What other necessary things had to be done to start operating the channel tunnel ответы

What other necessary things had to be done to start operating the channel tunnel ответы

Задание №11840.
Чтение. ОГЭ по английскому

Вы проводите информационный поиск в ходе выполнения проектной работы. Определите, в каком из текстов A — F содержатся ответы на интересующие Вас вопросы 1 — 7. Один из вопросов останется без ответа.

1. What other necessary things had to be done to start operating the Channel Tunnel?
2. Why didn’t the British support the first project of the Channel Tunnel?
3. How many tunnels does the project actually contain?
4. What are the safety tips while travelling through the Channel Tunnel?
5. What are the possible ways for a passenger to travel through the Channel tunnel?
6. Why is the Channel Tunnel considered to be a great engineering achievement?
7. What was the most difficult task in constructing the Channel Tunnel?

A. The Channel Tunnel (or Chunnel) is a long tunnel between England and France under the English Channel. The section under the sea is 38km long and the entire length is 50.5km. At its lowest point it is 75 metres deep. The Channel Tunnel is the longest undersea tunnel in the world. The tunnel was recognised as one of the ‘Seven Wonders of the Modern World’ by the American Society of Engineers.

B. For centuries, crossing the English Channel via boat had been considered a miserable task. The windy weather and choppy water made travellers seasick. So, in 1802, French engineer Albert Favier was the first person who proposed to dig a tunnel under the water of the channel. Favier’s plan was adopted by French leader Napoleon Bonaparte. But the British rejected the plan. They feared that Napoleon wanted to build the tunnel in order to invade England.

C. At the end of the 20th century the idea was revived. The digging of the Channel Tunnel began simultaneously from the British and the French coasts. The greatest challenge was making sure that both the British side of the tunnel and the French side actually met up in the middle. Special lasers and surveying equipment were used. On December 1, 1990, the meeting of the two sides was officially celebrated. For the first time in history, Great Britain and France were connected.

D. Although the meeting of the two sides of the service tunnel was a cause for great celebration, it certainly wasn’t the end of the Channel Tunnel building project. Crossover tunnels, land tunnels from the coast to the terminals, electrical systems, fireproof doors, the ventilation system and train tracks all had to be added. Also, large train terminals had to be built at Folkestone in Great Britain and Coquelles in France.

E. It took 13,000 engineers and technicians to construct the Channel Tunnel. In fact, there are two running tunnels, one each way. Additionally, there is a smaller service tunnel with a crossover in the middle, so in case there’s an emergency, the trains can actually change to either side. It is wrong to call it a tunnel as there are actually three tunnels. The tunnels are about 50 meters below the seabed.

F. If you want to use the tunnel, you have got a choice. You can either go on a passenger train, the Eurostar, which departs from London, Paris and Brussels city centres. Or you can go on the drive-on service, called the Eurotunnel Shuttle, starting close to the tunnel entrance where you drive your car or truck onto special rail cars.

Решение:
В тексте A содержится ответ на вопрос 6 (Why is the Channel Tunnel considered to be a great engineering achievement? — Почему тоннель под Ла-Маншем считается большим инженерным достижением?): «The Channel Tunnel is the longest undersea tunnel in the world.»

В тексте B содержится ответ на вопрос 2 (Why didn’t the British support the first project of the Channel Tunnel? — Почему британцы не поддержали первый проект тоннеля под Ла-Маншем?): «But the British rejected the plan. They feared that Napoleon wanted to build the tunnel in order to invade England.»

В тексте C содержится ответ на вопрос 7 (What was the most difficult task in constructing the Channel Tunnel? — Что было самым сложным при строительстве тоннеля под Ла-Маншем?): «The greatest challenge was making sure that both the British side of the tunnel and the French side actually met up in the middle.»

В тексте D содержится ответ на вопрос 1 (What other necessary things had to be done to start operating the Channel Tunnel? — Что еще нужно было сделать, чтобы начать эксплуатацию тоннеля под Ла-Маншем?): «. electrical systems, fireproof doors, the ventilation system and train tracks all had to be added.»

В тексте E содержится ответ на вопрос 3 (How many tunnels does the project actually contain? — Сколько туннелей на самом деле содержит проект?): «It is wrong to call it a tunnel as there are actually three tunnels.»

