You will understand that sales steadily in the past two years if you analysis

Помощь с заданиями по английскому языку, ИОП

Part 1.

All business professionals need to become good communicators to succeed. To achieve success, it is essential to establish effective communication habits. Effective communication takes preparation, practice and persistence. Good communicators get themselves organized before they write any material. They research the subject matter to be discussed and have defined objectives to motivate their readers to action. They always consider the information the reader needs, and review and rework it for increased clarity and sense. Unclear and confusing correspondence can cause many problems, and can lead to misunderstandings, delays, lost business and poor relations between individuals, departments and companies. A good writing style should give a positive message, show the writer’s familiarity with the subject matter, relate the right information in concise, friendly manner, and, if necessary motivate the reader.

The tasks of writing letters in reply to input materials included in the manual are aimed at developing skills of expressing opinions, evaluating, hypothesizing, justifying, persuading, prioritizing, summarizing, comparing and contrasting as well as advising, apologizing, correcting, describing, explaining, recommending and suggesting. It is necessary to understand whether the purpose of the letter is to persuade someone, to ask an opinion or advise, recommend, correct someone. Keeping the balance between the functions required by the task and the relationship with the target reader is extremely important. It is absolutely necessary for students to think carefully and understand who the target reader is for each task and write in an appropriate style and tone: whether to a client, a colleague or someone in a position of authority.

To succeed in creating a concise high quality letter in reply, first and foremost it is necessary to study the input material which is presented in a letter and accompanying notes. Students need to understand the importance of reading the questions carefully, underlining the most important parts. They need to plan an answer which addresses all the points required by the task.

As the overall aim of business writing is to make the positive effect on the target reader, it is necessary for students to adopt an appropriate style, layout and register for every task. Using a persuasive or cooperative style will instantly engage a recipient, making them much more likely to respond in a positive helpful manner – so it is necessary to be clear, objective, and polite in everything you write. Listing information in simple sentences is not enough: organisation and cohesion, clear layout, balance, appropriate register, control and accuracy of language are all important features of task achievement.

When planning writing it is important to use effective paragraphing. Each of the required points should be presented in a separate paragraph.

Using a variety of linking words is extremely important too, as it ensures that the flow of ideas in the writing is logical and easy for the reader to follow. A good piece of writing should demonstrate an overall cohesion to the whole task at text level as well as at sentence level.

Before doing the task students need to be well aware of criteria of good writing practice – assessment criteria, which include four parameters – content, communicative achievement, organisation and language.

Content focuses on how well the candidate has fulfilled the task, if all the issues are covered in the reply.

Communicative achievement focuses on how appropriate the writing is for the task and whether the writer has used the appropriate register.

Organisation focuses on the way the writer puts together the piece of writing, if it is logical and ordered.

Language focuses on vocabulary and grammar, specifically, on the range of language as well as how accurate it is.

The length of responses matters as well, very short responses may not have an adequate range of language and may not provide the information that is required, while responses which are too long may contain irrelevant content and have a negative effect on the reader.

Part 2

2. 1. SAMPLE TASK ONE

Ex. 2. 1. 1. Study thoroughly Sample Task One. It contains the task and the input letter.

You must answer this question.

You work for a firm of accountants. One of your clients, PDT

Construction, has applied for a loan to purchase and develop an industrial site. You have received the following letter from PDT Construction’s bank.

Read the letter from Lars Fleming, an Account Manager at the bank, on which you have already made some notes. Then, using all the information in your notes, write to the bank on behalf of your client, PDT Construction.

Write a letter of between 120 and 180 words in an appropriate style. Do not write any postal address.

INPUT LETTER

We have recently received a loan application to

purchase an industrial site from a mutual client, PDT

Construction. However, before we can process the

application, we require further information on some points.

Firstly, in the breakdown of costs for the project we

Will incannot find any reference to architect fees. Can you explain this? house staff be used?

In addition, although we requested company figures

Give for the last five years we have only received accounts for reason the past four years. Why is this?

The funding for the project is also not clear to us.

PDT Construction have requested a loan from this bank

for only 65% of the total investment. We need to know

where the remaining 35% will come from. Explain

Finally, a representative from our bank has looked at

the site and the bank is concerned that the purchase price Disagree — say

Suggest a for the site may be too high. why meeting to I look forward to hearing from you.

discuss the Yours sincerely,

matters Lars Fleming

Ex 2. 1. 2. Analyse three sample answers — Scripts A, B, C. Find mistakes, misunderstandings, inaccuracies, misspellings. Read the comments, prove the mark given by the examiner.

Sample scripts and commentaries

SCRIPT A

Dear Mr Fleming

As you got the letter from Lars Fleming manager PDT’s Construction, you somehow need some clarifications, so on behalf of Lars we give you further information.

The biggest problem lies with us is the breakdown of costs, as you want explanation its all because we will use inhouse staff who can deal with the project and make sure there are no breakdown of costs.

Due to the inner-problem in our mainstream computers our accounts for fifth year were delayed, but in two weeks time we will show our company figures as our organisation is working on it. The remaining 35% will come from the future insurance and the new plant bought forward by our company, its just a matter of time and patience.

No, that’s absolutely wrong because if you see our past records, you will see we are gaining profit and have minimized loss as compared to others.

We can have a meeting if you have more questions I will make sure you are totally convinced and satisfied. Yours

Comments

Content — The scenario and the task appear to have been misinterpreted. The target reader will be only minimally informed. The scenario and the task appear to have been misinterpreted. The target reader will be only minimally informed.

Communicative achievement — While some straightforward ideas are communicated, the target reader might be confused or might have to work very hard to discern intended meaning. There is an attempt to use the appropriate letter genre, but there are problems with register (e.g. on behalf of Lars, No that’s absolutely wrong).

Organisation _— The letter uses linking words (so, because) and a limited number of cohesive devices (e.g. Due to, as compared to others) to create some coherence, but there is little evidence of attempts of organization beyond the paragraph level. The writer merely responds to the points in Lars Fleming’s original letter in order, but doesn’t try to relate them to each other.

Language — Everyday vocabulary is used generally appropriately, though there are problems with word choice (e.g. bought forward), punctuation and agreement (e.g. we will show our company figures as our organization is working on it). Simple grammatical forms are used with a good degree of control, but attempts at complex forms are generally unsuccessful. Errors are quite noticeable, but meaning can still be determined.

The mark is poor.

SCRIPT B

Dear Mr Fleming

Thank you for the letter requesting us some additional information on the loan application.

We can say that the breakdown of cost does not consist any architects’ fees as we are going to use our highly-qualified in-house staff in the project.

We have not provided you with our accounts for the first year because our company was just established only four years ago and the figures of the balance sheet for four years will show you the objective picture. We are going to invest in this project our own money in the amount of 35% of the total investment that is why we have requested a loan for only 65%. We are sure that the purchase price for the site is not too high as it was proved by the report of a well-known appraisal company.

To discuss these and any other details we can organize a meeting with a representative of PDT Construction next week.

If you need any further information please do not hesitate to contact us.

Сomments

Content — All the content is relevant to the task and the target reader is fully informed.

Communicative Achievement — The conventions of a formal letter are used to hold target reader’s attention and the register is generally appropriate. Straightforward and some slightly more complex ideas are communicated clearly.

Organisation — The text is generally well-organized, with suitable paragraphing and generally good punctuation. There is a range of cohesive devices (e.g. because our company was just established, To discuss these and other details), although not all of these are used appropriately (that is why, as it was proved) Language — Everyday vocabulary is used generally appropriately but there is occasional inappropriate or inaccurate use of lexis (e.g. requesting us some additional information, does not consists any architects’ fees). There is a rrange of simple and more complex grammatical structures that are well-controlled.

Errors do not impede communication.

The mark is satisfactory.

SCRIPT C

Dear Mr Fleming

In response to your enquiry regarding the loan application of our mutual client, PDT Construction, we are pleased to provide the following details.

Firstly, our client intends to use in-house architects for any work required for the project in question at no incremental costs that could be traced to this particular project.

Secondly, the set of accounts for the most recent accounting period has not been yet signed off by the client’s Board. This delay is due to our client’s accounting and reporting system to IFRS, requiring additional valuation of our client’s fixed assets. To accommodate your need to assess these figures, we have obtained their permission to release the latest management accounts and these are enclosed.

Thirdly, our client restructured their portfolio during the first half of the accounting period just ended. The resulting disposal of assets (see Note 16 of the management accounts enclosed) at unexpectedly high prices allowed our client to accumulate sufficient cash reserves to finance the remaining 35% of the total cost of the investment.

Despite the recent surge in property prices, this particular site has been significantly undervalued. We enclose a copy of the most recent valuation report for your reference.

We are open for any further discussion and ready to meet you in person to clarify any of these or additional details.

Сomments

Content — All the content is relevant and the points are very well developed. Communicative Achievement — The conventions of the communicative task are used effectively to communicate straightforward and complex ideas with ease, and the candidate demonstrates good control of the appropriate style and tone for the context.

Organisation – The letter is a well-organised and coherent whole, using a variety of cohesive devices and organizational patterns to good effect.

Language – A wide range of vocabulary is used effectively, though some phrases are not used precisely (e.g. at no incremental costs). Wide range of complex structures is used with control and flexibility.

The mark is good.

Ex. 2. 1. 3. In small groups make your own assessment of Script D on the basis of the Assessment Scale. Compare your results with another group. Be ready to prove your point of view.

SCRIPT D

Dear Mr Fleming

In reply to your letter dated 14 June regarding the loan application of our mutual client, PDT Construction, we would like to comment as follows.

Firstly, our loan application does not show any architects’ fees as you expected in the breakdown for the project. Please note that PDT Construction plans to use in-house staff for architecture work. Therefore, the costs have been included in the operational costs of the project.

We also understand that your bank requires company figures for the last five years. However, PDT Construction has been operating only since 2004. As such, we are unable to provide company figures prior to that year. The company has requested a loan for only 65% of the total investment as the remaining 35% of the fund is financed by retained profit from the last two years. Please refer to the financial statements for more information.

Your bank’s assessment of the purchase price is different from ours. We have done a valuation on the site with support from a third party and enclose the valuation report for your reference.

We hope the above is clear. Please contact us if you need any clarification. Yours sincerely,

Ex. 2. 1. 4. Write your own letter in response to Sample Task 1.

Ex. 2. 1. 5. Exchange your answers with your partner, mark your partner’s letter. Discuss the results.

2.2. SAMPLE TASK TWO

Ex. 2.2.1. Study thoroughly Sample Task Two – the task and the input letter. Analyse 4 sample answers — Scripts A, B, C, D. Mark the scripts, compare your marks with those of your partner. Be ready to prove your marks.

You work for a firm of accountants. One of your clients, Greenberg Products, has contacted a venture capital firm, FWC, with a view to expand its manufacturing side by building a new factory. You have received the following letter from FWC.

Read the letter from Gloria Kutsakova, a director of FWC, on which you have some notes. Then using all the information in your notes, write a letter to MsKutsakova on behalf of your client, Greenberg Products.

Your clients, Greenberg Products, have put in an application for capital to build a new factory.

Firstly, we were interested to see that, over the past two years, while the rest of the industry has been in difficulties, the company has had steady growth. Give reason Could you explain this?

Could you explain why the last set of accounts shows an increase in staffing overheads?

The estimated construction costs for the factory seem Will need

Explain higher than we would expect. Could you clarify this? specialists

We understand that there are three shareholders with a minority interest and it is important for us to know how they might react to an outside investor like Not a ourselves having a stake in the business. problem – Finally, we know that the market for Greenberg’s say why

Extensive products is extremely competitive and we are not market certain that the figures for the projected market share research are realistic.

already We look forward to your reply. done

Gloria Kutsakova Director

Write a letter of between 120 and 180 words in an appropriate style. Do not write any postal address.

