. chimpanzee, chimp — шимпанзе

31. via — посредством чего-л., с помощью чего-л.

32. transgenic — трансгенный

33. majority — большинство

34. outweigh-— перевешивать; быть более влиятельным, важным

35. embryo — биол. зародыш, эмбрион

36. to impose a ban — налагать запрет; запрещать

Организация стока поверхностных вод: Наибольшее количество влаги на земном шаре испаряется с поверхности морей и океанов (88‰).

Общие условия выбора системы дренажа: Система дренажа выбирается в зависимости от характера защищаемого.

переведите пожалуйста тексты!

Everybody must know how to give the first aid. The first aid saves many lives. The first aid is the help which you give to an injured person. You must know different methods of helping in accident.

When you falt on your knee you get a bruise on it. The bruised place looks red and swollen at first. If there is a scratch on your knee put iodine on it. If your knee hurts you very much, take some cloth, wet it in cold water and put on the bruise. It will relieve the pain.

Stop the bleeding as soon as possible. The simple method is to put clean cloth or a pad of sterile gaure over the wound and fasten it tightly. If the bleeding is from an arm of leg raise the limb.In severe cases doctors make blood transfusion.

Лучший ответ по мнению автора

Фоджо Вера Сергеевна

Каждый должен знать как оказать первую помощь. первая помощь спасает много жизней. первая помощь это помощь которую оказывают пострадавшему человеку. ты должен знать различные методы помощи при авариях.

когда ты падаешь на колени, ты получаешь синяк. Место синяка выглядит красным и припухшим сначала. Если есть ссадина на твоем колене нужно обработать йодом. Если твое колено болит очень сильно, нужно взять тряпку, смочить холодной водой и положитб на синяк. это избавит от боли.

Остановить кровотечение как можно быстрее. Простой метод — положить материю или положить стерильную подушечку на рану и быстро закрепить ее. Если кровотечение идет из руки или ноги поднимите конечность. В тяжелых случаях доктора сделают переливание крови.

Переводы текстов Spotlight 9 класс-7d

1 Как мы можем оставаться здоровыми? Как думаете, вы здоровы? Пройдите тест, чтобы проверить. Согласны ли вы со счетом?
Есть ли у вас здоровые привычки?

3. Вы чувствуете себя немного уставшим, и вы уже не делали никаких физ. упражнений в течение нескольких дней. Что вы будете делать?
А присоединиться к игре в футбол в парке на полчаса
Б отдохнуть сегодня вечером и пойти в спортзал завтра
С отдохнуть на диване и смотреть телевизор

4. Поздно ночью показывают хороший фильм по телевизору, но вам нужно завтра рано вставать. Что вы сделаете?
А запишу фильм и лягу в постель
Б прилечь, чтобы посмотреть фильм
М просмотрите фильм, а затем проверить свою почту

5. Был ужасный день. Как вы выпустите пар?
А Играть в теннис с другом, и расскажете ему свои проблемы
Б сядете перед телевизором и постарайтесь забыться
С плакал бы всю ночь

В основном Б: Небольшой завтрак, хорошее питание, физические упражнения и много отдыха и сна необходимо для здоровья. Сделайте несколько небольших перемен, и вы будете чувствовать себя намного здоровее!

В основном C: У вас есть страшные привычки! Подчеркивая, плохая пища, и недостаточный сон является рецептом Саморазрушения. Внесите изменения в свою жизнь!
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2 Обсудите ваши ответы на викторину в парах. Решите:
1 какие вопросы относятся к: еде / напитку? упражнению? состоянию души?
2 в какой области вы лучший и в какой области(ях) вам нужно сделать улучшения.
3 Что бы вы могли делать, чтобы быть здоровым, например, пить меньше газированных напитков, ходить в школу вместо того, чтобы садиться на автобус, делать утреннюю зарядку, записаться в спортзал.
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3 Заполните словами: голод, угощение, питательный, домашняя, десерт, жареный, вкусный, иссох, закуски, кусочек.
1 Мммм! Этот суп очень вкусный.
2 Можно мне стакан воды? Я совершенно иссох.
3 Хотите кусочек шоколадного торта на десерт?
4 Фрукты и овощи очень питательны. Они полны витаминов.
5 Я всегда иду куда-нибудь поесть. Я скучаю по домашней еде.
6 Давайте пойдем куда-нибудь поесть в ресторане вечером. Я угощаю.
7 чипсы и попкорн популярные детские закуски.
8 Что на ужин? Я умираю с голоду.
9 у меня будет ростбиф с овощами на пару.
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4 Сопоставьте слова, чтобы сделать словосочетания. Затем составьте предложения, как в примере.
1 терять / поставить на
2 сократить / отказаться от
3 занимают
4 присоединиться
5 перейти на
а спортивная команда / тренажерный зал
b спорт /активность
c диета
d нежелательная / жирная пища, газированные напитки
e вес
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5 Выберите правильное слово. Проверьте свой словарь.
1 Активные дети сжигают больше калорий, поэтому они должны есть больше.