В тексте F содержится ответ на вопрос 5 (What are the possible ways for a passenger to travel through the Channel tunnel? — Каким образом пассажир может проехать через туннель под Ла-Маншем?): «If you want to use the tunnel, you have got a choice. You can either. »

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Источник: ФИПИ. Открытый банк тестовых заданий
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Вы проводите информационный поиск в ходе выполнения проектной работы. Определите, в каком из текстов A–F содержатся ответы на интересующие Вас вопросы 1–7. Один из вопросов останется без ответа. Занесите Ваши ответы в таблицу.

What other necessary things had to be done to start operating the Channel Tunnel?

Why didn’t the British support the first project of the Channel Tunnel?

How many tunnels does the project actually contain?

What are the safety tips while travelling through the Channel Tunnel?

What are the possible ways for a passenger to travel through the Channel tunnel?

Why is the Channel Tunnel considered to be a great engineering achievement?

What was the most difficult task in constructing the Channel Tunnel?

The Channel Tunnel (or Chunnel) is a long tunnel between England and France under the English Channel. The section under the sea is 38km long and the entire length is 50.5km. At its lowest point it is 75 metres deep. The Channel Tunnel is the longest undersea tunnel in the world. The tunnel was recognised as one of the ‘Seven Wonders of the Modern World’ by the American Society of Engineers.

For centuries, crossing the English Channel via boat had been considered a miserable task. The windy weather and choppy water made travellers seasick. So, in 1802, French engineer Albert Favier was the first person whoproposed to dig a tunnel under the water of the channel. Favier’s plan was adopted by French leader Napoleon Bonaparte. But the British rejected the plan. They feared that Napoleon wanted to build the tunnel in order to invade England.

At the end of the 20th century the idea was revived. The digging of the Channel Tunnel began simultaneously from the British and the French coasts. The greatest challenge was making sure that both the British side of the tunnel and the French side actually met up in the middle. Special lasers and surveying equipment were used. On December 1, 1990, the meeting of the two sides was officially celebrated. For the first time in history, Great Britain and France were connected.

Although the meeting of the two sides of the service tunnel was a cause for great celebration, it certainly wasn’t the end of the Channel Tunnel building project. Crossover tunnels, land tunnels from the coast to the terminals, electrical systems, fireproof doors, the ventilation system and train tracks all had to be added. Also, large train terminals had to be built at Folkestone in Great Britain and Coquelles in France.

It took 13,000 engineers and technicians to construct the Channel Tunnel. In fact, there are two running tunnels, one each way. Additionally, there is a smaller service tunnel with a crossover in the middle, so in case there’s an emergency, the trains can actually change to either side. It is wrong to call it a tunnel as there are actually three tunnels. The tunnels are about 50 meters below the seabed.

If you want to use the tunnel, you have got a choice. You can either go on a passenger train, the Eurostar, which departs from London, Paris and Brussels city centres. Or you can go on the drive-on service, called the Eurotunnel Shuttle, starting close to the tunnel entrance where you drive your car or truck onto special rail cars.

In general British people prefer coffee to tea.

ВАРИАНТ 21

РАЗДЕЛ 1 (ЗАДАНИЯ ПО АУДИРОВАНИЮ)

На фипи стр. 3№1

Вы два раза услышите четыре коротких диалога, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D. Установите соответствие между диалогами и местами, где они происходят: к каждому диалогу подберите соответствующее место действия, обозначенное цифрами. Используйте каждое место действия из списка 1–5 только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее место действия.

In a museum

At school

In a shopping centre

In a street

At home

Запишите в таблицу выбранные цифры под соответствующими буквами.

The speaker talks about

The disadvantages of a career in movies.

How films are used in class.

Why happy endings are important.

His/her film-making task.

His/her taking part in a film.

A film that changed his/her life.

Запишите в таблицу выбранные цифры под соответствующими буквами.

Вы услышите разговор двух друзей. В заданиях 3-8 в поле ответа запишите одну цифру, которая соответствует номеру правильного ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

How many people are there in Max’s group?

Ten.

Nine.

Five.

What class did Max enjoy most today?

Conversational English.

Writing Skills.

General Grammar.

What sports facilities does the school offer to the students?

A gym.

A swimming pool.