Sample scripts

SCRIPT A

As the accountants for Greenberg products, we are glad to receive your letter and honoured to answer the questions you raised.

We hope the answers above could help you to know more about Greenberg products and make the proper decision.

Thanks and Regards,

Accountants for Greenberg Products

SCRIPT B

Dear Ms Kutsakova,

We are glad to receive your letter, and we will explain you questions in the following sentences.

The reason for increased staffing overheads we can not explained clearly in this letter. Because our accounting staff and shareholder on processing to check it. I will email you when I got the result.

The costs we gave to you is based on our calculation. The construction materials we used are high quality. It is much expensive than ungurated material. But we think it is the most important thing for building, we need to make sure our product is safe. I think that must what you thinking of.

There is no problem for investor outside like yours having a stake in the business. The three shareholder welcome outside investors whom want to invest our company. From their point of view, it means our company has good value.

SCRIPT C

Dear Ms Kutsakova,

Thank you very for the letter. Indeed, our clients have managed to acjieve remarkable results in the last two years mainly because of a new series of products introduced in the market not long ago. Since then, all of these products have enjoyed enormous popularity with consumers driving the profits up to an all-time high.

Certainly, the most obvious reaction to the high level of demand was expansion of the business, which usually entails an inevitable increase in all expenses, including the labour overheads you pointed out in your letter. However, these costs are expected to be fully covered by another anticipated rise in profits.

Greenberg products make highly technological products to stay competitive and the construction of a new factory with the most advanced developments in the field will require specialist expertise which is quite expensive.

The minority shareholders you have mentioned are primarily interested in profit maximization and look forward to the construction of a new factory. This will help our clients to secure a solid market position, as extensive market research has shown, which is sure to lead to even higher profits for the shareholders.

SCRIPT D

It’s my pleasure to receive your letter relevant to my clients, Greenberg Products.

The reason of steady growth in the past two years is mainly due to the company has good internal control system and the company keeps innovation in the R&D field and sales method.

The company’s staffing overheads increased in the last period, which is due to the company carried out one new product recently and need more labour than before, as a result, the staffing overheads increased significantly.

For the estimated construction costs for the new factory, I think it’s need specialists to assess the cost.

The company has three shareholders with a minority interest and total interest of them account to 5%, but the management of the company is affected by shareholders who held over 2o0%, so it’s not a problem for outside investor like you.

The company has done enough extensive market research, and the figures for projected market is realistic.

Ex. 2.2.2. Write your own letter in response to the input letter in Sample Task Two.

PART 3

DEVELOPING PRACTICAL SKILLS OF WRITING LETTERS INDEPENDENTLY.

Write letters in response to the tasks given below.

Task 1

You work for a firm of accountants. One of your clients, company Vision, has applied for a loan to the bank, Future, to expand its activities with the purpose of gaining a competitive edge on the market of production and sales of sports clothes. You have received a letter from Ms Blacksmith, Deputy Head Manager of Future, in which she asks you some questions about the project Vision wants to launch.

Using the information given below, write a letter of between 120 and 180 words in an appropriate style to Ms Blacksmith on behalf of your client, company Vision.

Task 2

You work for a firm of accountants. One of your clients, Oil Producers, a large oil-producing corporation, has made a decision to buy the controlling interest of the nearby petrol station. You have received a letter from Mr Cherrypot in which he asks you to make research into the financial situation of the business.

Using the information below, write a letter of between 120 and 180 words in an appropriate style to CEO of Oil Producers, Mr Cherrypot.

Task 3

You work for a UK-based company Flacks, a mid-sized business producing fashion accessories for women. The business has currently problems with paying off debts to a large commercial bank, FNT Bank. A loan officer of the bank, Ms Starwell, has approached you with the request to explain the reason for the delay in the installment payments.

Using the information given below, write a letter to Ms Starwell of between 120 and 180 words in an appropriate style.

The results of the performance last year were not impressive. The sales revenue was not very high, the net income appeared to be much lower than predicted.

Task 4

You work for a firm of accountants. One of your clients, Red Bull, a newly developed medium-sized hotel group, has quite recently applied to the VictoryBank for a large 3 year maturity loan to finance the construction of a new building. The managers of the VictoryBank Credit Department are concerned about the risks this might entail. Head of the Credit Department, Mr Swenson, has approached you with the request to put him in the picture how your client plans to achieve the aim.

Using the information given below, write a letter of between 120 and 180 words in an appropriate style to Mr Swenson on behalf of your client, Red Bull.

Task 5

You are an accountant of the company Home Products. The Board of Directors want to acquire the business of your customers which has had financial problems for 2 years. CFO Mr Fairwell has asked you to investigate how the business is currently developing.

Using the information given below, write a letter of between 120 and 180 words in an appropriate style to MrFairwell explaining the results of your research:

Task 6

You are CFO of a mid-sized car-producing company. After the analysis of the cash flow and income statements for the last month CEO of your company, MrGreenmark, has contacted you with the request to give explanation on managing company funds ineffectively.

Using the information given below, write a letter of between 120 and 180 words in an appropriate style to MrGreenmark.

The company incurred losses because one of the main customers went bankrupt, you had to write off a sizable amount of debt.

Task 7

You are the owner of a small transportation company. You want to introduce changes in the accounting system — move from the straight-line method of depreciation to accelerated one with the view of investing more in the business. You have received a letter from the accountant of an accounting firm Mr Quest who regularly helps you check the financial statements. The letter contained some fundamentals on the accelerated method of depreciation.

Using the information given below, write a letter of between 120 and 180 words in an appropriate style to Mr Quest.

Task 8

You work for a firm of accountants. One of your clients, mid-sized company Northern Rock, wants to buy the overseas department of a large company in the service sector. CFO of Northern Rock Mr Craft approached you with a request to analyse the current situation on the market, the financial situation of the overseas branch and risks the purchase might cause.

Using the information given below, write a letter of between 120 and 180 words in an appropriate style to CFO Mr Craft on behalf of your client, mid-sized company Northern Rock.

Task 9

You work for a firm of accountants. One of your clients, a large exporting company that has recently found a new market in a developing country, wants to find a reliable insurance company that could cover all the costs that may arise. You have been asked to analyse the ways for the company to achieve its goals while keeping its costs under control.

Using the information given below, write a letter of between 120 and 180 words in an appropriate style to CEO, Mr Duncan. Explain:

types of insurance that might be considered by an exporting business,

Task 10

You work for a firm of accountants. One of your clients, a car-producing company Original, wants to diversify its business and buy the building with well-developed spa business which has recently been offered for sale. You have been asked to consider the position of the target business on the market and its financial performance.

Using the information given below, write a letter of between 120 and 180 words in an appropriate style to CEO, Mr Taylor.

Task 11

Using the information given below, write a letter of between 120 and 180 words in an appropriate style to the head of the business Ms Cornwell.

Task 12

You work for a firm of accountants. One of your clients is a successful private retail company Hope. A supermarket chain offers your client a takeover bid. Hope CEO Mr Double has asked you to perform investigative due diligence of the supermarket chain.

Using the information given below, write a letter of between 120 and 180 words in an appropriate style to Mr Double.

WRITING GUIDE.

Language Bank.

To be able to write business letters on finance related topics successfully you need to know some formulaic language. Language Bank will help you master the required lexis.

Part 1.Standard phrases for a) opening letters

The opening sentence of the first paragraph is important as it sets the tone and the style of the letter and creates the first impression. Generally, you would thank your correspondent for their letter, state the subject of the letter, and set out its purpose. Here are some examples of opening paragraphs:

$18 000 which you requested has been approved…

d) closing a letter

At the end of the letter you should thank your correspondent for writing. If appropriate, encourage further enquiries or correspondence, mentioning that you look forward to hearing from him/ her soon. You may want to restate briefly, one or two most important points you made in the main part of your letter or refer to future contact. Here are some examples of final paragraphs:

e) writing about enclosure or attachment

N.B. Difference between ‘enclosure’ and ‘attachment’.

‘Attached’ means, separate, joined/added to, outside the envelope, stapled or paperclipped to the main page; e.g., Please find attached …

Part 2. How to make pieces of writing sound polite.

The language of a letter should not be very simple, otherwise it might become too straightforward or even rude. Notice the stylistic devices that are used to make it more polite:

Part 3. How to emphasize that something is important.

It should be noted that…

It is essential/vital that…

We would like to stress that…

It is worth bearing in mind that…

…..plays a crucial role in the successful performance of the company.

We have to emphasize the need for …

The report pointed up the necessity of streamlining …. Our report highlights the fact that..

Part 4. How to write about advantages and disadvantages.

The great advantage of outsourcing is that it cuts down production costs.

One of the big advantages of using a new method is that …

Despite a few problems with the production site, advantages clearly outweigh disadvantages.

One of the good points about … is that it …

The best (great, good) thing about joining the WTO is …

The main (major, serious) disadvantage is …

The major (main, only) drawback of this method is …

The downside of running your own business is that you are responsible if anything goes wrong.

For all bad points, and there are many, it is still the best software of its kind available.

Part 5. How to express certainty and uncertainty.

It now seems certain that …

We are sure that …

We became convinced that/of…

We have no doubt that …

Without a doubt (certainly, undoubtedly)…

There is no doubt that (there is no denying, there is no disputing the fact that) …

It is difficult to be absolutely sure about …

It is uncertain that …/ it is uncertain whether…

It is by no means certain that…

Part 6. How to give recommendations.

It would be advisable to…

We strongly recommend (suggest) that… should + bare infinitive We would recommend (suggest) + gerund

We will study the matter thoroughly and make recommendations.

It is recommended that …

Part 7. How to link sentences in a letter and report.

Focusing and linking: with reference to; regarding; as far as … is concerned; as for;

Contradicting: on the contrary;

Balancing contrasting points: on the other hand; while; whereas;

Emphasizing a contrast:however; nevertheless; still; in spite of all this;

Similarity: similarly; in the same way;

Dismissal of previous subject: anyway; anyhow; at any rate; at least;

Change of the subject:by the way; incidentally;

Structuring (listing): first(ly); first of all; second(ly); third(ly); lastly; finally; to begin (start) with; in the first/ second/ third place; for one thing; for another thing;

Adding: moreover (very formal); furthermore (formal); in addition; as well as that; on top of that (informal); another thing is; what is more; besides; in any case;

Generalizing: on the whole; in general; in all/most/many/some cases; broadly speaking; by and large; to a great extent; to some extent; apart from; except for; Giving results: the result is; the consequence is; so; hence; thus; resulting from; accordingly; therefore; because of this; due to;

Giving examples: for instance; for example; in particular; e.g.;

Logical sequence: therefore (formal); as a result (formal); consequently

Referring to other person’s expectations: actually; in fact; as a matter of fact; to tell the truth;

Summing up: in conclusion; to sum up; briefly; in short;

Reference

University Press, 2012

University Press, 2011

Tests: Open Cloze (Levels B2-C1)

Read the sentences and think of the word which best fits each gap.

Use only ONE word

1. The treatment isn’t likely to have much effect — you if you don’t keep — a diet for a month or —.

2. It’s useless to go — the plan if you think it may prove impossible to — it in practice.

3. The warranty — the radial tires is as good, if not better, as that on the four- ply tires.

4. The foreman of the jury rose — his feet, turned to the judge, and addressed them quietly.

5. Cave explorers are called — spelunkers or speleologists depending — what they enter caves for: sport or science.

6. So — the doctor hasn’t prescribed any medicine — your headaches. It will be clear later — what you are suffering — and what sort of disease to cure you of.

7. What — earth are you doing here in the thunderstorm and in the middle of —? He couldn’t get — the shock and I knew he was amazed — my courage.

