What people live on the continent what

What people live on the continent what

Задание №11850.
Чтение. ОГЭ по английскому

Вы проводите информационный поиск в ходе выполнения проектной работы. Определите, в каком из текстов A — F содержатся ответы на интересующие Вас вопросы 1 — 7. Один из вопросов останется без ответа.

1. What people live on the continent?
2. What is done to protect Antarctica’s environment?
3. How was Antarctica discovered?
4. What would happen if Antarctica’s temperature rose?
5. How has the continent changed over the years?
6. What are the colours of Antarctica’s flag?
7. Why is Antarctica often called a dry land?

A. Antarctica has no government and no country owns this continent. It is the only region on earth which is not ruled by any nation. There are no local people in Antarctica. However, in the summer season, more than four thousand scientists from different countries come to study the mysterious region while one thousand stay there in the winter season. The scientific bases are the only ‘settlements’ with residents who stay for several months or a year.

B. Antarctica is a huge desert, despite the fact that it holds 70 percent of the world’s fresh water. Usually, no more than six centimeters of rain fall per year. Most of this falls in the eastern part of the continent. These figures are comparable to those of the Sahara desert. Some parts of Antarctica have had no rain or snow for the last 2 million years.

C. You will be surprised to know that Antarctica was found just 200 years ago. The ancient Greeks did not mark Antarctica on their maps. It was only in 1820 that travellers found this icy, white continent. Actually, it happened by accident. The captain of the Imperial Russian Navy, Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, was the first person who saw Antarctica from his ship. It was on 27th January 1820.

E. Since Antarctica is not a country, it has neither a state emblem nor an official flag. However, in 2002, a special flag was approved by the Antarctic Treaty Organization. The design of the flag was suggested by Graham Bartram who used the flag of the United Nations as its basic pattern. The white image of Antarctica on the blue background looks simple and elegant.

F. Fifty million years ago Antarctica had a mild climate, evergreen forests and many more kinds of animals than it has today. Due to continental drift, Antarctica moved from the equator to the South Pole, where it is today. Nowadays, Antarctica is the coldest continent on the planet and almost completely covered with a layer of ice. However, its wildlife is quite diverse: from emperor penguins and humpback whales to small bugs in the coastal areas.

Решение:
В тексте A содержится ответ на вопрос 1 (What people live on the continent? — Какие люди живут на континенте?): «. more than four thousand scientists from different countries come to study the mysterious region. »

В тексте B содержится ответ на вопрос 7 (Why is Antarctica often called a dry land? — Почему Антарктиду часто называют сушей?): «Antarctica is a huge desert, despite the fact that it holds 70 percent of the world’s fresh water»

В тексте C содержится ответ на вопрос 3 (How was Antarctica discovered? — Как была открыта Антарктида?): «It was only in 1820 that travellers found this icy, white continent.»

В тексте D содержится ответ на вопрос 4 (What would happen if Antarctica’s temperature rose? — Что произойдет, если температура в Антарктиде повысится?): «If all of the Antarctic ice melted, the sea level around the world would rise about 70 meters.»

В тексте E содержится ответ на вопрос 6 (What are the colours of Antarctica’s flag? — Какого цвета флаг Антарктиды?): «The white image of Antarctica on the blue background looks simple and elegant.»

В тексте F содержится ответ на вопрос 5 (How has the continent changed over the years? — Как континент изменился за эти годы?): «Nowadays, Antarctica is the coldest continent on the planet. »

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Источник: ФИПИ. Открытый банк тестовых заданий
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Учебник Spotlight 9. Student Book. Страница 134

The Challenge of Antarctica — Проблемы Антарктиды

1. What do you know about Antarctica? Read the fact file. Which piece(s) of information do you find most impressive? — Что вы знаете об Антарктиде? Прочитайте перечень фактов. Что из этого вы находите наиболее впечатляющим?

I found it most interesting that Antarctica is the highest place in the world. I’ve tried to learn more about this topic and found out that the average height of this continent is more than 2000 meters above sea level. The height of the continent’s central part is more than 4000 meters above sea level. And the highest point the mountain group Vinson is 4892 meters above sea level. The lowest point of Antarctica is the Bentley Cavity that is 2555 meters below sea level.

Для меня самым интересным было то, что Антарктида — самое высокое место в мире. Я попытался узнать побольше об этом и выяснил, что средняя высота этого континента более 2000 метров над уровнем моря. Высота центральной части континента составляет более 4000 метров над уровнем моря. А самая высокая точка горного массива Винсон составляет 4892 метра над уровнем моря. Самая низкая точка Антарктиды — впадина Бентли — 2555 метров ниже уровня моря.