A tennis court.

What meals does Max have with his host family?

Breakfast.

Breakfast and lunch.

Breakfast and dinner.

How does Max get to his school?

On foot.

By bus.

By tram.

What place of interest does Max want to see this weekend?

The Amusement Park.

The historical city centre.

The City Zoo.

РАЗДЕЛ 2(задания по чтению)

На фипи стр.1 № 1

Вы проводите информационный поиск в ходе выполнения проектной работы. Определите, в каком из текстов A–F содержатся ответы на интересующие Вас вопросы 1–7. Один из вопросов останется без ответа. Занесите Ваши ответы в таблицу.

What other necessary things had to be done to start operating the Channel Tunnel?

Why didn’t the British support the first project of the Channel Tunnel?

How many tunnels does the project actually contain?

What are the safety tips while travelling through the Channel Tunnel?

What are the possible ways for a passenger to travel through the Channel tunnel?

Why is the Channel Tunnel considered to be a great engineering achievement?

What was the most difficult task in constructing the Channel Tunnel?

A. The Channel Tunnel (or Chunnel) is a long tunnel between England and France under the English Channel. The section under the sea is 38km long and the entire length is 50.5km. At its lowest point it is 75 metres deep. The Channel Tunnel is the longest undersea tunnel in the world. The tunnel was recognised as one of the ‘Seven Wonders of the Modern World’ by the American Society of Engineers.

B. For centuries, crossing the English Channel via boat had been considered a miserable task. The windy weather and choppy water made travellers seasick. So, in 1802, French engineer Albert Favier was the first person whoproposed to dig a tunnel under the water of the channel. Favier’s plan was adopted by French leader Napoleon Bonaparte. But the British rejected the plan. They feared that Napoleon wanted to build the tunnel in order to invade England.

C. At the end of the 20th century the idea was revived. The digging of the Channel Tunnel began simultaneously from the British and the French coasts. The greatest challenge was making sure that both the British side of the tunnel and the French side actually met up in the middle. Special lasers and surveying equipment were used. On December 1, 1990, the meeting of the two sides was officially celebrated. For the first time in history, Great Britain and France were connected.

D. Although the meeting of the two sides of the service tunnel was a cause for great celebration, it certainly wasn’t the end of the Channel Tunnel building project. Crossover tunnels, land tunnels from the coast to the terminals, electrical systems, fireproof doors, the ventilation system and train tracks all had to be added. Also, large train terminals had to be built at Folkestone in Great Britain and Coquelles in France.

E. It took 13,000 engineers and technicians to construct the Channel Tunnel. In fact, there are two running tunnels, one each way. Additionally, there is a smaller service tunnel with a crossover in the middle, so in case there’s an emergency, the trains can actually change to either side. It is wrong to call it a tunnel as there are actually three tunnels. The tunnels are about 50 meters below the seabed.

F. If you want to use the tunnel, you have got a choice. You can either go on a passenger train, the Eurostar, which departs from London, Paris and Brussels city centres. Or you can go on the drive-on service, called the Eurotunnel Shuttle, starting close to the tunnel entrance where you drive your car or truck onto special rail cars.

Запишите в таблицу выбранные цифры под соответствующими буквами.

На фипи стр. 18 № 9

Прочитайте текст. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений 10–16 соответствуют содержанию текста (1 – True), какие не соответствуют (2 – False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated). В поле ответа запишите одну цифру, которая соответствует номеру выбранного Вами ответа.

Tea

Everybody knows that Britain is a tea-drinking nation. Tea is more than just a drink to the British – it is a way of life. Many people drink it first with breakfast, then mid-morning, with lunch, at tea-time (around 5 o’clock), with dinner and finally just before bed. As a nation, they go through 185 million cups per day! No less than 77% of British people are regular tea drinkers; they drink more than twice as much tea as coffee.

A legend says that tea was discovered in China in the third millennium BC. When a Chinese Emperor was having breakfast in his garden, a tea leaf fell into his cup with hot water. The water became coloured and the Emperor was delighted with the taste of the new drink. To Britain, tea came much later. It happened in the 17 th century, when the British ships landed on the shore of China and came back with a load of tea.