8. I think it will be very pleasant — you to go for a trip on the river. I hope you will get — my son.

9. Methods of flood control focus — preventing rivers — rising and keeping them away from the banks.

10. Astronauts begin training — their jobs — learning basics such as escape — the spacecraft and survival — land and water.

1.According — a magazine article I read recently we live in an age of increasing leisure.

2. She pointed — a plant next to her feet and bent down to pick it —. The juice of this plant is tasteless, but when added — tea or any drink, it becomes deadly.

3. The desire of modem novelists to depict everyday life — a maximum of realism has led — the inclusion of expressions in their written vocabulary which earlier were — any case more or less unknown to a — many readers.

4. The word “quiz” was kept alive in literary circles — the works of Jane Austen, and the sense was “to look — someone — a curious or mocking way”.

6. — the circumstances he was a — in the neck as his aggressiveness was put — to the fact that he had had an overbearing father.

7. It goes — saying that money never means much to someone who has always had enough to get —. The only people who like money are those having a lot of —.

8. To “park” is in fact military in origin, and was being used with reference — wagons and guns as long as the Napoleonic wars.

9. Dutch students have begun militant action to protest — the Minister of Education’s threat to send — all students who have not paid the new tuition fee yet.

10. Yet money was important for him, its presence was a deep source of security, and it was somehow a stuff — which he was vitally connected to the world.

1. And please bear it — mind, — no means ever lend him money any more — it will get you in trouble.

2. It was — least twenty five years since I had set eyes — him and had known — advance about my troubles.

3. — the age of 30 she had learned to discuss money with embarrassment and not to lower the rent for everyone who made her feel sorry — them.

5. He had evidently been roused — his sleep; he wore slippers on his bare feet, grey trousers and a frock-coat — his pajamas. His hairs as a rule plastered neatly on his head stood — end.

6. I’ve been trying to get hold — him for several days, but — my great disappointment he always seems to be —.

7. — the amount of money spent each year for doctors’ prescriptions and approved medical treatment, huge sums are given — health foods and remedies of various kinds, — vitamin pills to mineral water.

8. Does it stand — reason that a man would be able to injure himself — striking the soft and sensitive parts of his face — a stone?

9. Robert is a bit pleased — himself. Of course he’s got plenty to be pleased about, successful man, successful husband,

I — wish he and Hilda wouldn’t put it — display as much.

10. A farm working couple who were thrown — of their cottage — Tuesday, later staged a successful sit-in in a council building as the first stage of their fight — a permanent home.

1. A significant point that has emerged — the survey is that large numbers of people living in Council houses would like the opportunity to become house owners — once.

2.But the rain showed no sign of stopping, and at length with umbrellas and waterproofs they set out.

3 He knew a few people, as it was his business to keep — the background, but he had picked up a chatting acquaintance — several persons who put up at the hotel.

4. Speaking slowly and giving as few as possible of the lured details, he pointed — each fact — favour of innocence. *

5. The campaign aims — involving thousands of women, and men as — as collecting as many contributions as possible.

6. — conclusion I will tell you all the latest scientific discoveries, and what I ought to read to keep myself — to date.

7. You’ll get in trouble if you continue to behave — regards to decency.

8. As a matter of fact, his life in all — times now passed more evenly, and with a more proportionate judgement — it had done before.

9. Then I heard everybody running — the corridor and down the stairs, so I put — my bathrobe and I ran downstairs too.

10. He stands — a comer watching crowds of Africans streaming — the roads of the Native Township, — foot and on bicycle, talking, laughing, singing.

1. We succeeded — finding Ann’s house — the second attempt. The house.is really far — being easy to find.

2. — all, the primary responsibility — coping — crime rests with the police and the courts, but, if you care — improving the quality of life for yourself and your community, there are many ways you can help reverse the trend.

3. — five years, shoulder — shoulder, along rivers and trails, in the camps and mines they had knitted the bonds — their friendship.

5.Does it make any difference to them if we pay — cheque?

6. — first the book seemed thrilling to me, but as I read read it, I grew more and more disappointed — the plot.

7. The bus rolled — the slope and collided — a van.

8.After pausing — my usual bread and cheese in one of the village tavern, I went immediately to Alex.

9. But as a part of a steady diet of bread and circuses, presumably aimed — taking our minds — the economic situation, I’d almost rather be thrown to the lions.

10. In the South, of course, they are openly discriminated while, in the North they — and large have to live in the city slums but — least they have full legal rights.

1. Fleet Street was once famous — its coffee houses. Men used to meet there. They were prominent in the literary world. It is now synonymous — journalism and English national newspapers.

2. I was taken completely — surprise, and — fact could hardly believe Margaret was serious when she told me she was going to leave England early the following year to take — a job there.

3. What was he waiting — with that smile — his lips and in his eyes?

4. They would think it —. They would see — it. Certain things were standing on the way. And so on, an so —.

5. But a thought went — her head backwards and forwards, it was as if she were reading — a tape.

6. After the accident, the bus driver accused the motorist — not looking where he was going, to which the latter retorted that if the other hadn’t been driving — fast he himself would have had a chance of stopping — time.

8. Some of them were reclining — the-couches on the dance floor, some of them were boozing — the long bar — the right.

9. He took his girlfriend home — the party and they stayed in the car chattering and laughing — a long time until she went to the house.

10. He explained — her that it was impossible for him to give — his job which after all meant his bread and butter, and it was — stake.

1. «When questioned by the master about disappearance of a bicycle — the school sheds two days —, the boy flatly denied having had anything to do — it.

2. He asked me to lend him five pounds, — I agreed to do, somewhat reluctantly, — condition that he paid me — the following week.

3. With his teaspoon in his hand he peeped — the comer and saw — amazement that a carriage and a pair were waiting outside.

4. Day by day through the long summer, Jesse drove — farm to farm up and down the valley of wine creek, and his grandson went — him.

5. Couldn’t you provide us — a more practicable scheme? The one you have just devised is not sensible — all.

6. Michael rang Jean — at the last moment, apologizing profusely for being unable to go to dinner — her that evening. Despite his apology, Jean was very put —, and said he might have let her know earlier.

7. He had no — put down the receiver — a great sigh of relief than the telephone rang again.

8. Tom was trembling — head to foot — excitement and a sense of the hopelessness of the situation.

9. The doctor put the aspirins half by half — her mouth and she washed them — with the warm wine and let her tears splash — the side of the glass.

10. She was — pins and needles all the time, scared the car might play up or break — and make them late for the arrival of the troop train.

1. Do you remember lending him the money? I hope — least that he won’t forget to pay you — as he has a habit — forgetting things he doesn’t want to remember.

2, I’m looking — to having a few days by myself as the rest of the family are away.

3. In regard of matrimony, you are now at the most dangerous period of your life. You might marry — haste and repent — leisure, but I think you won’t.

4. He had known her — and on for many years. When she paid visits — Singapore she generally came to dine with his wife and himself, and once or twice she had passed a weekend with them — their bungalow — the sea.

5. He told me this story, but I will tell it now — my words, as I had to piece it — from what he said at one time or another, and what he left — I have to supply — my own imagination.

6. Like many other people, I dislike having someone looking — my shoulder reading my newspaper. I find it difficult to prevent myself — saying something sarcastic.

7. When the editor found — that his newspaper had been taken — by a rival publisher, he resigned — his position.

8. She was detained — the office by unexpected callers. It turned out that they had picked — the wrong suitcase at the airport — mistake.

9. There’s no point — getting upset — things that are out of your control.

10. It is only when we have been deprived — something that we appreciate the true value of it. Common sense is the most widely shared commodity in the world, for every man is convinced that he is — supplied with it.

1. What was going — in your house when I called — to see you last night? I rang the bell three times, but you didn’t answer the door. Judging — the noise that was coming from the sitting room, I thought you must be having a party.

2. He leaves the car in a parking meter — two hours and always gets — with it. When I do that, I am fined.

3. The business had been allowed to run — with such an effect that it was sold for only a quarter of its — market value.

4. A person’s worth should be measured — his actions not by — he ought to be: a person is good if he is good for others.

5. When an opportunity to do a thing — which you have set your heart suddenly arises you should take full advantage — it, or you may never get a chance.

6. Sometimes — a close friendship, where important matters are concerned, people agree to differ and — a rule fall silent.

7. We are all anxious — an end of this misunderstanding. We are annoyed by the way they sit for hours — saying a word.

8. The person who is — careful that he never makes a mistake is yet to achieve anything — real value. It is the end that matters, making no previous failures and disappointments.

9. — the cover of darkness, we entered the castle. Everyone was exhausted with the exception — Sally.

10. It is always easy to begin a war, but very difficult to stop it, since the beginning and end are not — control of the same man.

1. He was completely — a loss as he had never been obliged to deal — such a situation before.

2. While entering the hotel, we immediately realized-the reason for its being so popular — tourists.

3. To sum — there are many arguments both for and against mothers working. Every family is different and what is good for one family may not necessarily be good for —. Taking everything — account, it should be left for the individual mother to decide — working or not is something that she wants to do.

4. We will have to speed — if we’re going to get — every item of the agenda by lunchtime.

5. Last time I’d ask her something, she said “what?” That can get — your nerves after a while.

6. I tried to keep steady — my chair. The offer took my breath —, an opportunity, the one which I had never dared, even, to contemplate.

7. But, as — as I am concerned, the woman of today is of little use — politics or business.

8. When he turned seventy-one Henry showed up to meet the press wearing two different shoes. Asked about it — reporters, he looked down and obviously making up an answer — the spot, said that he always wore one old shoe on his birthday to remind himself that he had — been poor and might be again.

9. If a lie is not refuted immediately, it will pass — mouth to mouth as it is accepted — truth by everybody.

10. He had been — the habit of borrowing money from the city treasury — a low rate of interest.

1. Most miraculous — all, instead of being blinded by love for her as she was for him, he had cut himself emotionally free — her and could see her — complete objectivity.

2. The nuns looked up, and the young nun gestured — the Fitch home to explain with words where I had come —. It looked very strange: five nuns sitting at a table with nothing on it — a record player.

3. What do you have to say — response to the charges made — you?

4. Modem technology has brought — enormous improvements to communications and — many people are still very worried about using the latest computer technology. I am often surprised to meet colleagues who still don’t know what the «e» in e-mail stands —.

5. Let me explain how the situation came —. Mark was called up when the war broke —.

6. My father had never had any confidence — my choice of a husband. When he died — a heart attack after my marriage, I blamed myself and was overcome — guilt.

7. After he had followed a course — elocution, his speech was quite — faults.

8. People should confine themselves — doing the things they know how to do, are supposed to do, and should not make pronouncements about matters they are ignorant —.

10. The hotel didn’t come — our expectations. At first Tim insisted — putting up there but then began to back away.

1. But you must confess that Anthony has a way — people. He certainly makes friends easily. And they always seem — want to do everything for him and to be kind — him.

2. Actually, the police admitted — having made a mistake that was very — to be regretted after accusing an innocent man.

3. Sometimes I have an incredible craving — chocolate. Have some of these sweets. I’m sure you’ll find them — your taste.

4. It must have been about twenty minutes later that I suddenly realized the train was — to leave in five minutes and that the porter had not — brought my luggage. I was just going to look for him when he appeared — of breath with my suit-cases.

5.Not — were there the obvious dangers, but there was also the weather to be considered. It’s like out of the frying pan and — the fire.

6. Little — the thieves realize that the police had already thrown a cordon round the bank, and that — means of escape had been cut —.

7. As a matter of fact I really feel sorry — them. They couldn’t even talk in private: there was always someone — the way.