2. Check the collocations in the Word List. How could these things be related to Antarctica? Read the text to find out. — Проверьте значение выражений в словаре. Как эти вещи влияют на Антарктиду? Прочитайте текст, чтобы узнать.

3. Read again and find the correct word (A-D) for each gap (1-10). Listen and check. — Прочитайте еще раз и вставьте корректные слова для каждого пробела (1-10). Послушайте и проверьте.

The Challenge of Antarctica. The Earth’s Last Great Wilderness

A hundred years ago, the great explorers Scott, Shackleton and Amundsen were racing to be the first to reach the South Pole. Today, the beautiful frozen continent of Antarctica is facing some very different challenges …

Global Warming

Another problem is that melting ice forms clouds, which 5) directs /leads/ follows/result s to more snowfall. This can make life very difficult for some of the wildlife in Antarctica, such as penguins, whose eggs rot in the snow. Scientists are also worrying about rising sea temperatures. In seas just 2oC warmer, mollusks cannot bury themselves in the seabed, limpets cannot turn over and scallops can’t swim. These creatures are then caught more easily by predators and the 6) whole/ total/big/ful l food chain is affected. It won’t be long, therefore, before larger birds and animals such as whales, seals and sealions are endangered if sea temperatures continue to rise!

Human Impact

Antarctica isn’t called ‘the Earth’s last great wilderness’ for no 7) intention/cause/opinion /reason! No country owns it and no native people live there. Therefore, its clean air, water and ice make it the perfect place for scientists to 8) carry/ put/bring/have out research. Therefore, Antarctica has become the world’s largest laboratory! Many countries have 9) set down/made up /set up/ put down scientific bases there, which means that the population now ranges from about 1,000 in winter to about 4,000 in summer. Also, 30,000 adventurous tourists now visit Antarctica each year. It might seem like a nice idea to visit a totally unspoilt place full of amazing scenery, wildlife, glaciers and icebergs, but wherever there are humans, there is impact on the environment such as rubbish, CO2 emissions from burning fuel and pollution from boats. If we are not careful, both scientists and tourists may 10) break/kill/injure /destroy the very qualities that draw them to Antarctica!

Проблемы Антарктиды — последнего клочка нетронутой природы на Земле

Сто лет назад великие исследователи Скотт, Шеклтон и Амундсен стремились первыми достичь Южного полюса. Сегодня прекрасный замерзший континент Антарктида сталкивается с совершенно иными проблемами…

Глобальное потепление

Глобальное потепление не является чем-то новым. Мы все знаем, что сжигание ископаемого топлива, парниковые газы и вырубка лесов приводят к повышению температуры в мире. А за последние 50 лет температура в Антарктике возросла примерно на 3 °C, что примерно в 10 раз больше, чем в остальном мире! В результате ледники и айсберги тают, а шельфовые ледники откалываются и уплывают в море, что очень плохо! Если толстый полярный ледяной покров Антарктиды в конечном итоге растает, то не только нагреется весь мир, но и уровень моря может подняться примерно на 6 метров, затопив многие прибрежные районы. Это чрезвычайно тревожно, так как почти каждый город с населением более 10 миллионов человек находится на побережье!

Другая проблема заключается в том, что тающий лед формирует облака, что приводит к большему количеству снегопадов. Это может сделать жизнь очень сложной для некоторых диких животных в Антарктиде, таких как пингвины, чьи яйца протухнут в снегу. Ученые также обеспокоены повышением температуры моря. Если море станет всего лишь на 2 градуса теплее, моллюски не смогут закапаться на морском дне, морские улитки (лимпеты — моллюски с ракушками в форме блюдца) не смогут перевернуться, а гребешки (моллюск со створчатой ракушкой) не смогут плавать. Таким образом хищникам будет проще поймать эти существа и вся пищевая цепочка будет разрушена. Пройдет не так много времени, когда большие птицы и животные, такие как киты, тюлени и морские львы, окажутся под угрозой исчезновения, если температура моря продолжит расти!