Tea drinking became fashionable in England after Charles II married the Portuguese princess Catherine of Braganza. She adored tea and introduced it to the royal court. Just as people today will copy celebrities, people in the 17 th and 18 th centuries copied the royal family. Tea drinking spread like wildfire, starting first among the nobles and then spreading to wealthy businessmen who liked to sit down for a nice ‘cuppa’ in coffee houses. Tea was an expensive product. It was only for the rich and often kept under lock and key.

In the 17 th century the British really had two daily meals – breakfast and dinner. Dinner was the heaviest meal of the day, and was usually served in the afternoon. The custom of eating a regular ‘afternoon tea’ began during the 1700’s, as people began serving dinner later and later in the evening. For the aristocracy, or at least for the Duchess Anna Maria of Bedford, 6 hours between meals was simply too long. She began to ask for a cup of tea and light snacks to be served around 5 pm, and then began to invite guests to join her. The custom of ‘afternoon tea’ was born, and it spread among the upper classes and then among the workers, for whom this late afternoon meal became the main of the day.

The first tea shop for ladies was opened by Thomas Twining in 1717 and slowly tea shops began to appear throughout England making the drinking of tea available to everyone. The British appreciated the new drink for its taste. It was also believed that tea cured lots of diseases. However, the most important thing was that drinking tea prevented lots of diseases – to make the drink people used boiled water and drank less raw water.

For centuries now, tea has been the national drink of Great Britain. Tea has so thoroughly integrated itself into British culture that during World War II the government was seriously afraid that the country’s morale could suffer from the lack of tea and made a special decision to ration it.

Tea has worked its way into language too. Nowadays people have tea breaks at work, even if they drink coffee or cola. Many people call the main evening meal tea, even if they drink beer with it. When there is a lot of trouble about something very unimportant, it is called a storm in a tea cup. When someone is upset or depressed, people say they need tea and sympathy. In fact, tea is the best treatment for all sorts of problems and troubles.

In general British people prefer coffee to tea.

How the Channel Tunnel Was Built and Designed

Scott Barbour/Getty Images

The Channel Tunnel, which is often called the Chunnel or the Euro Tunnel, is a railway tunnel that lies underneath the water of the English Channel and connects the island of Great Britain with mainland France. The Channel Tunnel, completed in 1994 and officially opened on May 6 of that year, is considered one of the most amazing engineering feats of the 20th century.

Overview of the Channel Tunnel

For centuries, crossing the English Channel via boat or ferry had been considered a miserable task. The often inclement weather and choppy water could make even the most seasoned traveler seasick. It is perhaps not surprising then that as early as 1802 plans were being made for an alternate route across the English Channel.

Early Plans

This first plan, made by French engineer Albert Mathieu Favier, called for a tunnel to be dug under the water of the English Channel. This tunnel was to be large enough for horse-drawn carriages to travel through. Although Favier was able to get the backing of French leader Napoleon Bonaparte, the British rejected Favier’s plan. (The British feared, perhaps correctly, that Napoleon wanted to build the tunnel in order to invade England.)

Over the next two centuries, others created plans to connect Great Britain with France. Despite progress made on a number of these plans, including actual drilling, they all eventually fell through. Sometimes the reason was political discord, other times was financial problems. Still other times it was Britain’s fear of invasion. All of these factors had to be solved before the Channel Tunnel could be built.

A Contest

In 1984, French President Francois Mitterrand and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher jointly agreed that a link across the English Channel would be mutually beneficial. However, both governments realized that although the project would create much-needed jobs, neither country’s government could fund such a massive project. Thus, they decided to hold a contest.

This contest invited companies to submit their plans to create a link across the English Channel. As part of the contest’s requirements, the submitting company was to provide a plan to raise the needed funds to build the project, have the ability to operate the proposed Channel link once the project was completed, and the proposed link must be able to endure for at least 120 years.

Ten proposals were submitted, including various tunnels and bridges. Some of the proposals were so outlandish in design that they were easily dismissed; others would be so expensive that they were unlikely to ever be completed. The proposal that was accepted was the plan for the Channel Tunnel, submitted by the Balfour Beatty Construction Company (this later became Transmanche Link).

The Design for the Channel Tunnels

The Channel Tunnel was to be made up of two parallel railway tunnels that would be dug under the English Channel. Between these two railway tunnels would run a third, smaller tunnel that would be used for maintenance, as well as providing a space for drainage pipes, etc.