8. I had been looking to seeing the game, but — my great disappointment the match was called — because of bad weather.

9. If a person always tells the truth he is unlikely to contradict himself; but if he resorts — lies he is liable, when asked a question for a second time, to forget what his answer was — the first occasion.

10. It was evident that the girl did not care much — clothes; the sight of the beautiful dress left her — indifferent.

1. I’ve been — sick leave for a fortnight already, but I don’t feel any better so —.

2. — the circumstances I’ll give you enough to live — and I’ll make a will — your favour.

3. The postman couldn’t make out — the letter was addressed to, so he took it back.

4. Some people would argue that addiction — drugs involves both psychological and social factors, among those people who become addicts may do so to find some relief — personal and social inadequacies.

5. David had been buying some paper every day for months though he wasn’t interested — any news about the latest disasters in the world. It was work he wanted. David had been looking — work for ages and when he got the chance of the job in the local youth centre he applied — once.

6. Will you fellows come — and have lunch with me? Last week I had a splendid day at the races, so l am — full feather at present.

7. He assumed responsibility — my success. He came into my room in Chambers and spoke — large as though he had done it himself.

8. Winning 2 million pounds — the football pools made it possible for him to live in comfort — rest of his life.

9. As his latest novel brought him international acclaim, he had been living — hand to mouth — obscurity.

10. «You must give — the habit of sitting up late, » said die doctor. «You feel well now, but it will tell — you later. And also you must call — all your business trips».

1. But at that moment, when he seemed almost — the point of breaking down, he suddenly took himself — hand, jumped up and came over to the storage shelves.

2. Ken is not present, therefore, I shall accept the prize and — behalf of my colleagues and myself I thank you — your support.

3. A teenage girl sat — a train chewing gum and staring vacantly — space, when suddenly an old man sitting opposite said, «It’s — good talking to me, my dear, I’m stone deaf’.

4. When things are very difficult what prevents us — giving up — despair is the hope that things will be better.

5. I don’t think you are in earnest way helping me. I am — the verge of a nervous breakdown. I am liable for my son’s debts as he is — age.

6. If it were not — the expense involved, I would go there — air. And that really puts a new face — the situation.

7. — swimming in that particular part of the sea he ran the risk of being carried — by dangerous currents.

8. He must have fainted — the news. Don’t worry, he’ll come — in no time. And, as Mary is a skilled nurse she will certainly help him — the difficulty.

9. The trouble of chewing gum is that it loses — flavour too quickly. — that reason there has been a down fall in the consumption of chewing gums.

10. The managing director outlined the pros and — of the proposed merger. As far as, we are sick and — of hearing about his fantastic plan.

1. My wife complained that something was wrong — her. She said she had a pain in her back and that she suffered — bad headaches. As she was getting worse and worse I sent — the doctor. Immediately afterwards she was taken — the hospital. Yesterday she was operated —.

2. You know that smoking always brings — a fit of coughing. You will die of lung cancer if you persist — smoking so many cigarettes.

3. My mother is in hospital at the moment — a broken leg. Moreover, we are — of money to live on.

4. It is the ambition of every writer to complete a book — of schedule. So —, no one has achieved this.

5. As the last bus had gone and we could not take a taxi, there was nothing to do — walk.

6. The salesman talked me — buying a bottle of perfume for my wife. I didn’t take — his recommendation, as he sounded so halfhearted about it.

7. The truth is that men are not asking to be more involved — the children, but women are not trying to get them more involved, so, for many reasons, — men and women, — average, are more or less satisfied with traditional responsibilities.

8. The politeness with which she treated you was exasperating because you could not even feel how — interest she took — you.

9.As you’ve set your heart — this fellow, Helen. You will marry him — haste, repent at leisure; marry at length but have no happiness — good.

10. Mutual accusations will get you nowhere. You’d better try to find a more reasonable solution — your conflict.

1. For a moment the driver was blinded — the glaring headlights of the car that came round the bend in the road but he turned the wheel — in time to avert an accident.

2. One acts secretly, or — reasons not known to oneself, or in a way that seems haphazard or contrary — one’s interests or principles.

3. If trains always leave on schedule, why on — do so many of them arrive late at the other end? I still can’t make it —.

4. «We have nothing left — the big family compartment,» he went away, «with two berths and a couple of armchairs in it, but it is entirely — your disposal.»

5. There’s no sense in trying to talk with Stuart: he’s totally absorbed — magazine.

6. — men were loaded with all field equipment and the bottles contributed — the grateful people of Paris.

7. She was so vexed — curiosity, that Virginia took pity — her and restored her peace in mind.

8. I’m sorry you have been expelled — the garden, Adam, but to some extent it’s your own fault.

9. She said that the new film was — seeing, but there was such an expression on her face that I thought she was only saying it — fun.

10. The Council are to make important changes in the city centre but I’m afraid that — they do, the problems will still remain. No — how many new car parks they build at the edge of the city, traffic jams will not go. The Council has been — the verge of banning cars in the historic centre of the city but all is — vain.

1. With reference — your advertisement in today’s Guardian, I should like to apply — the post of Head Clerk in your Sales Department.

2. The chief turned to me with a look of astonishment on his face.

“Yes, sir. I’ll be glad to help you settle the issue once and — all.

3. “On — account are you to accept lifts of strangers”, said the mother — her young daughter.

4. To make a mountain — of a molehill means to exaggerate, make a big fuss of — that is not quite serious.

5. As the station was three miles — the place where Nick lived he asked his friends not to see him —, so, after shaking hands with everybody, he picked — his suitcases and set —.

6. I’d like to buy the radio, but I haven’t got any money — me at the moment. Could you put it — one side for me for a day or so?

7. In the week I promised myself I should naturally read, for to the habitual reader reading is a drug of — he is the slave; deprive him — printed matter and he grows nervous, moody and restless.

8. While phoning reception yet again, she was told that the repairman was — his way. She’d hardly put — the phone when there was a knock — the door.

9.”— the devil and the deep blue sea» means to be surrounded with problems of no escape.

10. The trouble is she won’t listen to any of my suggestions. As a — of fact she has turned — a lot of the best imitators of a country fellow already, and she says she won’t set foot on the stage — her partner is the best that can be found.

1. Having no mind — his own, the critic adopted a complete lack of originality of the opinion of others. Thus he was — reputation a mediocrity.

2. The farmer found that his crops were in comparison — those of other farmers undamaged — the heavy rainstorm.

3. Why do you insist — your opinions? Don’t you see you’re wrong? — your place I’d give up.

4. One cold winter day after dressing her brother in warm clothes, Ann went away with him. She walked on holding the boy — hand, arid singing a song about all the things they passed — the way.

5. Students are — enormous pressure to learn huge amounts of vocabulary but they are rarely given guidance — to how to go about it.

6. I tried to prevent your name from — dragged in so scandalously, but the situation was out — my hands.

7. You should make sure that you find out as much as you can about your audience — advance so you can make your speech personally relevant — them.

9. When you buy something in a shop, you usually pay — it outright but sometimes you may purchase things — credit.

10. In addition — being very attractive in appearance, Miss Bradly turned — to be an excellent companion. She must have travelled a lot and could speak — many interesting subjects.

1. Only a person who can’t think for himself will be taken — by arguments that seem right or true which are not really so.

2.What’s the use of waiting for him? If he had — told the time, he would have turned — long ago.

3. I had been looking — to seeing the game, but to my great disappointment the match was cancelled — to bad weather.

4. The golden rule is to do lots of revision — regular intervals. Secondly, students should concentrate — words with the highest frequency.

5. We were all very keen — sailing. Soon I realized I had — in love with him. His sense of humour really appealed — me and I was also captivated — his gift for poetry.

6. While rummaging — some old boxes in the attic, I ran — my grandmother’s wedding dress.

7. Are you quite sure that — the bottom of your heart it’s not conceit that makes you think differently — the rest of us.

8. She’s learnt two foreign languages — rather a short time and very cleverly manages to keep — her knowledge by listening — the radio and reading a lot.

9. As — a very ambitious and motivated person I always have a positive approach — my work. I have no problems with working — stress or to deadlines and I work equally as — as a part of a team, as I do — my own initiative.

10. Though his latest novel brought him, international acclaim, he had been living — hand to mouth in obscurity.

1. — the past thirty years or —, the methods used for collecting money from the public to aid the developing world have changed — of all recognition.

2. Contrary — expectations, the House was — from being all of the same mind about the question of building new universities.

3. Mrs. Harrison is not here — the moment, but if you leave your number, I will have her call you — as soon as she gets back.

4. Speaking — an older and more experienced person, I think you would regret it a lot if you gave — your studies now.

5. Seeing that Rosemary did not admire the box, the shopman tried to get her interested — it, but the price frightened her —, and she said at last that she could not — it.

6. Will you tell Mr. Brown to attend — this matter? The cable is addressed to the office he is — charge of.

7, I’m a thousand times cleverer and more charming — that creature with all her wealth. I am as well-bred as the Earl’s daughter and — everyone passes me by.

8. Don’t play a —. You should be ashamed — such childish games — your age.

9. You may go up the social — if you marry this man.

10. She won’t leave her sick parents having a strong — of duty. And in addition it’s clear that her marriage is — the rocks as her husband applied — a divorce.

1. What follows may only apply — myself. If it does I am sorry, but it cannot be helped: — the last resort, a man can do no more than translate his own experience — words.

2. I would rather — attacked than unnoticed. For the worst thing you can do to an author is to be silent — to his works.

3 Because — heavy rainstorms last night, the telephone lines have baas order today.

4. My illness is — to overwork, but if I don’t work at — I can’t earn any money to pay my medical bills.

5. In his excitement he was forgetting that at one time or — in the past he had indicated to Robert that the state — his own parents was not wholly unprosperous.

6. On study leave you will be released — all teaching and administrative commitments. And I think you will have to be reminded — your responsibilities.

7. The horse seemed so interested in what was going — that while being led through some paces she turned, pricked — her ears, and looked ahead.

8. The prisoner who was serving a five-year sentence — armed robbery escaped — Park Prison in Chester. The prisoner appeared — the early hours of this morning.

9. He was — hungry that as soon as we got to the party he made — the food table, — even saying «hello» to the host.

10. No wonder he was shocked when he heard that Dan was rubbing shoulders — all kind of worthless people and having the time — his life.

1. The father said to his modem son, “You smoke — a chimney, Bob, if you, don’t break — the habit you’ll break — before you know where you are.

2. It is now generally recognized, that stress is a major cause of heart disease, and contributes — many other illnesses. Stress is increased by factors — as worry, overwork and lack of exercise or relaxation.

3. During my illness all my fellow-students made so — progress in English that now I find it a strain to keep — with them.

4. If dogs could talk, we we’d find it just as hard to get — with them as we do with people.

5. He was going to drop — at a small cafe. He was accustomed — visiting that small eating place for breakfast, because food was good there and the customers seemed to be — a hurry to get through all their meals without taking — of one another.

6. The driver had — insurance and no current license. — addition to this, he had crossed two sets — red traffic lights immediately after being stopped.

7. Have you ever been — a situation where you know a person is right but you can’t agree — him? I remember several occasions in the past in which I experienced a similar feeling.

8. Why are you surprised — his rude behaviour? It’s what you can expect — such an arrogant man.

9. The fact that they would be accused — cowardice if they showed any of it in — of a dangerous emergency is enough to make most people act bravely, no — how scared they feel.

10. Fred did not depend — anybody in company, in fact he didn’t care for company. Always absorbed — his thoughts he had no wish to speak or be spoken —. Therefore he preferred to have a late meal when the rush of breakfast time was —.