Воздействие человека

Антарктида недаром зовется последним клочком дикой природы на Земле! Ни одна страна не владеет ею и там не живет ни один коренной народ. Таким образом, её чистый воздух, вода и лед делают её идеальным местом для проведения научных исследований. Поэтому Антарктида стала крупнейшей лабораторией в мире! Многие страны создали там научные базы, а это означает, что численность населения там в настоящее время варьируется от 1000 человек зимой до примерно 4000 человек летом. Кроме того, ежегодно Антарктиду посещают 30000 искателей приключений. Может показаться хорошей идеей посетить совершенно нетронутое место, полное удивительных пейзажей, дикой природы, ледников и айсбергов, но где бы ни появлялись люди, там будет их воздействие на окружающую среду, такое как мусор, выбросы СО2 от сжигания топлива и загрязнение моря от судов. Если мы не будем осторожны, ученые и туристы могут уничтожить те самые качества, которые притягивают их в Антарктиду!

Комментарий: Обратите внимание на фразу «isn’t called… for no reason». Вероятно, она может вызвать затруднение при переводе. Ее правильный перевод «недаром зовется».

4. Explain the words/phrases in bold. Check in the Word List, then use some of them to complete the sentences below.

5. Why is it important for us to protect Antarctica? How can we do this? Spend three minutes writing a few sentences on the topic. Read them to the class. — Почему для нас так важно защитить Антарктиду? Как мы можем сделать это? За три минуты напишите несколько предложений по этой теме. Прочитайте их классу.

Antarctica is called «the Earth’s last great wilderness». However, there is a real danger of an environmental disaster in Antarctica. Major challenges include the melting of the ice sheet, the ozone layer degradation, and the extinction of animals in Antarctica. People now know that many of the environmental problems of Antarctica are caused by human activities throughout the world. Unfortunately, there is no single solution to these Antarctic problems. Scientists are not even sure whether the melting of glaciers, the ozone layer degradation and the ecosystem destroying of Antarctica can be stopped. But it can be slowed down if people take control of deforestation and air and water pollution by industry. Many countries use environmentally friendly technologies, such as waste-free production and recycling. If all countries follow this example, the ecological catastrophe of Antarctica can be postponed. And the time it’s given will probably help us to find a solution. In addition, I think that access to Antarctica should be restricted, leaving a minimum number of scientific stations and banning tourism.

Антарктиду называют «последним клочком нетронутой природы на Земле». Однако существует реальная угроза экологической катастрофы в Антарктиде. Среди главных проблем — таяние ледяного покрова, расширение озонового слоя и вымирание животных в Антарктиде. Сегодня людям уже известно, что причиной многих экологических проблем Антарктиды является деятельность людей на всей Земле. К сожалению, не существует какого-либо единственного решения этих проблем Антарктиды. Ученые даже не уверены, можно ли остановить процесс таяния ледников, разрушения озонового слоя и экосистемы Антарктиды. Но замедлить этот процесс можно, если люди возьмут под контроль вырубку лесов, загрязнение воздуха и воды промышленными предприятиями. Многие страны уже используют не наносящие вред окружающей природе технологии, такие как безотходное производство и вторичную переработку отходов. Если все государства последуют их примеру, экологическую катастрофу Антарктиды можно будет отсрочить. А выигранное время, возможно, позволит найти решение. Кроме того, я думаю, что доступ в Антарктиду людям следует ограничить, оставив минимальное количество научных станций и запретив туризм.

Анатолий
Анатольевич
Eфремов

Раздел 2 (задания по Чтению)

Запишите в таблицу выбранные цифры под соответствующими буквами

The Moominland series of books and cartoons are very popular with children. They have been translated into several languages, filmed and staged. Moomins, the funny fictional animal characters, were invented by the Finnish fairy tale writer, Tove Jansson. These characters lived in the imaginary country of Moominland. The author not only wrote the story but also made professional illustrations for every book in the series.

When she was a child, Tove Jansson never planned to be a writer. Born into the family of a sculptor and an artist, Tove enjoyed a relaxed and creative atmosphere in her home, open to many people. She spent a lot of time painting and staging fairy tales with her brothers. Since her early years, Tove was impressed by Christian Andersen’s fairy tales. In her imagination she lived the characters’ lives and imagined their adventures in her colourful dreams.

The family often went on sea trips, the memories of which Tove kept for years. She admired the Finnish landscapes with beautiful sunsets and sunrises, she watched the sea constantly changing its colour and the cosy bays. All the magic appeared later in the pictures of the Moomin valley with the blue house standing in the middle of it.

At about fourteen, Tove realized she wanted to go into painting professionally. At first, she worked for a local children’s magazine together with her mother. When Tove completed her school course, she studied fine arts in colleges in Finland and abroad. Tove’s excellent education, talent, and magnificent artistic skills allowed her to illustrate the books of the famous English writers J.R.R. Tolkien and Lewis Carroll. She made some successful wall paintings in Helsinki as well.