2 Фрукты должны быть частью здоровой диеты.
3 Мясо, птица и рыба богаты железом.
4 Проверяйте свой вес раз в месяц.
5 Убедитесь, что вы жуете пищу медленно, прежде чем проглотить ее.
6 Кальций укрепляет кости, поэтому убедитесь, что молочные продукты являются частью вашего ежедневного рациона.
7 Чтобы выполнить это упражнение, поднимите руки над головой.
8 Регулярная физическая активность так же важна, как здоровая привычка / диета в еде.
9 Убедитесь, что вы следуете диете, которая работает для вас.
10 Фрукты, овощи и зерновые богаты витаминами и с низким содержанием жира.
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6a Прочитайте предложения. Какие модальные глаголы: дают разрешение? выражают долг? выражают отсутствие необходимости? выражают запрет? дают совет? выражают возможность?
В спортивном центре.
1 вы должны / должен / необходимо носить кроссовки на крытых теннисных кортах и футбольных полях (это необходимо / работает правило)
2 Вы не должны / не необходимо / не нуждаетесь быть членом спортивного центра, чтобы пользоваться бассейном (это не обязательно)
3 Пользователи могут / могут использовать все объекты спортивного клуба. (это разрешено)
4 Дети не должны / не могут пользоваться бассейном без сопровождения взрослого (это не допускается)
5 Центр может / может / могут быть закрыты для публики в дни соревнований (возможно)
6 Вы должны / должны закрыть свои ценности в шкафчике, чтобы сохранить их в безопасности, (это самое лучшее)
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b Выберите правильные слова, объясняющие причины.
1 Вы не должны погружаться в мелком бассейне.
2 Можно ли играть в футбол в этом парке?
3 Вы должны пить много воды, чтобы оставаться здоровым.
4 Вы не должны быть членом, чтобы использовать спортзал.
5 Вы должны спросить Вашу маму, можете ли пойти на матч?
6 Уже поздно, я должен ложиться спать.
7 Я собираюсь попробовать этот новый рацион, это может сработать.
8 Вы не должны пропустить прием еды.
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7 Примените соответствующие модальные глаголы, чтобы спросить и ответить на вопросы.
1 Спросите разрешения вашего партнера, чтобы позаимствовать его велосипед. Ваш партнер отказывается.
►A: Могу я одолжить ваш велосипед, пожалуйста?
В: Извините, но боюсь, что он будет нужен мне во второй половине дня.
2 Спросите секретаря в местном спортивном центре, потребуется ли вам специальное оборудование для занятий в классе по спортивной гимнастике. Секретарь говорит вам, что все подается.
3 Спросите разрешения своего учителя покинуть класс пораньше. Ваш учитель соглашается.
4 Попросите вашего друга, он / она думает, что это возможно, что новый каток откроется в ближайшие выходные. Ваш друг не уверен.
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AIR NAVIGATION. AIRBORNE NAVAIDS

11. What is INS? What does INS compute?

(A totally self contained aid which uses gyros and accelerometers to measure continuosly the acceleration of an aircraft and from this computes velocity and position information)

12. How does INS direct the aircraft?

( InS equipment automaticaly stabilizes aircraft to true north )

13. Does Inertial Navigation System have any ground stations?

14. What is transponder? Why is transponder very helpful for ATC?

15. What modes does it have? What are they used for?

(A – identification, B – in military use, C – altitude, S – datalink)

16. What do you know about mode “S” datalink?

(is an air/ground data comunication facility using modern SSR technlogy)

17. What does SSR stand for? What is it used for?

(easy to get AFT identification without requesting 30 degrees turn from the original position)

18. VOR can operate more accurately using additional NAVAID. What aid increases the VOR accuracy?

(Accuracy is increased by the addition of Dopler)

19. What does TCAS stand for? What is its function? What two resolutions does it issue in case of assumed collision?

(This equipment reacts to the transpomders of other aircraft in the vicinity to determine whether or not it is potential for a collision)

20. What is the difference between TA(Traffic Advisory) and RA(Resolution Advosory)?

Traffic Advisory warning indicates where the pilot must look for the traffic.