1. I was able to borrow some money — to the strength of my father’s reputation in the bank.

2. Please wait a moment here, and the doctor will see you by all —.

3. When Mary opened a meeting for the first time in her life, her voice shook — nervousness.

4. The young scientist shook hands with his friends, who had come to the airport to see him —.

5. Fred was — to cross the street when he discovered a girl in her early teens, with a school bag — her hand, standing by his side. «Come on, let’s cross the street. Keep talking with me. I’m — danger. My name’s Mary, she said — one breath.

6. The Rembrandt is — loan in ‘the National Gallery at present.

7. When faced — some new and possibly bewildering technological change, most people react in one — two ways. They will recoil from anything new, claiming that it is unnecessary, or — complicated or that it somehow makes life less than human.

8. When an opportunity to do a thing on which you have — your heart suddenly arises you should take full advantage — it, for you may never get a chance.

9. We just can’t agree — her. Her opinions of the subject are totally — mine.

10.Sheila is — of money to pay bills, but she’s sure — find ways and means of earning enough money.

1. After putting the assistant — a great trouble, the customer left the shop without buying anything,

2. When the car stopped, everybody got out, and the mother spread a table cloth — the shade of a big tree along the side of the road, while the children started running so — to stretch their stiff legs.

3.1 can’t concentrate at all when the television is —.

4. In China, where girls are more — to get encouragement in mathematics, the number of gifted boys exceeds that of gifted girls by four to one, — than the 13 to one seen in the United States.

5. By and —, all of us who live there know the immense benefit that has been derived — it.

6. The employee was assured of his being taken — again when work was available.

7. The President is unlikely to run — a second term in office. His administration has been — constant fire for the last eighteen months.

8. When he drove up, Jean was already there. She had a bright frock — and was carrying a sunshade. The girl was terribly afraid of getting tanned and ruining her pink and white complexion. So she always took good care to keep — from the sun.

9. The teenagers convicted yesterday — a charge of car theft should be let out with a suspended sentence — view of their age, their lawyer argued.

10. It’s rather chilly in here. Put on the electric fires and just wait for me. I’ll get — touch with the airport and try to find out why the plane has been held —. I’ll join you in — time.

1. There should be — least five fire extinguishers — the premises.

2. They were willing to take advantage of an accomplished fact but wanted to shift — someone else the responsibility for bringing it —.

3. He bought a copy of the evening newspaper and examined the double columns devoted — successful acquittal he had secured that afternoon and to the magistrate’s favorable comments — his address.

4. Dick was introduced — her. He was dazzled when the girl held up her hand to him with a sweet smile. She was tall and slim with chestnut hair and a face — rare charm.

5. «Don’t lean — the table. How many times have I told you to keep your elbows — the table», the mother said — an angry voice.

6. Fred’s ideas did not seem convincing — for his friends and after an hour’s discussion all his suggestions were finally — down.

7. In your place I’d ask the boy to apologize — you, Ann said to her friend. It’s because of me why you allow him to behave — that.

8. He felt sort of dizzy — once. «Take Elly out to the garden and show her the flowers,» Mr. White said — a level voice. Dick blushed painfully. He was a shy boy, unused — entertaining young girls.

9. Jill wanted to come with us, but her babysitter let her — at the last minute, so she had to stay —.

10. Before the boat had been on the way for ten minutes, I realized that Miss Bradley was a remarkable bore. Shyly and hesitantly she kept — talking about nothing, and made no remark — taking notice of.

1. Ask anyone of forty to make a comparison — the past and the present and nine out of ten people will tell you that things have been getting steadily worse and worse as — as they can remember.

2. — compliance with your wishes we have withdrawn our suggestion.

3. — a rule, Andy’s heroes underwent all kind of terrible adventures: they would freeze — death, or starve and, finally, suffered from hunger; wild beasts would eat them down or tear them — pieces.

4. The children listened to him — bated breath, anxious to know what would become with the miserable people who were born in this wicked world where might always goes — right.

5. The critic said he liked the painting; he went on to quote some members of the Academy of Fine Arts who had applied the word «exquisite» — one of the artist’s landscapes.

6. Pamela and David are always — loggerheads. I really can’t imagine why they got married — the spur of the moment. They got absolutely nothing — common.

7. As it seemed just the house we wanted, we decided to look in it very carefully while making — our minds to buy it.

8. Alan had been looking forward to that day — quite a while. Yet he was not free — a feeling of vague apprehension. Not that he feared Jean would not get — with his mother.

9. The father was so much relieved, so greatly moved that tears welled — in his eyes and he covered his face with his hands to wipe them —.

10. The moment he set eyes — the envelope he tried to push it out of sight — fear of arousing his wife’s jealousy.

1. I’m willing to put you — for the time being, but you’ll have to move in soon. You mark my words; still you will be taken — as a lodger somewhere else.

2. Being rich doesn’t count too much — a desert island.

3. He was very flattered by — considered the best man to take over the chairmanship of the society as he was very popular — all members.

4 On the tenth day in the child’s illness came the crisis. The doctor was sent for. He examined the kid and said there was unmistakably a change — the better. The danger period was — and there was no need to worry about the outcome of the disease.

5. You can’t stay awake till small hours and jump out of your bed — dawn. But if you are in a habit of rising early, use the morning hours — work.

6. Standing — the foot of a high hill, the travelers could see a house like no other buildings around, situated half way —.

8. It’s difficult to know who’s — fault for the matter. Perhaps we are all — blame.

9. Dan was — his first year in college when it came to him that instead of reading law he had better — up art. This prospect appealed — him much more than working at his father’s firm.

10. Martin knew he would have to work for a living but, strange — it may seem, he didn’t mind it. He would be independent — his family at last, and he rather liked the idea.

1. The station was — easy walking distance from the hotel. However, with the exception of Sally, everybody — exhausted and called a taxi.

2. Along the way many young people become addicted — drugs due to ignorance.

3. It must be difficult being famous. Just imagine being — the limelight all the time; never being able — go anywhere out being recognized.

4. All his life he had lived with the people who looked — him, who instructed him and protected him. He was — and tired of it.

5. The studio was poorly furnished — a low sofa and a couple of chairs. But it was full of canvases, some standing — the comer, others hanging on the walls.

6. The conversation had to be kept — the subject of Mr.Smith’s bankruptcy. It was a source of embarrassment — the whole family.

7. The men were drinking together when an argument — out. The men soon came — blows, and the publican called the police. The situation was just beginning to get — of hand, when the police arrived and took two men to the police station. One man made a break out of it, and succeeded — getting away with it.

8. I’d love to come to the concert with you but I can’t, I’m afraid. I’m — to my ears in work this week.

9. In front of the easel with an unfinished still life — oil stood a small group of people; one of them was a well-known critic.

10. Success will depend — a great extent — his power of endurance. I know this — my own experience.

1. During the flight he was very much — edge, and didn’t start to relax until the plane had landed.

2. It — without saying that one of the disadvantages of being a doctor is that you are frequently — call at weekends.

3. The Chancellor is constantly receiving suggestions while simplifying the tax system. These have — occasion been quite sensible. As far as he has trashed — this problem we will be able to go on.

4. At last they agreed — never referring to that painful subject. They were greatly concerned — what consequences such a return might pose.

5. How sweet — you to have put down curtains. Now we can go to the tea-shop and have a bite. Pin — a note on Ed’s desk to let him know we’ll be back — no time.

6. A large lady with an even larger shopping basket bumped — me the other day, and practically knocked me —. But they say nothing — of the ordinary happened.

7. If you’re — a loose end this weekend, Joan, why not come — for a meal? It’ll give us a chance to catch — on some gossip.

8. Scientists are unable to account — the sudden increase of sunspot activity, — some people believe that aerosols are to blame.

9. When the headmaster found out that the children slept — the lights on he inquired — the matter and the twilight sessions with Bedside Tales were put an end to.

10. He was greatly worried about the unmistakable threat in the letter. He was about to tear it — when his wife looked in and asked what he was doing in there.

1. The company president promised to step — from his position for it to be occupied by a younger person. He backed — when he saw how difficult it was in the company.

2. The day when the man was released — prison, he set fire — a bus.

3. While he was talking with the suspect, the policeman — sight of a bloodstain — her sleeve.

4. Harold’s younger boys had been at home for months; so far as he knew the kids were getting — and making good progress.

5. Even if they are — sale, these refrigerators are equal in price, — are not more expensive, the ones at the other store.

6. In the end we hit — a solution to the problem — chance.

7. We walked — tiptoe — fear of being discovered though when we bumped into the guard solely — coincidence Diane showed a complete disregard — her own safety.

8. Mr. Jones is a terrible snob and has always looked down — anyone with a lower income than him. He should be stopped as his desire of power runs — him.

9. After a long hard winter I was — forward to getting back spring as it seemed just the thing to help me get — my winter depression.

10. You cannot eat an almond without — cracking the shell. To certain extent you cannot expect to get anything without working — it.

Read the sentences and think of the word which best fits each gap.

Use only ONE word

1. The treatment isn’t likely to have much effect on you if you don’t keep to a diet for a month or so.

2. It’s useless to go down the plan if you think it may prove impossible to put it in practice.

3. The warranty on the radial tires is as good, if not better, as that on the four- ply tires.

4. The foreman of the jury rose to his feet, turned to the judge, and addressed them quietly.

5. Cave explorers are called either spelunkers or speleologists depending on what they enter caves for: sport or science.

6. So far the doctor hasn’t prescribed any medicine for your headaches. It will be clear later on what you are suffering from and what sort of disease to cure you of.

7. What on earth are you doing here in the thunderstorm and in the middle of nowhere? He couldn’t get over the shock and I knew he was amazed at my courage.

8. I think it will be very pleasant for you to go for a trip on the river. I hope you will get along my son.

9. Methods of flood control focus on preventing rivers from rising and keeping them away from the banks.

10. Astronauts begin training for their jobs by learning basics such as escape from the spacecraft and survival on land and water.

1.According to a magazine article I read recently we live in an age of increasing leisure.

2. She pointed to a plant next to her feet and bent down to pick it up. The juice of this plant is tasteless, but when added to tea or any drink, it becomes deadly.

3. The desire of modem novelists to depict everyday life with a maximum of realism has led to the inclusion of expressions in their written vocabulary which earlier were at any case more or less unknown to a great many readers.

4. The word “quiz” was kept alive in literary circles by the works of Jane Austen, and the sense was “to look at someone in a curious or mocking way”.

6. Under the circumstances he was a pain in the neck as his aggressiveness was put down to the fact that he had had an overbearing father.

7. It goes without saying that money never means much to someone who has always had enough to get by. The only people who like money are those having a lot of it.

8. To “park” is in fact military in origin, and was being used with reference to wagons and guns as long as the Napoleonic wars.

9. Dutch students have begun militant action to protest against the Minister of Education’s threat to send away all students who have not paid the new tuition fee yet. March 3.

10. Yet money was important for him, its presence was a deep source of security, and it was somehow a stuff through which he was vitally connected to the world.

1. And please bear it in mind, by no means ever lend him money any more or it will get you in trouble.

2. It was at least twenty five years since I had set eyes on him and had known in advance about my troubles.

3. At the age of 30 she had learned to discuss money with embarrassment and not to lower the rent for everyone who made her feel sorry for them.

5. He had evidently been roused in his sleep; he wore slippers on his bare feet, grey trousers and a frock-coat over his pajamas. His hairs as a rule plastered neatly on his head stood on end.

6. I’ve been trying to get hold of him for several days, but to my great disappointment he always seems to be out.

7. Despite the amount of money spent each year for doctors’ prescriptions and approved medical treatment, huge sums are given to health foods and remedies of various kinds, from vitamin pills to mineral water.

8. Does it stand to reason that a man would be able to injure himself by striking the soft and sensitive parts of his face with a stone?

9. Robert is a bit pleased with himself. Of course he’s got plenty to be pleased about, successful man, successful husband,

I do wish he and Hilda wouldn’t put it on display as much.