At the age of thirty, Tove still had the character of a child who suffered from the injustice and cruelty of life. At that time, she thought of creating an alternative honest and fair world for people like herself. She created it in her imagination. Once Tove recalled a small white hippo she had drawn on the wall to tease her little brother. This is how a new character of Finnish literature, the Moomin, appeared.

Her first book was published in 1946. The fantasy characters were something new for a children’s book of that time. That is why they made Tove Jansson famous overnight. Images of Moomins made in wood, china, soap and plastic spread all over the world. The first book was followed by eleven more tales of Moominland. Each new story reflected an important event in Tove’s life.

In the 1970s, Janssen started to write stories and novels for adult readers. Apart from the illustrations of children’s books Tove Jansson returned to serious painting. The critics praised her pictures a lot for their colours and harmony. Tove Jansson’s most well-known works are a self-portrait and a portrait of her friend. However, she used to say that people would remember her only as the author of the Moomins, not as a painter. This made Tove Jansson feel sad.

All the Moomins tales had a happy ending. Just like her characters, Tove Jansson made her dream come true. At the end of her life she bought a small island in Finland to settle there with her mother. She arranged children’s festivals on the island and read her tales for the young audience. Her house, like the one in the Moominland, was always open to her numerous friends and readers, who often came to her island.

Continent and Region Populations 2022

There are seven continents in the world:

As of 2017, the global population has reached more than 7.5 billion people, spanning the inhabited continents of Africa, North and South America, Asia, Europe and Australia/Oceania. Encompassing the two most highly populated countries in the world – China and India – Asia is by far the largest of the continents, with a total population of over 4.5 billion people.

Around 40 million people live in Australia/Oceania, the smallest continent. Australia/Oceania is a good example of how the definition of a continent can be complex, as this continent is often, but not always, considered to include the subregions of Polynesia, Micronesia and Melanesia, and can also be defined as including the entire area between the Americas and Asia. If these regions are excluded and only Australia and New Zealand are counted, the population total drops to under 30 million.

Continents by Size

The world’s largest continent is Asia, which spans over 17,212,000 square miles (44,579,000 square kilometers). Asia comprises about 30.0% of the Earth’s total land area.

Africa is the world’s second-largest continent with 11,508,000 square miles (30,065,000 square kilometers) of land, making up 20.3% of the Earth’s total land area.

Below are the rest of the continents from next largest to smallest by land area:

What are the 7 Continents of the World?

People tend to think of the seven continents in terms of large land portions. While this understanding is certainly helpful, there is much more to continents!

Think about, for example, how all continents have islands that are separate from the main land mass. The continent of Australia has islands like New Zealand and Papua New Guinea; Europe has Iceland, Great Britain, Ireland, and Greenland (to name just a few); and Asia is home to Sri Lanka, Japan, and the massive archipelagos of the Philippines and Indonesia. Even Antarctica has islands!

Consider also that Europe and Asia are part of the same land mass but are deemed to be two separate continents. This separation is because the cultures on one side of the land mass are substantially different from the cultures on the other side.

To best understand the seven continents, rather than merely thinking about land, think in terms of geographical features along with shared histories and cultures. Iceland and Greenland are far from mainland Europe, but they were both settled by Nordic peoples from Scandinavia; therefore these areas still connect regarding a cultural ancestry with many Europeans. However, even though Greenland is governed by Denmark and was settled by Vikings, it is considered part of North America.

North America was originally inhabited by numerous tribes of Native Americans, some of which still exist and practice indigenous cultures and traditions. However, they were overwhelmed by European settlers who brought slaves from Africa. These settlers went on to build large farms that supported large cities – and for a long time, both the farms and cities were largely supported by slave labor. This cultural history makes the United States and Canada very similar to each other and very different from other parts of the world.

But what about Mexico? Isn’t Mexico part of North America? Yes, technically, as are many Central American countries, including Belize, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Guatemala. In terms of geographical features, Mexico and Central America, as well as the Caribbean islands, are part of North America. Culturally, though, parts of the Caribbean, Mexico, and Central America tend to be grouped with South America in a region known as Latin America.

Most of the people in these countries speak Spanish (although Brazil’s dominant language is notably Portuguese), and the dominant religion is Catholicism. So are Mexico and Central America part of North America? This answer really depends on whether you ask a geographer or an anthropologist!

There are seven continents: North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica. Each continent is extremely diverse – even Antarctica has various teams of scientists from all over the world, as well as different animals that live there. Think of them as mega-regions – they have some broad, general things in common, but when discussed in terms of individual people groups that live on each continent, there can be profound differences.