Resolution Advisory gives the pilot advice to climb or descend)

AVIATION METEOROLOGY

1. What is flight safetysubject to in terms of meteorology?

2. Why must pilots have knowledge of weather behaviour?

(To avoid hazardous flight conditions, pi­lots have to be aware of the atmosphere and of weather behavior.)

3. What are meteorological predictions based on?

(Based upon movements of large air masses and local conditions at points where weather stations are located )

4. Define atmosphere.

5. What layers does the atmosphere have? For what purpose is it divided?

(Upper layer and lower layer, for flight purposes)

6. What kind of motion in the atmospheredo pressure and temperature changes produce?

7. Why air motions should be of primary interest to the pilot?

8. What is a surface wind?

(Near the earth surface)

9. At what height is surface wind measured?

(Is measured at 10 meters)

10. What should a pilot flying through turbulence anticipate?

( pilot should anticipate the bumpy )

11. What does the intensity of turbulence depend on?

(depends upon the size of the obstacle and the velocity of the wind of the wind )

12. On what side is it more favourable to approach the hill or the moutain –

on the windward or on the leeward and why?

13. Why is the wind blowing on the windward side more favourable in approaching a hill or mountain than the wind blowing on the leeward side?

14. At whatheight is it recommended to clear mountain ridges and peaks?

15. What is wind shear?

(Change in wind direction and or speed within a very short distance in the atmosphere)

16. What hazards can wind shear cause?

(2 potentially hazardous situations)

17. Name the most important meteorological phenomena that cause significant low-level wind shear problems.

(thunderstorms and certain frontal systems near the airport)

( is a gust порыв with change in direction and speed)

19. What is a moving front?

(Which boundaries are moving)

20. What is a stationary front?

(Which boundaries are not moving )

21. What is the difference between cold and warm fronts?

( warm front usually has hight humidity’)

22. What is occluded front?

( this is a condition in which an air mass is trapped between two colder air masses and forced aloft to higher levels )

23. What phenomena usually accompany thunderstorms?

24. What types of clouds are associated with thunderstorms?

(With cumulonimbus clouds)

25. What dangers can thunderstorms cause?

26. What is dew point?

( is the temperature ti which air must be cooled to become saturated)

28. What is mist? What is the difference between fog and mist?

29. What is ceiling?

( is defined as the height above the surface to the base of the lowest layer of clouds)

30. What is visibility?

( the greatest horizontal distanse at which objects can bee seen with the naked eye.)

31. What precepitation do you know?

32. What are the two categories of weather information?

(Forecasts and reports)

33. What forecasts doyou know?

(Area forecasts, aerodrome forecasts, special forecasts)

34. What reports do you know?

35. What kinds of wind do you know?

( surface wind, tail, headwind, crosswind, winshear)

36. What kinds of fog do you know?

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

1. What is the function of the Tower?

(The tower issues information to aircraft under its control to achieve a safe, prevent colisions )

2. What is a manoeuvring area used for?

3. How can the Aerodrome Control be subdivided?

(Air Control and GMC-ground movement control)

4. What kind of information is broadcast on ATIS frequency?

5. How is the traffic circuit divided? How many parts does the traffic circuit have?

(the curcuit devided into four legs: crosswind, downwind, base and final approach)

6. What is the standard circuit-joining procedure?

(Is to arrive overhead the field at 2000 ft and descend to 1000 ft on the dead side)

7. What is an orbit?

8. What do you know about the vortex wake? Why may it be dangerous?

(This is a rapidly moving cylinder of air from each wingtip. It can be dangerous fo following aircraft)

9. How can fuel burn be minimized on ground?

(Aircraft on IFR flight plans should firs require premission to start engines so that ATC can warn of any delays and thus minimize fuel burn)

10. What are SIDs designed for?

(are designed to minimize conflict between arriving and departing aircraft)

11. What does ACC stand for? Decribe the ACC’s basic function.

(The ACCs basic function is to separate aircraft using horizontal and / or vertical sepa­ration, either by procedural methods or with the aid of radar.)