10. A farm working couple who were thrown out of their cottage on Tuesday, later staged a successful sit-in in a council building as the first stage of their fight for a permanent home.

1. A significant point that has emerged from the survey is that large numbers of people living in Council houses would like the opportunity to become house owners at once.

2.But the rain showed no sign of stopping, and at length with umbrellas and waterproofs they set out.

3 He knew a few people, as it was his business to keep in the background, but he had picked up a chatting acquaintance with several persons who put up at the hotel.

4. Speaking slowly and giving as few as possible of the lured details, he pointed out each fact in favour of innocence. *

5. The campaign aims at involving thousands of women, and men as well as collecting as many contributions as possible.

6. In conclusion I will tell you all the latest scientific discoveries, and what I ought to read to keep myself up to date.

7. You’ll get in trouble if you continue to behave with regards to decency.

8. As a matter of fact, his life in all these times now passed more evenly, and with a more proportionate judgement than it had done before.

9. Then I heard everybody running through the corridor and down the stairs, so I put on my bathrobe and I ran downstairs too

10. He stands in a comer watching crowds of Africans streaming along the roads of the Native Township, on foot and on bicycle, talking, laughing, singing.

1. We succeeded in finding Ann’s house on the second attempt. The house.is really far from being easy to find.

2. Above all, the primary responsibility for coping with crime rests with the police and the courts, but, if you care about improving the quality of life for yourself and your community, there are many ways you can help reverse the trend.

3. For five years, shoulder to shoulder, along rivers and trails, in the camps and mines they had knitted the bonds of their friendship.

5.Does it make any difference to them if we pay by cheque?

6. At first the book seemed thrilling to me, but as I read read it, I grew more and more disappointed with the plot.

7. The bus rolled from the slope and collided with a van.

8.After pausing for my usual bread and cheese in one of the village tavern, I went immediately to Alex.

9. But as a part of a steady diet of bread and circuses, presumably aimed at taking our minds off the economic situation, I’d almost rather be thrown to the lions.

10. In the South, of course, they are openly discriminated while, in the North they by and large have to live in the city slums but at least they have full legal rights.

1. Fleet Street was once famous for its coffee houses. Men used to meet there. They were prominent in the literary world. It is now synonymous to journalism and English national newspapers.

2. I was taken completely by surprise, and in fact could hardly believe Margaret was serious when she told me she was going to leave England early the following year to take up a job there.

3. What was he waiting for with that smile on his lips and in his eyes?

4. They would think it over. They would see through it. Certain things were standing on the way. And so on, an so forth.

5. But a thought went through her head backwards and forwards, it was as if she were reading from a tape.

6. After the accident, the bus driver accused the motorist of not looking where he was going, to which the latter retorted that if the other hadn’t been driving so fast he himself would have had a chance of stopping at time.

8. Some of them were reclining on the-couches on the dance floor, some of them were boozing at the long bar on the right.

9. He took his girlfriend home after the party and they stayed in the car chattering and laughing for a long time until she went to the house.

10. He explained to her that it was impossible for him to give up his job which after all meant his bread and butter, and it was at stake.

1. «When questioned by the master about disappearance of a bicycle from the school sheds two days before, the boy flatly denied having had anything to do with it.

2. He asked me to lend him five pounds, which I agreed to do, somewhat reluctantly, on condition that he paid me back the following week.

3. With his teaspoon in his hand he peeped in the comer and saw with amazement that a carriage and a pair were waiting outside.

4. Day by day through the long summer, Jesse drove from farm to farm up and down the valley of wine creek, and his grandson went with him.

5. Couldn’t you provide us with a more practicable scheme? The one you have just devised is not sensible at all.

6. Michael rang Jean up at the last moment, apologizing profusely for being unable to go to dinner with her that evening. Despite his apology, Jean was very put off, and said he might have let her know earlier.

7. He had no sooner put down the receiver with a great sigh of relief than the telephone rang again.

8. Tom was trembling from head to foot with excitement and a sense of the hopelessness of the situation.

9. The doctor put the aspirins half by half into her mouth and she washed them down with the warm wine and let her tears splash onto the side of the glass.

10. She was on pins and needles all the time, scared the car might play up or break down and make them late for the arrival of the troop train.

1. Do you remember lending him the money? I hope at least that he won’t forget to pay you back as he has a habit of forgetting things he doesn’t want to remember.

2, I’m looking forward to having a few days by myself as the rest of the family are away.

3. In regard of matrimony, you are now at the most dangerous period of your life. You might marry in haste and repent at leisure, but I think you won’t.

4. He had known her off and on for many years. When she paid visits to Singapore she generally came to dine with his wife and himself, and once or twice she had passed a weekend with them at their bungalow by the sea.

5. He told me this story, but I will tell it now in my words, as I had to piece it together from what he said at one time or another, and what he left out I have to supply with my own imagination.

6. Like many other people, I dislike having someone looking over my shoulder reading my newspaper. I find it difficult to prevent myself from saying something sarcastic.

7. When the editor found out that his newspaper had been taken over by a rival publisher, he resigned from his position.

8. She was detained in the office by unexpected callers. It turned out that they had picked up the wrong suitcase at the airport by mistake.

9. There’s no point in getting upset over things that are out of your control.

10. It is only when we have been deprived of something that we appreciate the true value of it. Common sense is the most widely ‘shared commodity in the world, for every man is convinced that he is well supplied with it.

1. What was going on in your house when I called in to see you last night? I rang the bell three times, but you didn’t answer the door. Judging from the noise that was coming from the sitting room, I thought you must be having a party.

2. He leaves the car in a parking meter for two hours and always gets away with it. When I do that, I am fined.

3. The business had been allowed to run down with such an effect that it was sold for only a quarter of its real market value.

4. A person’s worth should be measured by his actions not by what he ought to be: a person is good if he is good for others.

5. When an opportunity to do a thing on which you have set your heart suddenly arises you should take full advantage of it, or you may never get a chance.

6. Sometimes in a close friendship, where important matters are concerned, people agree to differ and as a rule fall silent.

7. We are all anxious about an end of this misunderstanding. We are annoyed by the way they sit for hours without saying a word.

8. The person who is so careful that he never makes a mistake is yet to achieve anything but real value. It is the end that matters, making no previous failures and disappointments.

9. Under the cover of darkness, we entered the castle. Everyone was exhausted with the exception for Sally.

10. It is always easy to begin a war, but very difficult to stop it, since the beginning and end are not under control of the same man.

1. He was completely at a loss as he had never been obliged to deal with such a situation before.

2. While entering the hotel, we immediately realized-the reason for its being so popular with/ among tourists.

3. To sum up there are many arguments both for and against mothers working. Every family is different and what is good for one family may not necessarily be good for another. Taking everything into account, it should be left for the individual mother to decide whether working or not is something that she wants to do.

4. We will have to speed up if we’re going to get across every item of the agenda by lunchtime.

5. Last time I’d ask her something, she said “what?” That can get on your nerves after a while.

6. I tried to keep steady on my chair. The offer took my breath away, an opportunity the one which I had never dared, even, to contemplate.

7. But, as far as I am concerned, the woman of today is of little use in politics or business.

8. When he turned seventy-one Henry showed up to meet the press wearing two different shoes. Asked about it by reporters, he looked down and obviously making up an answer on the spot, said that he always wore one old shoe on his birthday to remind himself that he had once been poor and might again.

9. If a lie is not refuted immediately, it will pass from mouth to mouth as it is accepted as truth by everybody.

10. He had been in the habit of borrowing money from the city treasury at a low rate of interest.

1. Most miraculous of all, instead of being blinded by love for her as she was for him, he had cut himself emotionally free of her and could see her with complete objectivity.

2. The nuns looked up, and the young nun gestured toward the Fitch home to explain with words where I had come from. It looked very strange: five nuns sitting at a table with nothing on it but a record player.

3. What do you have to say in response to the charges made against you?

4. Modem technology has brought about enormous improvements to communications and so many people are still very worried about using the latest computer technology. I am often surprised to meet colleagues who still don’t know what the «e» in e-mail stands for.

5. Let me explain how the situation came about. Mark was called up when the war broke out.

6. My father had never had any confidence in my choice of a husband. When he died from a heart attack after my marriage, I blamed myself and was overcome with guilt.

7. After he had followed a course of elocution, his speech was quite without faults.

8. People should confine themselves to doing the things they know how to do, are supposed to do, and should not make pronouncements about matters they are ignorant o

Практическая грамматика английского языка (стр. 5 )

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Open the brackets and give the proper forms of the Past Indefinite Tense.

Read an extract and open the brackets using the proper tenses.

Positano (stand) on the side of a steep hill and is a very picturesque place. In winter lots of painters, male and female, (crowd) its two or three modest hotels, but if you (come) there in summer you will have it to yourself. The hotel (be) clean and cool and there (be) a terrace where you can sit at night and look at the sea. Down on the quay there (be) a little tavern where they (offer) you macaroni, ham, fresh-caught fish and cold wine.

One August, tiring of Capri where I had been staying, I (make up) my mind to spend a few days at Positano, so I (hire) a fishing boat and (row) over, I (arrive) afc Positano in the evening. I (stroll) up the hill to the hotel, I (be surprised) to learn thai I was not its only guest. The waiter, whose name was Guiseppe, (tell) me that an American signorc had bееn staying there for three months. «Is he a painter or a writer or something?» I (ask). »No, signore, he (bе) a gentleman. You will see the signore at the tavern. He аlways (dine) there,» (say) Guiseppe.

A Give news about yourself and other people to a friend of yours. Use the words given to make sentences in the Present Perfect Tense.

Example: My sister/get married. —My sister has got married

1.1/find/a new job. 2. My father/retire. 3. Jane and Mike/go to work/to Australia. 4. I/buy/a new motorcycle. 5. My niece/start to walk. 6. The Browns/move/to another town. 7. Jack’s Grandpa/die. 8. I/join/another football club. 9. Nick and Rita/divorce. 10. John/receive/ a fortune, he/become/a millionaire.

В Ask your friend who is in the USA questions about what he or his relatives have seen or done (use the Present Perfect Tense).

Example: You/have/a good journey? — Have you had a good journey?

1. You/already/see/the Great American Lakes? 2. You/be/to Broadway? 3. Mike/manage to see/the Statue of Liberty? 3. What/new places/your brother/show to you? 4. Ann/visit/the White House? 5. Your father/get/ promotion? 6. You/receive/your driving license? 7. Your brother/change/a car? 8, What kind of house/you/buy1

С Say what you or your friends have not done yet (year, month, etc.).

Example: I/not be/to the theatre/this month. — / have not been to the theatre this month,

1. Sue/not read/Gone with the Wind/yet. 2. Jill/not enter/London University/this year. 3. Larry/not produce/ a new film/yet. 4. Peggy and Paul/not move/to another flat this month. 5. Pete/not finish/his project yet. 6. My cousin/not get married/this month. 7. Mrs. Brown/not recover/yet. 8. They/not go/on business/this week.

Open the brackets and put the verb into the correct tense, either the Present Indefinite, the Present Continuous or the Present Perfect.

1. As a rule, I (have) porridge for breakfast, but this morning I (order) an omelette. 2. This is the house where I (live). I (live) here since childhood. 3. Stop smoking! The room (be) full of smoke which (come) from your pipe. Usually nobody (smoke) here as Mother (not let) it. 4.1 (write) letters home once a week, but I (not write) one this week, so my next letter must be rather long. 5. No wonder she (look) tired after the strain under which she (be) for a month. 6. Why you (not shave) this morning? — I (shave) every other day. 7. Research (show) that lots of people (absorb) new information more efficiently at some times of day than at others. A biological rhythm (affect) different people in different ways. 8.1 just (look) at the barometer and (see) that it (fall) very quickly. 9. Don’t shout so loudly. Father (not finish) work and he hates if anybody (make a noise) while he (work). 10.1 regularly (see) him at the tram stop, but I (not see) him these two or three days.