For example, the diversity between the Yupik peoples of Alaska and the inhabitants of New Orleans, even though they are on the same continent, are probably greater than the differences between the Yupik and the Ainu peoples of Japan. So keep in mind that studying continents requires thinking in broad, general terms that may not apply to everyone on the continent.

Africa

Africa

After Asia, Africa is the largest and most populous of the seven continents. It is perhaps the most diverse in terms of cultures, languages, and people groups, some of which are still untouched by Westernization and modernity. Paleoanthropologists believe that humans originated in Africa and that from there, they migrated throughout the rest of the world. Africa has historically been the home of many great civilizations, such as those of Ancient Egypt, Timbuktu, and Abyssinia.

Today, there are 55 sovereign states in Africa, though there are thousands of people groups, many of which speak their own languages, have their own traditions and cultures, and consider themselves to be nations.

Today, Africa is best understood as being divided into two regions. North Africa is north of the Sahara desert; its countries are predominantly Muslim, and most of the people speak Arabic. Sub-Saharan Africa lies south of the Sahara desert, and while it includes many Muslim populations, it also has significant communities of Christians and other religions.

Of all the seven continents, Africa suffered the worst effects of colonization. The slave trade led to many Africans being kidnapped and sent to North America to work on plantations. Countries like Belgium, France, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom governed countries in such a way that the people were forced into servitude. The colonial governments created countries whose borders were so arbitrary that people groups became separated from each other. The effects on traditional, indigenous culture were disastrous.

Many of the long-standing conflicts in Africa today, such as the wars in the Congo, are the legacy of colonialism. The governments of many African countries are notoriously corrupt, and sadly, genocides, such as those in Rwanda and Sudan, continue to occur.

However, one success story is that of South Africa. Following the end of Dutch colonial rule, a policy of apartheid ensured that black Africans had few rights and that whites who lived there enjoyed lifestyles of privilege and prestige. Thankfully, the fall of apartheid and the election of Nelson Mandela showed that African countries could heal from the ravages of colonialism. Today in South Africa, though, there are still significant disparities between whites and blacks, and many blacks remain in dire poverty.

Today, countries in Africa have some of the lowest human development indexes (HDIs) in the world. Nearly all of the 30 countries with the lowest HDIs, as reported by the United Nations, are in Africa; missing from the list is Somalia, in the horn of Africa, which is considered to be a failed state and is one of the most impoverished and dangerous places in the world. However, Africa is abundant in natural resources and hard-working people; what is holding the continent back is the corrupt governments and longstanding conflicts that came to dominate the scene following the withdrawal of colonial governments. Africa is not poor but rather poorly managed.

Africa’s geography is dominated by the Sahara desert, which is the world’s largest desert and is growing due to the environmental crisis. The Nile River is possibly the longest river in the world (though some believe that the Amazon may actually be longer), and it provides water to the countries of Sudan and Egypt. Africa has vast savannahs and woodlands, but the continent is being deforested at twice the global average. Giant land animals, such as elephants, giraffes, and rhinoceroses, are endangered because of poaching. Given that much of the continent is impoverished and under corrupt governments, addressing the environmental crisis in Africa requires international action.

The African Union, which formed in 2001 and includes all 55 African countries, can be seen as a corollary to the European Union. It has strengthened relations among nations in Africa and hopes to work to decrease poverty and end human rights violations. One notable sign of success in Africa is that during the civil war in the Congo, neighboring African countries, rather than Western countries, have been intervening and attempting to promote peace and reconciliation. With assistance from international organizations, countries all across Africa will become even more empowered to lift themselves out of poverty and address the environmental crisis.

Тест для подготовки к ОГЭ

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«Тест для подготовки к ОГЭ»

Вы услышите четыре коротких текста, обозначенных буквами А, B, C, D.

В заданиях 1–4 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

What present will you get, if you buy something today?

On Sunday, Sophie is invited …

1) to attend an event in the sports centre.

2) to take part in a swimming competition.

3) to go to the city concert.

Why did Sally miss Alex’s call yesterday?

1) Sally’s phone was not working properly.

2) Sally had muted her phone for a concert.

3) Sally had left her phone at home.

What is Mark’s favourite subject?

1) Maths. 2) Science.3) French.

Вы готовите тематическую радиопередачу с высказываниями пяти разных людей, обозначенных буквами А, В, С, D, Е. Подберите к каждому высказыванию соответствующую его содержанию рубрику из списка 1–6. Используйте каждую рубрику из списка только один раз. В списке есть одна лишняя рубрика. Вы услышите запись дважды.