12. What is squawk/SSR code?

( is allocated in accordance with a predetermined system)

13. Define procedural separation. How is it achieved?

(by calculating time the AFT pass each reporting point in advance)

14. Why does an ATC controller need actual time over each reporting point?

( the actual time over each reporting point is monitored by the controller and compared(сравнивается) with the pre calculated figure to ensure that the requaried time separation from a preceding aircraft is being maintained)

15. What is route clearance based on?

(The ACC issues route clearancec based on the information in filed Flight Plans )

16. What kind of information does advisory service issue?

(advisory service does not issue clearances but only advisory information and it uses the words «advise» or «suggest»)

17. In what case may an ADR revert to full airway status?

(when crossing a national or FIR/UIR boundary)

19. What does Approach Control ensure? At what point is AFT transferred from Area to Approach Control?

20. Why is it necessary to put AFT into the holding pattern?

(In busy traffic situation)

21. Where are holding patterns published?

(In navigation chatrts or approach plates)

22. What is the decision height?

( is the level at which the pilot on a precision approach (точныйьзаход на посадку) must carry out a missed approach(заход на второй круг) if he fails to acheve the required visual reference to continue the approach to a landing)

23. Define threshold.(торец впп)

(is a begining of runway used for landing)

24. Decode FIS, ADR, ETA, ETD, EET, EAT, PAR, TW.

(Flight Information Service, Advisory Route, Estimated Time of Ariwall, Estimated Time of Depature,Estimated Elapses Time, Expected Approach Time, Precision Approach Radar, Taxi Way)

25. What ATC units control AFT flying en route?(ACC)

26. Which AFT is the priority given to?

27. What is Expected Approach Time?

(This indicates to a pilot that if he has a radio failure he must not commence an instrument approach until this specific time to allow preceding aircraft to descend and land )

28. What is STAR?

( is a route or track by which aircraft should preside from en route phase to approach )

AIR LAW

1. What is the airspace division?

FIR/UIR)upper

2. What do the boundaries of FIR/UIR normally follow?

(geographicqal state borders)

3. In what cases FIR’s boundaries assume straight lines?

(Over international waters and parts of the world having good relations with their neighbours they are able to assume straight lines in accordance with ICAO recomendation.)

4. Where does each FIR/UIR take its name?

(from an important city or country)

5. How is airspace subdivided within the FIR structure?

(according to the amount and type of aeronautical activity)

6. What are the categories of airspace?

(Controlled and uncontrolled)

7. Define controlled airspace. Why is it established?

(to protect the departure, arrival and holding paths of the IFR flights)

8. What is controlled airspace made up of?

(it is made up of various aerodrome Controll Zones (CTR),Terminal Control Areas(TMA), Control Areas and Airways (CTA)

9. What is CTR? Its dimensions.

10. What is CTA? Its dimensions.

(Is a portion of airspace in which ATC is provided and which extends upwards from a specified base altitude to an upper limitexpressed as a flight level)

11. What is the difference between Control Zone and Control Area?

12. What is a Terminal Control Area? Where is it established?

(Is a control area established at the confluence of controlled airspace routes in the vicinity of one or more major aerodromes,)

13. Give the definition of an airway.

(Is a Control Area in the form of a corridor and is marked by radio navigation aids.)

14. How are Visual Meteorological Conditions criteria expressed?

(minimum visibility and distance from cloud)

15. What does uncontrolled airspace consist of?

(Consists of Advisory Routes and Open FIR. )

16. Where may advisory routes be established? What class are they allocated?

(Advisory Routes are located Class F. AR may be established instead of an airway in some less developed parts of the world where traffic is relatively light)

17. Name ATC services in Open-FIR.

(information and warnings meteorological conditions, changes of serviceability in navigational and approach aids, condition of aerodrome facilities, AFT proximity warning)

18. How is special use airspace subdivided?

(danger, restricted, prohibited areas)

19. Give definitions to danger area, restricted and prohibited areas.

(Danger area is a defined airspace in which activities dangerous to fly may occur. Restricted area is defined airspace in which flight is restricted according to certain conditions. Prohibited area is defined airspace in which flight is prohibited.)