Open the brackets and put the verb into the correct tense, either the Past Indefinite or the Present Perfect.

1. You (find) the money which you (lose) yesterday? — Yes, I (find) it in the pocket of my coat when I (come) home. 2. The rain (stop) but a strong wind is still blowing, 3. You (see) Nick today? — Yes, but he already (leave). 4. We never (see) him. We don’t even know what he looks like. 5. She (meet) them in the Globus theatre last afternoon. 6. How long you (know) him? — We (meet) in 1996, but we (not see) each other since last autumn. 7. He (live) in St. Petersburg for two years and then (go) to Siberia. 8. When he (arrive)? — He (arrive) at 2 o’clock. 9,1 (read) this book when I was at school. 10.1 can’t go with you because I (not finish) my lessons yet. 11. The clock is slow. — It isn’t slow, it (stop). 12. He (leave) for Canada two years ago and I (not see) him since. 13. This is the fifth cup of coffee you (have) today! I4.lt is the most beautiful place I (visit). 16 I (not see) Nick lately. Anything (happen) to him?

— Yes, he (get) into an accident three weeks ago. Since that time he (be) in hospital. 16. Why you (switch on) the light? It isn’t dark yet. 17. He (do) everything already? — Yes, he (do) his part of work long ago. 18. The last post (come)? — Yes, it (come) half an hour ago. 19. When you (meet) him last? 20. You ever (be) to Japan? — Yes, I (be) there the year when there was an earthquake. 21. The discussion already (begin). Why are you always late? 22. Why you (take) my pen while I was out? You (break) it. 23. You never (tell) me why you’re called Tony when your name is John. 24, Her father (die) when she was a small girl. 25. They (not meet) since they (leave) school. 26. The rain (stop). Come out, I want to speak with you.

Match the two halves of these sentences.

1) He caught a cold a) all day.

2) She lias been interested, in maths b) before.

3) They went out c) since last year.

4) He has been in love with her d) when he was six.

5) The Nobel Fund was set up e) up to now.

6) He has been engaged at the plant f) when he had to wait for the bus.

7) He hasn’t been abroad g) a few minutes ago.

8) I’ve visited seven countries h) in the first half of the 20th century.

9) Mary and Nick have never quarrelled like i) since she began to study it.

10) My son started school j) for two years.

Choose che correct variant.

1 ___ever___ to this museum? — Yes, I___it once when I___a youth, and the pictures___ a deep impression on me. Since then I___there.

a) did you be, visited, was, made, was not

b) were you, visited, was, have made, was not

c) have you been, have visited, were, have made, have not been

d) have you been, visited, was, made, have not been

2.1___Jack lately. When___him last? — I___ mm two days ago. I___ that he ___very much.

a) did not see, have you seen, met, thought, changes

b) have not seen, did you see, met, think, changed

c) have not seen, you saw, met, think, changed

d) do not see, have you seen, have met, thought, would change

3, The Egyptian civilization.___ the oldest which___ us art. It___about five thousand years ago. The story of Egyptian art___three thousand years and__ the art of different periods.

a) is, left, began, covers, includes

b) was, leaves, has begun, covered, included

c) is, has left, \vas began, has covered9 has included

d) has be? n, left, began, covers, included

4,___ your tennis racket with you? — Yes, I am going to show you how much I __ since last summer. I ___tennis lessons now. Now it___for you to judge if I ___ any progress,

a) did you bring, improved, take, is, have made

b) have you brought, improved, take, was, have made

c) did you bring, have improved, am taking, is, made

d) have you brought, have improved, am taking, is, have made

5.___lunch already? — No, not yet. The waitress my order fifteen minutes ago and___me anything yet.

a) have you, took, has not brought

b) have you had, took, has not brought

c) did you have, has taken, did not bring

d) have you have, was taken, was not brought

Translate the following sentences using the Past Indefinite or the Present Perfect.

1. Где мистер Андерсен? — Он уехал в Гаагу. — Когда? — Несколько дней тому назад. — А я никогда не был в Нидерландах, хотя хочу там побывать уже несколько лет. 2. Вы когда-нибудь были в Санта-Барбаре? — Да. — Когда вы там были в последний раз? — В прошлом году. 3. Где Анна? Почему она не пришла в институт? Я ее сегодня не видел. С ней что-нибудь случилось? — Да нет, Анна здесь. Она только что по­шла на лекцию. Но лекция уже началась, так что ты не сможешь сейчас с ней поговорить. 4. Вы были в театре на Бродвее? Что вы там смотрели? Когда вы там были в последний раз? 5. В последнее время я не получала писем (hear from) от своих родителей. — Когда ты получила последнее письмо? — Месяц на­зад. С тех пор я уже отправила им несколько писем. 6. Пойдемте в ресторан обедать. —• С удовольствием. Я еще не обедал. — А когда вы завтракали? — Поздно утром, но я уже давно хочу есть. 7. Погода изменилась со вчерашнего дня. Очень холодно, идет снег и дует сильный ветер. 8. Они уже ушли? — Да, они вышли ровно в семь. 9. Они познакомились полгода тому на­зад у моей подруги, но с тех пор не виделись. 10. Я скучаю по своей семье. Мне кажется, я не был дома уже целую вечность. Моя командировка длится уже полгода. 11. Вы уже написали контрольную работу? Покажите мне ее» 12. Давно вы приехали? Видели его? — Я приехала вчера, Я видела его и говорила с ним сегодня после завтрака. 13. Месяца три спустя он уехал в Африку, С тег пор они не встречались. 14, Я давно пришла сюда. Я здесь с 9 часов. 15, У тебя с тех пор немного потемнели волосы,, 16, Мы только что про­дали последний экземпляр этой книги. Жаль, что вы не сказали нам, что она вам нужна» 17. Когда я заболел? — Три дня назад. Я с ним со вчерашнего дня. 18, Я узнал ваш телефон в справочном бюро (enquiry office) и зво­нил вам несколько раз, но никто не отвечал. 19. Вы давно здесь? — Нет, я только что пришел. 20. Он на­учился плавать в детстве. Они тогда были на юге.

Complete the sentences with the verbs from the box using the Present Perfect Continuous Tense,

1. He __ for two hours, tell him to rest a little. 2 «I ___a long time for you,» said my friend with a displeased air. 3. They___ a noise since I came here. 4. How long you___to get in touch with your friend? 5. Your face is dirty with paint. What you___? You___the house? 6. They___this problem for more than two hours. 7. I ask you to keep to the point, You___for fifteen minutes,

but the subject of your report is not clear yet. 8. He is a rather experienced specialist. He___his business for seven years. 9. There is a lot of snow in the street as it ___since yesterday. 10. How long your brother___as a doctor? 11. I’ve got sore feet. We___for six hours already.

Open the brackets end put the verbs into the Present Perfect Continuous Tense or the Present Perfect Tense.

1. I (try) to get into contact with them for a long time, but new I (give) it up as hopeless» 2, My shortsighted uncle (lose) Ins spectacles. We (look) for them everywhere but we can’t find them, 3, She (be) of great help to us since she (live) for such a long time with us, 4. You ever (work) as interpreter? — Yes, thai is what I (do) for the last five months, 5. They (make up) their quarrel? — I don’t know. I only know that they (not be) on speaking terms since September. 6. Our pilot (ask) for permission to take off for ten minutes already, but he (get) no answer yet. 7. A skilful photographer (help) me with the development of summer films for two weeks, but we (develop) only half of them, 8.1 (know) them since we met at Ann’s party» 9. You (open) the door at last» I (ring) for an hour at least, it seems to me. 10. Looks the typist (talk) all the time, she already (miss) several words.

Open the brackets and pat the verbs into the proper tense, either the Present Continuous or the Present Perfect Continuous Tense.

1. Don’t come in, He (take) an exam. He (take) his exam for half an hour already. 2, Where are the children? — They (play volleyball). They (play volleyball) since t\\o o’clock,learn) to type for a month and can say that my typing (improve). 4. Nick (come) round to see as tonight. 5* He (stay) at his sister’s for six weeks» He (try) to find somewhere to live. 6. We can’t dance as my father (work) in the study. He (prepare) a report. He (v rite) it for the whole day. 7. Do you see what the child (do) with your hat? Тakе it from him. 8. They still (discuss) the article? But they (do) it since twelve o’clock! 9. The prices (go up)o They (rise) since 1991, 10. What a strong wind (blow)! It (blow) since yesterday.

Open the brackets and put the verbs into the proper tense (the Present Indefinite, the Present Continuous, the Present Perfect Continuous or the Present Perfect Tense).

1. It (snow) steadily the whole week and it still (snow). 2» We (climb) for six hours already, but we (not reach) the top of the mountain yet. 3. The pain already (go) but the child still (cry), 4. The workers (work) very hard these two weeks, they (be) busy with the interior decoration of the house» 5. He (solve) the crossword puzzle for an hour and he (say) he (be) about to solve it as he (think) over the last word о 6. He (work) at the language all the time and (make) great progress. His pronunciation (be) rather good, only a slight accent (remain). 7„ Не (finish) the first part of his book and now he (write) the second. He (work) at his book for two years, 8. Dusliri Hoffman, who (play) the hero, (give) a fine performance. 9. Why your hair (be) wet? You (swim)? 10, Doctors and scientists (show) recently the benefit of fish in the diet.

1. Он наш тренер (trainer) с тех пор, как я начал иг­рать в этой команде. 2. Они уже приняли решение (take a decision) по этому вопросу? — Нет. Они все еще спорят (argue). Они обсуждают этот вопрос уже два часа и еще не пришли ни к какому решению, 3. Утро было солнеч­ное, но с одиннадцати погода изменилась, и сейчас идет дождь. 4. Чем вы занимаетесь с тех пор, как мы расста­лись (part)? 5. Мэри уже приехала? — Да, она уже здесь два дня. Она приехала в пятницу. 6. Студенты пишут контрольную работу уже два часа. Пока только двое сда­ли работы. 7. Гроза (thunderstorm) прошла, но небо покрыто темными тучами, и дует сильный ветер. 8. Вы прочитали книгу, которую я вам дала? 9. Вы плохо вы­глядите. Вы много работали на этой неделе? — Да. Я работаю над переводом уже десять дней, но сделала только половину. 10. Что здесь делает этот человек? — Он ждет секретаря. Она еще не пришла на работу.

Open the brackets and use either the Past Indefinite or the Past Continuous.

1, We (walk) in silence when he suddenly (ask) me to help him. 2.1 just (have) breakfast when the telephone (ring). When I came back to my coffee, it (be) cold. 3. When I (finish) my letter in the hall, a tall beautiful woman with red hair (enter). A dog (follow) her. 4. Ann (drop) two cups while she (wash up) last night, but neither of the cups (break). 5.1 (walk) along the street watching what (go on) around me. Fast cars (rush) in both directions and it (be) impossible to cross the street. 6. The old man who (sit) on the bench beside me (keep) silence. Then suddenly he (turn round) to me and (begin) to speak. 7.1 (stand) near the fence when suddenly I (hear) the voices. 8. He well (remember) the day when he first (go) to school. 9. We (talk) about Jim when he (run) into the room. 10. The day was marvelous: the sun (shine), the birds (sing) so we (decide) to go for a walk. 11. Miss Brown’s telephone (ring) when she (dress). 12.1 (light) my pipe and (nod) to him to show that I (listen). 13. When he (come) into the office the secretary (do) a crosswords puzzle. 14. Why you (not listen) to me while I (speak)? 15. He (wait) for her, but she never (come).