Each of the trains that would run through the Chunnel would be able to hold cars and trucks. This would enable personal vehicles to go through the Channel Tunnel without having individual drivers face such a long, underground drive.

Getting Started

Just getting started on the Channel Tunnel was a monumental task. Funds had to be raised (over 50 large banks gave loans), experienced engineers had to be found, 13,000 skilled and unskilled workers had to be hired and housed, and special tunnel boring machines had to be designed and built.

As these things were getting done, the designers had to determine exactly where the tunnel was to be dug. Specifically, the geology of the bottom of the English Channel had to be carefully examined. It was determined that although the bottom was made of a thick layer of chalk, the Lower Chalk layer, made up of chalk marl, would be the easiest to bore through.

Building the Channel Tunnel

The digging of the Channel Tunnel began simultaneously from the British and the French coasts, with the finished tunnel meeting in the middle. On the British side, the digging began near Shakespeare Cliff outside of Dover; the French side began near the village of Sangatte.

The digging was done by huge tunnel boring machines, known as TBMs, which cut through the chalk, collected the debris, and transported the debris behind it using conveyor belts. Then this debris, known as spoil, would be hauled up to the surface via railroad wagons (British side) or mixed with water and pumped out through a pipeline (French side).

As the TBMs bore through the chalk, the sides of the newly dug tunnel had to be lined with concrete. This concrete lining was to help the tunnel withstand the intense pressure from above as well as to help waterproof the tunnel.

Connecting the Tunnels

One of the most difficult tasks on the Channel Tunnel project was making sure that both the British side of the tunnel and the French side actually met up in the middle. Special lasers and surveying equipment was used; however, with such a large project, no one was sure it would actually work.

Since the service tunnel was the first to be dug, it was the joining of the two sides of this tunnel that caused the most fanfare. On December 1, 1990, the meeting of the two sides was officially celebrated. Two workers, one British (Graham Fagg) and one French (Philippe Cozette), were chosen by lottery to be the first to shake hands through the opening. After them, hundreds of workers crossed to the other side in celebration of this amazing achievement. For the first time in history, Great Britain and France were connected.

Finishing the Channel Tunnel

Although the meeting of the two sides of the service tunnel was a cause of great celebration, it certainly wasn’t the end of the Channel Tunnel building project.

Both the British and the French kept digging. The two sides met in the northern running tunnel on May 22, 1991, and then, only a month later, the two sides met in the middle of the southern running tunnel on June 28, 1991.

That too wasn’t the end of the Chunnel construction. Crossover tunnels, land tunnels from the coast to the terminals, piston relief ducts, electrical systems, fireproof doors, the ventilation system, and train tracks all had to be added. Also, large train terminals had to be built at Folkestone in Great Britain and Coquelles in France.

The Channel Tunnel Opens

On December 10, 1993, the first test run was completed through the entire Channel Tunnel. After additional fine-tuning, the Channel Tunnel officially opened on May 6, 1994.

THE CHANNEL TUNNEL (1)

(01:12)

PRE-LISTENING

1. What is a tunnel?

2. Why do people build tunnels?

3. What special equipment is used to build tunnels?

WHILE-LISTENING

Watch the video and answer the following questions:

4. What does the Channel Tunnel connect?

5. When did the project start?

6. How long did the construction last?

7. How much does the project cost?

8. How many workers were employed for the project?

9. When was the Tunnel opened?

10. What is its length?

11. How long is the journey through the Tunnel by car?

POST-LISTENING

12. Make the summary of the video-track.

13. Find information about any other tunnel to answer the same questions.

THE CHANNEL TUNNEL (2)

(04:41)

PRE-LISTENING

1. What information do you remember about the Channel Tunnel?

WHILE-LISTENING

Watch the video, read the inscriptions and find the answers to the following questions:

2. Which places (towns) in Britain and France exactly does the Tunnel connect?

3. Which Tunnel is the longest in the world?

4. When did the idea of a construction appear first?

5. What was Albert Mathieu’s plan?

6. What organizations were involved into the construction?

7. What capacity do the terminals have?

8. What should be taken into account by engineers before starting a construction of a tunnel under a channel?

POST-LISTENING

9. Find information about any other tunnel and make a report to the class about it.

T B M

(00:39)