1. They should be unplanned

2. They must have tasty food

3. They should be quite small

4. They must be memorable

5. They need simple entertainment

6. They need to be planned

Вы помогаете своему другу, юному радиожурналисту, проанализировать подготовленное им для передачи интервью. Прослушайте аудиозапись интервью и занесите данные в таблицу. Вы можете вписать не более одного слова (без артиклей) из прозвучавшего текста. Числа необходимо записывать буквами. Вы услышите запись дважды.

The country he/she wants to visit____________________

Age of the respondent____________________ years old

Regular sports activity_____________________________

1. What people live on the continent?

2. What is done to protect Antarctica’s environment?

3. How was Antarctica discovered?

4. What would happen if Antarctica’s temperature rose?

5. How has the continent changed over the years?

6. What are the colours of Antarctica’s flag?

7. Why is Antarctica often called a dry land?

A. Antarctica has no government and no country owns this continent. It is the only region on earth which is not ruled by any nation. There are no local people in Antarctica. However, in the summer season, more than four thousand scientists from different countries come to study the mysterious region while one thousand stay there in the winter season. The scientific bases are the only ‘settlements’ with residents who stay for several months or a year.

B. Antarctica is a huge desert, despite the fact that it holds 70 percent of the world’s fresh water. Usually, no more than six centimeters of rain fall per year. Most of this falls in the eastern part of the continent. These figures are comparable to those of the Sahara desert. Some parts of Antarctica have had no rain or snow for the last 2 million years.

C. You will be surprised to know that Antarctica was found just 200 years ago. The ancient Greeks did not mark Antarctica on their maps. It was only in 1820 that travellers found this icy, white continent. Actually, it happened by accident. The captain of the Imperial Russian Navy, Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, was the first person who saw Antarctica from his ship. It was on 27th January 1820.

E. Since Antarctica is not a country, it has neither a state emblem nor an official flag. However, in 2002, a special flag was approved by the Antarctic Treaty Organization. The design of the flag was suggested by Graham Bartram who used the flag of the United Nations as its basic pattern. The white image of Antarctica on the blue background looks simple and elegant.

F. Fifty million years ago Antarctica had a mild climate, evergreen forests and many more kinds of animals than it has today. Due to continental drift, Antarctica moved from the equator to the South Pole, where it is today. Nowadays, Antarctica is the coldest continent on the planet and almost completely covered with a layer of ice. However, its wildlife is quite diverse: from emperor penguins and humpback whales to small bugs in the coastal areas.

Christmas Tree Memories

My name is Ted. I grew up in the 50s, but my childhood memories are still alive. The most pleasant of them is the family Christmas tree. Besides my mum and dad, there were five children in the family. We all took part in decorating the Christmas tree, one way or another. It was a special time for me as dad took us for a trip to the winter forest.

The experience was special as only boys were allowed to go to the countryside to pick out the tree. At the age of five I felt proud to be in a man’s adventure. I remember walking through the forest with dad looking for the perfect, large tree. We had a tall ceiling in the living room, so a small tree did not look right there.

At the age of five, even a small tree seemed great to me. To measure a tree I raised my hands above my head and looked up. If I could reach the top of the tree I thought it was big enough. Dad, however, always chose the perfect tree very carefully.

Once he had made his choice, he took out an axe to cut down the tree. I wanted to help my dad and brothers, but they always told me to stand back. When the cutting began, I tried to hold the tree up. I was afraid the tree would fall on them and I felt strong enough to hold it.

After the tree was down we took it to the car and went back home. I don’t remember how we got that large tree through the door, but it was always right. Then dad got the tree to stand up and we could start the decorating. The tree, the boxes with decorations and a tall ladder took up the whole room.

All the family took part as mum gave everyone a task. I had to pass the decorations. What I liked best about the Christmas tree was the lights. After everybody else had left I stayed in the room and watched the lights travelling up and down the Christmas tree.

Dad had one more special job that day. Mum took her favourite ornament, a lighted angel, which she had got as a present from her family. Dad climbed up the ladder and fixed the angel at the top of the Christmas tree. When I looked at the angel, I thought Santa was close to my house.

Everyone was ready to celebrate Christmas. The decorated shining tree was so big that it nearly touched the ceiling. I felt I was a small part of a big adventure. The last few years we lived in that house the trips to the forest with dad ceased. We bought an artificial tree instead.