20. What are the two types of flight categories available in aviation?

21. What does IFR and VFR stand for?

22. What is more restrictive (ограниченный)IFR or VFR? Why?

23. What is the pilot flying VFR responsible for?

24. What rules allow a pilot to operate in conditions not suitable for visual flight?

25. What is a flight plan?

26. What is known as the Visual Flight Rules?

27. What must a pilot flying IFR follow?

28. In what cases may a pilot switch from IFR to VFR?

29. What does any typical position report consist of?

(AFT identification, position and time, level, next position, estimated time over it)

FLIGHT SAFETY

1. How do you understand the term flight safety?

2. Why is flight safety one of the key requirements for civil aviation?

(Because aviation security is safeguarding civil aviation againstacts of unlawful interference)

3. What are the main factors influencing flight safety?

(Man, machine, environment)

4. What do you mean by the term ‘man’ as a contributive factor to flight safety?

(we mean human factor. Their relation with other people, with machine, equipment and procedures)

5. Does ‘man’ as a cause factor contribute a lot to the flight safety? Yes

6. What do you mean by the term ‘machine’?

(by the term machine we mean an aircraft and its design)

7. How can technical factor (‘machine’) influence flight safety?

(Modern aircraft design therefore attempts to minimize the effect of any hazard)

8. What do you mean by the term ‘environment’?

(the environment in which aircraft operation take place, equipment is used)

9. How can ‘environment’ influence flight safety?

10. How is ‘environment’ factor classified?

11. What is the subdivision of man-made environment?

( physical and non physical)

12. Which part of the environment influencies the flight safety greater than the other one? Why?

(Elements of natural environment)

13. Give the examples of natural environment.

14. Give the examples of man-made environment.

(ATC, airports, navigation aids, landing aids)

15. Give the examples of physical and non-physical parts of the environment.

(non-physical: national and international legislation, orders and regulations, standarts operating procedures etc.)

16. Give the examples of man-made environmental hazards.

17. Explain the term ‘human factor’.

(Human role in aviation)

18. How can you define the term ‘accident/incident’?

19. What are the main causes( причина) of accidents and incidents?

20. Which cause facror of accidents is considered to be the most important nowadays?

23. What systems were developed to reduce risks of accidents and incidents? (CNS/ATM, GPWS, CRM)Relationship Management System

24. What does CNS/ATM, GPWS, CRM stand for? Say a few words about them. Relationship Management System

25. What is the purpose of the Ground Proximity Warning System?(to reduce the number of accidents when mechanically worthy AFT collide with the ground)

26. Do you agree that hazards are also found in the design, manufacture or maintenance of AFT?

28. What is CFIT?

( controlled flight into terrain)

29. What are the reasons for CFIT?

30. What is done nowadays to prevent these phenomena?

(CFIT prevention program is worked out and adopted by ICAO)

SEARCH AND RESCUE

1. Give the definition to the term ‘search and rescue’.

(Is emergency services which is designed to asist people in need)

2. What tools can be used for search and rescue operations?

3. What are the four basic categories of search and rescue?

(Wildeness serchers, structural colapse rescue, air sea rescue, water rescue. )

4. What kind of service is provided by mountain search and rescue? What skills do wilderness searchers need?

(wilderness searchers. Searchers need advanced navigation and wilderness survival skills )

5. Give examples of some natural disasters.

6. Why structural collapse rescue is called disaster or urban rescue?

(urban search and rescue is utilized in case of building collapses, explosions, and similar incidents to locate people who need assistance)

7. What emergency equipment is search and rescue aircraft provided with?

(The equipment includes individual life-jackets, oxygen masks,vinflatable slides, escape ropes, crash axes, fire extinguishers and rescue raft)

8. What service conducts searching for lost watercraft? What experience does it need?

9. When was the SRS of EMERCOM of Russia organized?

(established on 10 january 1994 by Presidential Decree)

10. Who is the minister of the SRS of EMERCOM of Russia?

(The Minister in charge of emercom is Puchkov)

12. What are the main tasks of the SRS?

(an important task assiciated with this requirement is dealing effectively with batural and man made disasters)

14. What are Central Air-Mobile Rescue Teams equipped with?

(These teams are equipped with aviation facilites that include helicopters and cargo aircraft, il 76, an 74)

15. What is the term ‘civil defense’ referred to?

( It is belived that the reference is to the forces of EMERcOM)