PRE-LISTENING

1. What does the abbreviation ‘TBM’ stand for?

3. Who can operate TBM?

WHILE-LISTENING

Watch the video and answer the following questions:

4. How long is the TBM shown in the track?

5. Which two things (objects) is this TBM compared to?

6. How big is TBM shown in the track?

7. How heavy is it?

8. What does this TBM do?

POST-LISTENING

9. Watch the video without audio and make your own comments.

TUNNEL BORING MACHINE

(04:00)

PRE-LISTENING

1. What is the main purpose of TBM? (to bore the ground)

2. Do you know the following words? Study the meaning of the words:

“to press”, “to rotate”, “pressure”, “to chip”, “conveyer belt”, “protective roof”, “arch”, “football pitch”.

WHILE-LISTENING

Watch the video and put the following facts in the order of appearance in the track:

Watch the track again and answer the following questions:

4. How many cutters does the cutting head have?

5. What distance can TBM drive a day?

6. What is TBM compared to?

7. How long is the TBM shown in the track?

8. What is the length of the TBM compared to?

POST-LISTENING

9. Summarize everything you know about TBMs.

(01:13)

PRE-LISTENING

1. What is a dam?

2. What is the common use of a dam?

3. Do you think that dams are interesting for tourists to visit? Why?

4. Study the meaning of the word ‘sundial’:

‘Sundial’ = a device used outdoors, especially in the past, for telling the time

when the sun is shining.

Do you believe that a dam can be a sundial?

WHILE-LISTENING

Watch the video and answer the following questions:

5. What country is this dam situated in?

6. Why is the dam considered to be an interesting place to visit?

7. How is the time shown?

8. Which colour is used for a.m. hours; which is for p.m. hours?

9. What time range can be seen on the dam?

10. What is the aim of this ambitious project?

POST-LISTENING

11. Make up your own comments on what you have just seen. Would you like to visit the place? Why?

UC DAVIS NEWSWATCH. DAMS

(01:54)

PRE-LISTENING

1. What is a dam?

2. What is the common use of a dam?

WHILE-LISTENING

Watch the video and answer the following questions:

3. Where is the dam situated?

4. What does this dam provide?

5. Who and what is the speaker?

6. Is he for or against new dams? Why?

POST-LISTENING

7. Which of the above mentioned aims of a dam is the most important one? Why?

CHINAS YANGTZE DAM

(03:03)

PRE-LISTENING

1. Where do people construct dams?

2. What for is this usually done?

3. What is the common use of a dam?

4. What problems may a construction of a dam provide?

5. Do you know the following words? Study the meaning of the words: “displacement’, ‘debate’, ‘income’.

WHILE-LISTENING

Watch the video and answer the following questions:

6. Where is this picturesque place situated?

7. What kind of construction is shown in the track?

8. How far are these two places from each other?

9. What is the problem of the construction?

10. Why is the Chinese family shown in the track?

11. How big is the family?

12. How big is their place of living at the moment?

13. What does Ma Guoming think about the project?

14. How many dams are going to be built along the river?

15. Is compensation given quickly to the people?

16. How much is the compensation given?

17. How many residents were moved from their places of living?

18. Complete the following phrase: “No land means no …… and that …… an uncertain ……“

POST-LISTENING

19. Comment on the problem discussed in the track.

CANAL MIRAFLORES

(01:20)

PRE-LISTENING

1. What is a canal?

2. Which famous canals do you remember?

3. Do you know the following words? Study the meaning of the following words:

“marvel” = something that is wonderful or that surprises you.

“lock” = a part of a canal where the level of water changes. Locks have gates at each end and are used to allow boats to move to a higher or lower level.

“to appreciate” = to enjoy something or to understand the value of something.

WHILE-LISTENING

Watch the video and answer the following questions:

4. What is the name of the Canal? Complete the heading.

5. What part of the world is the Canal situated in?

6. How long is the Canal?

7. What oceans are mentioned in the track? Why?

8. What is the height that the ships are raised?

9. Where exactly is the Miraflores Lock situated?

10. What is special about this Lock?

11. Who was this film made by?

POST-LISTENING

12. Would you like to appreciate the process of ship passing through the lock?