Ted’s family had a tradition of decorating the Christmas tree together.

When Ted’s father went to choose their Christmas tree, Ted stayed at home.

Ted’s family lived in a small town.

Ted’s father always chose a tall tree for Christmas.

Ted’s mother preferred the Christmas decorations created by her children.

A lighted angel was Ted’s favourite Christmas decoration.

There was a star on the top of the Christmas tree in Ted’s house.

Finally the family stopped having a live Christmas tree.

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 20–28, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию 20–28.

Tracey was very unhappy and scared. She was starting a new school.

“I __________________ to go to school today,” Tracey told her father.NOT WANT

“I understand, Tracey,” he said. “Starting a new school can be very difficult. But you have to.”

A month before __________________ family had moved to a new town and everything was still new and strange for Tracey.THEY

Dad smoothed Tracey’s hair down and __________________ her a little hug,GIVE

“When your classes __________________ over, I’ll pick you up, ok?”BE

When Tracey got to school and looked at the big building, she thought, “I wish I __________________ run away,” but she knew it was impossible.CAN

She took a deep breath and walked up the steps to school. She went straight into her __________________ grade classroom.FIVE

“That must be Tracey,” “Hello, Tracey!”, “Welcome, Tracey!” the __________________ in the room welcomed her.CHILD

Everyone seemed friendly and Tracey felt a little __________________.GOOD

The father picked her up after school. “How was your day?” he asked. To his surprise Tracey answered that she __________________ her new school.

“You are a brave girl,” her father said. “I’m proud of you.”LIKE

Have you heard of a Tadeus Bodnar? He is a __________________ Hungarian hairdresser.FAME

Not long ago he stopped using the __________________ scissors and comb. Now his instruments are axes, irons and vacuum cleaners.TRADITION

Now he is very __________________ and happy because with his innovative techniques he can express himself better.SUCCESS

He cuts hair in his shop in Budapest by chopping it with an axe. Then he styles the hair using a vacuum cleaner, or straightens it with an iron. It’s difficult to believe but the extravagant hairdresser is very popular. Many people find him very __________________.CREATE

Every day there’s an __________________ line of people streaming to his shop.END

They wish to change their __________________ and have a thrilling, new experience.APPEAR

Jane liked going to the park with her mum. One day when they were there, she said, “There is so much rubbish on the ground.”They looked around. There were old __________________, waste paper and cans on the ground.BOX

Several benches __________________.BREAK

“You are right,” her mum said. “I wish people __________________ about the environment more.”CARE

“I do care about it but I __________________ what I can do to help the park,” said Jane.NOT KNOW

Jane and her mum went home. In the evening she painted a picture of the park. At the top of the picture she __________________ “PLEASE KEEP ME CLEAN”.WRITE

The next day Jane and her mum went to the park __________________ than usual. Jane taped her picture onto a big rubbish bin and started picking up rubbish.EARLY

Some children ran over to see what was going on. They decided to help Jane. Soon all the rubbish was in the bags.

“Good job,” Jane said, “We __________________ half of the park.CLEAN

If we come and complete the other part tomorrow, the whole park __________________ clean and tidy.BE

I hope people won’t throw __________________ rubbish here any more.”THEY

It was early morning. Ben jumped out of his bed as soon as the __________________ rays of sun came into the room. He grabbed his backpack and started to pack.ONE

Ben put in some of his favourite things to take with __________________ on the trip to Grandpa’s. He put in his favourite book, his kite and his teddy bear.HE

Soon everything __________________ and he started to get dressed.PACK

Visiting Grandpa had always been the __________________ part of his summer vacation.GOOD

Together, they went fishing and watched football matches. Grandpa __________________ him how to repair bikes and other things.TEACH

Ben’s mum entered his room. “Grandpa’s here,” she said with a smile. Ben told her that he __________________ ready to go.BE

He grabbed his backpack and ran into the kitchen where Grandpa __________________ his tea.DRINK

“Ready, big guy?” asked Grandpa. “Will you have breakfast before we leave?”

“No, I __________________ hungry”, Ben answered, “I’ll have breakfast at your place.

Grandma __________________ something nice for me, hasn’t she?”COOK

People are afraid of lots of things. There are many __________________ kinds of fears called phobias.DIFFER

They affect at least a quarter of the __________________.POPULATE

The __________________ treatment for people with strong phobias is some kind of therapy. In most cases it doesn’t work but doctors still believe that phobias can be cured.TRADITION

__________________ they have discovered a drug which can help people to overcome their phobias.RECENT

It doesn’t work for everybody but when it does, it is very __________________.EFFECT

People, who take the pill feel much better – most of their fears __________________.APPEAR

I was sitting in an arm-chair and watching my sister Alison. She was getting ready for a party. Alison was 15 years __________________ than me and she always treated me like a child.OLD

Alison took her jewellery box from the table. The box __________________ of wood and had colourful stones on the top.

“You know you must never touch it, right?” Alison said.MAKE

“If the box was mine, I __________________ you to touch it whenever you wanted,” I answered. Alison said nothing to that.ALLOW

When she put on her jewelry, she looked like a princess. She moved gracefully as if her __________________ didn’t touch the ground.FOOT

Alison kissed me goodnight and left. I tried to resist my curiosity but I __________________. I opened the box.

There __________________ lots of rings, ear-rings, bracelets and necklaces inside. I got them all out.BE

The __________________ piece of jewelry I tried on was a silver necklace. After that I lost track of time.

Suddenly I __________________ Alison. She was standing at the doorway and looking at me angrily.SEE

I __________________ what to say.

Many years have passed since that night. Now I am a designer – I create clothes and accessories. My sister likes my work very much.NOT KNOW

People travel a lot nowadays. Planes are considered to be the most __________________ means of transport but for some people airports can be a nightmare.COMFORT

There are __________________ queues when you check in and you waste lots of time if your flight is delayed.END

However, there are some airports where you can __________________ enjoy yourself.ACTUAL

For example, you’ll never be bored at Hong Kong’s international airport. There are thousands of people from __________________ countries here but the passengers never experience any problems because everything is well organised.DIFFER

There are attendants in red coats, who help you get from one place to another. It’s very good for people with no sense of __________________.DIRECT

The attendants are always very polite and __________________.HELP

The phone rang in Clark Taylor’s house at nearly three in the morning. He answered it only after the __________________ ring. “Hello,” Clark said in a sleepy voice.FIVE

“Mr. Taylor. Thank goodness. I need your help.”

Clark definitely __________________ the voice.KNOW

However, he was sleepy and __________________ remember who it was.NOT CAN

“Mr. Taylor!” the man said. “I am in trouble. The police allowed me only one phone call. And I am calling you.”

Then, the fog cleared. Although nearly ten years had passed since __________________ last meeting, Clark was able to recognise the voice.THEY

It belonged to Martin Hall, one of the __________________ math students he had ever had.BRIGHT

“Martin, what’s happened? Where are you? ” Clark asked.

“In the police station. I __________________ at the railway station two hours ago. I was going to a conference.

The police mistook me for another person. The irony is that I really do look like the criminal that they are looking for. Besides that, I __________________ my ID card and I can’t prove who I am. You are the only person in this town who knows me. Can you help me?” Martin Hall asked.LOSE

“If you give me the address, I __________________ at once,” Clark said, jumping up of the bed.COME

It was not difficult for him to prove that Martin Hall was his former student. Clark brought a scientific journal with Martin’s article and a photo of him. The __________________ were surprised to find out that their prisoner was a capable young scientist.POLICEMAN

Can people live without friends? Most of us would say «no». Friends make our lives enjoyable and __________________.INTEREST

Friendship is something you can’t buy. It is a __________________ and valuable gift.WONDER

It is __________________ to live without people who care for you and who are always ready to help.POSSIBLE

However, to find a true friend is not easy. Friendship requires honesty, trust and __________________.KIND

Being a friend means not only having fun together but helping each other in a difficult __________________.SITUATE

A true friend not only praises you but tells you when you are not right too. If you have already found such a person,you’re _______LUCK

By today’s standards, my mobile phone is pretty basic. It’s a Nokia. It’s a small device that receives telephone calls and sends text messages. Other than that, my phone __________________ much.NOT DO

Most of my friends wish they __________________ smartphones because they are cool and trendy.HAVE

They say the __________________ thing about a smartphone is that you ‘can do everything with it!’GOOD

That’s right, smartphones have many more functions than a simple phone, however, not all of them are needed. In everyday life, smartphones __________________ mainly for checking social networking sites, replying to emails, and playing games.USE

Grown-ups as well as __________________ like playing games.CHILD

Anyway, I prefer my good old Nokia. It’s my __________________ mobile phone.ONE

When I bought it, it didn’t cost __________________ very much. And I am not afraid anyone will ever steal it.

It’s also very reliable. Yesterday I dropped it. It __________________ down the staircase and hit the wall.

I thought that __________________ the end of it. But nothing of the kind – it still works properly!