Find the mistakes if any. Use the proper tense.

1. When I came, he was having breakfast. 2. When she worked there, she often made mistakes. 3. When he was phoning, she had a bath, 4. While I was ironing, he read a newspaper, 5.1 cooked supper when I heard this news. 6. He was working in this company in 19could not answer your call, I worked in the garden then. 8. They wished to stay because they enjoyed themselves,

9, Were you quarreling all evening? 10. The train was approaching the city when it was raining heavily, 11. The secretary still typed when the boss came in and was putting some documents on the table. 12. When he came up to the square, he saw a lot of people: they sang, danced and shouted. They were celebrating New Year, 13. Just as I was coming into the room, the students discussed the first report. 14, All the time I was writing, he was annoying me with silly questions. 15, The children played while the mother put the room in order.

Choose the right variant using the Present Perfect, the Past Indefinite cr the Past Continuous Tense.

1. While I (was waiting/waited/have waited) for him to call up, he (had/was having/have had) a good time in the bar. 2. She (has written/wrote/was writing) this exercise yesterday at 8 o’clock. 3. He (has invited/was inviting/ invited) me to the party yesterday. 4.1 (passed/have passed/ was passing) my exam in history today. 5. He (read/has read/was reading) a book two days ago. 6. They (have seen/ saw/were seeing) this film last week. 7. She (painted/has painted/was painting) the picture when I came. 8.1 (made/ have made/was making) my report when you entered the hall. 9. They (learnt/were learning/have learnt) the new words yesterday from three till seven. 10. It (rained/has rained/was raining) this week. 11. She (was having/had/ has had) a bath at seven o’clock last night. 12. She (was washing/washed/has washed) dishes already. 13. They (had/have had/were having) supper when the telephone rang, 14.1 (didn’t meet/haven’t met/was not meeting) you for ages. 15. Last summer he (has gone/was going/ went) to the Caucasus. 16, She was thoughtfully looking at him while he (read/was reading/has read) a newspaper. 17. While I (swept/was sweeping/has swept) the floor, Mrs, Parker began cooking. 18.1 just (had/have had/was having) a telegram to say that my poor friend is badly ill again. 19. We (sat/were sitting/have sat) in silence for a few minutes. He (spoke/was speaking/has spoken) at last.

20. While she (washed/was washing/has washed up), she (was hearing/heard/has heard) the doorbell, then voices. 21. «She (was making/made/has made) tea, let’s go to the dining room». 22. Only two stars (shone/were shining/ has shone) in the dark blue sky. 23. On glancing at the address, he observed that it (contained/was containing/ has contained) no name. 24. He just (left/was leaving/has left) the hall when a stranger (entered/was entering/has entered). 25.1 (met/was meeting/have met) Ann at her father’s house twenty years ago and (knew/have known/ was knowing) her ever since.

Choose the right variant.

1. Higher education in the US___in 1636 when the first colonists___Harvard College.

a) has begun, founded

b) began, have founded

c) began, founded

d) was beginning, have founded

2. Noah Webster___ An American Dictionary of the English Language in two volumes in 1828, and since then it___the recognized authority for usage in the United States.

a) published, became

b) has published, has become

c) published, was becoming

d) published, has become

3. He___at Oxford then. He was not the best student, though he ___ well known among the second year students.

a) was studying, became

b) was studying, has become

c) studied, became

d) has studied, has become

4. One day when he___home he___a boy who___ him from the opposite side of the street.

a) was walking, saw, watched

b) walked, has seen, was watching

c) was walking, saw, was watching

d) has walked, has seen, has watched

5. It was midnight. She____ in her lonely room. The rain driven by the rain__ against the window.

b) was sitting, was beating

d) has been sitting, has been beating

1. Я так и не увидел Великие озера. Когда поезд проезжал этот район, была ночь. 2. Пока директор вел беседу с представителями (representative) иностран­ных фирм (firm), секретарь сортировала утреннюю почту. 3. Том Сойер не мог играть со своими товари­щами Он красил забор (fence). 4. Уже садилось солн­це, когда я подъехал к Эдинбургу. 5. Он вел машину на большой скорости, б. Они вышли, когда еще было свет­ло, но черные тучи собирались на горизонте (horizon) и дул холодный северный ветер. 7. Ей было очень труд-I но жить с миссис Грин в одной комнате (share a room), так как та постоянно жаловалась (complain of) на хо­лод и на плохое обслуживание. 8. Она шла по темной улице и оглядывалась, Кто-то следил (follow) за ней. 9. О я выглянул из окна. Много людей стояло около дома» 10. Когда я вошла в комнату, она плакала, 11. Мы катались на лыжах, хотя шел снег. 12. В тот день у нас было много работы, т. к. вечером мы уезжали. 13. Мы познакомились (get acquainted), когда сдавали вступи­тельные (entrance) экзамены. 14. Вчера он был занят, он чинил (fix) телевизор. 15. Он вошел в комнату, по­здоровался (greet) со всеми и сел у окна. 16. Она гото­вилась к экзаменам. 17. Когда часы пробили одиннад­цать, он все еще работал. 18. Дождь начался в тот мо­мент, когда она вышла в сад. 19. По вечерам он имел обыкновение читать вслух своему сынишке. 20. Они прекратили ссориться (quarrel), т. к. гости входили в зал.

Open the brackets paying attention to the use of the Past Perfect Tense.

1. He already (go) by the time I (come) to the party. 2. Mother (cook) dinner before he (come). 3. When I (reach) the front door, I realized that I (loose) the key. 4. The shop (close) by the time I (get) there. 5. The scientists (carry) out many experiments before they (achieve) satisfactory results. 6. When I (arrive), he (stay) in the same hotel where we first (meet). the end of the year he (finish) research. 8. He told me that he (not see) much of her since she (move) to another town. 9. When I (come), he already (come) and (sit) near the fireplace looking through a magazine. 10. She said that they (meet) in 1990 for the first time.

Choose the right variant.

1.1___to the USA so far.

a) have not been

2 I never___them when I lived in London.

3.1 came at 2 o’clock. He___the work by that time.

4,1 met her on Monday and___her since.

b) have not seen

5. She said in a voice she never___about it before.

6. Yes, I know Jim. I___him for more than ten years.

7. She tried to concentrate. She ___ John since 1978. No, he could not have done it.

8. He___ in a bank before he came to our office.

9. We___. there since we were young.

a) have not been

10. Why___the window? It is very noisy in the street.

a) had you opened

b) have you opened

Open the brackets and use the required past tense.

1. It was the poorest room he ever (see). 2. No sooner she (come) at the station than a fast London train (arrive). 3» I (finish) my work by afternoon and (sit) quietly in my armchair, thinking of the days that (pass) by, 4. The storm already (die) away, but very far off the thunder still (mutter). 5.1 already (go) into the bed and (fall asleep) when my mother (knock) at the door and (ask) me to get up. the time the guests (come), she still (not be ready). 7.1 (not listen)s so I missed what she (say). 9 o’clock he (finish) work. He (go) outside. The rain (stop) but it (be) rather cool. the time I (come) the shop already (close), 10. Hardly we (leave) when our bicycle (break) down.

Complete the sentences with the verbs from the box using the Past Perfect Continuous Tense.

1. He___the car for many hours before he came to the crossroads, 2. The pianist ___ the passage hour after hour till he mastered it, 3, When I met her, her eyes were red. She and Mike again____. 4, When I came, they___ this question for more than an hour. 5. It was evening

and he was tired because he___since dawn. 6. He ___ to get her on the phone for 15 minutes before he heard her voice. 12 o’clock they _____ a composition for two hours. 8. The fire___for some time before a fire brigade came. 9.1___to meet her for ages when I bumped into

her by chance. 10. When I left home, it was raining, and as it___since morning, the streets were muddy.

Open the brackets and use the proper tense.

1. When he (arrive), I (live) in London for a week. 2, We (read) while he (eat). 3. When Jack (phone) me, I (write) a letter, 4. When my friend (come), I (do) an exercise for an hour. 5. The library (close) by the time I (get) there. 6.1 (drive) home when I (hear) the news on the radio. 7. They always (have) loud parties which (go on) till the early hours, 8. We (walk) for some hours before we (realize) that we (lose) our way. 9. No sooner I (complain) that I (not hear) from them for a long time than the letter (come). 10. The concert was a great success. When the pianist (finish) his part, the audience (applaud) the orchestra for some minutes.

1. Мы посмотрели пьесу до того, как обсудили ее. 2. Мы посмотрели пьесу, а затем обсудили ее. 3. Я был в Лондоне в прошлом году. Раньше я там не бывал. 4. Ему не нравилось письмо, которое он пытался напи­сать уже два часа. Слова казались ему неубедительны­ми (unconvincing). 5. Когда мы пришли, он уже вер­нулся и что-то писал в своем кабинете (study). 6. Он окончил свою работу в саду и сидел на террасе (terrace). Вечер был теплый, и солнце только что зашло. 7. Она проработала с нами только два месяца, но доказала, что она опытный юрист (lawyerШел очень сильный снег, и я не смог разобрать (make out) номера трамвая. Когда я уже проехал (cover) несколько остановок (tram stops), я понял что ехал в неправильном направлении. 9. Я звонила вам с 4-х часов, но не смогла дозвониться (get): ваша линия была все время занята, 10. Две не­дели шли дожди: наконец три дня назад установилась (set in) хорошая погода.

Here is the forecast of the life in the 21st plete the sentences with the words from the box.

Chapter 9

Термины в модуле (17)

a. For this economy, what is f(k)?

b. Use your answer to part (a) to solve for the steady-state value of y as a function of s, n, g, and δ.

b. To solve for the steady-state value of y as a function of s, n, g, and δ, we begin with the equation for the change in the capital stock in the steady state:

The production function Y=sqroot k can also be rewritten as y^2 = k. Plugging this production function into the equation for the change in the capital stock, we find that in the steady state:

Solving this, we find the steady-state value of y:

C. The question provides us with the following information about each country:

Using the equation for y* that we derived in part (a), we can calculate the steady-state values of y for each country.

(For a review of the Cobb-Douglas production function, see Chapter 3.) The economy has a capital share of a third, a saving rate of 24 percent, a depreciation rate of 3 percent, a rate of population growth of 2 percent, and a rate of labor-augmenting technological change of 1 percent. It is in steady state.

a. At what rates do total output, output per worker, and output per effective worker grow?

b. Solve for capital per effective worker, output per effective worker, and the marginal product of capital.

c. Does the economy have more or less capital than at the Golden Rule steady state? How do you know? To achieve the Golden Rule steady state, does the saving rate need to increase or decrease?

b. First find the output per effective worker production function by dividing both sides of the production function by the number of effective workers LE:
LOOK ON CHEGGG

To solve for capital per effective worker, we start with the steady state condition:

Now substitute in the given parameter values and solve for capital per effective worker (k):

Substitute the value for k back into the per effective worker production function to find output per effective worker is equal to 2. The marginal product of capital is given by

Substitute the value for capital per effective worker to find the marginal product of capital is equal to 1/12.

c. According to the Golden Rule, the marginal product of capital is equal to (δ + n + g) or 0.06. In the current steady state, the marginal product of capital is equal to 1/12 or 0.083. Therefore, we have less capital per effective worker in comparison to the Golden Rule. As the level of capital per effective worker rises, the marginal product of capital will fall until it is equal to 0.06. To increase capital per effective worker, there must be an increase in the saving rate.

a. What must the saving rate be in the initial steady state? [Hint: Use the steady-state relationship, sy = (δ + n + g)k.]

b. What is the marginal product of capital in the initial steady state?

c. Suppose that public policy alters the saving rate so that the economy reaches the Golden Rule level of capital. What will the marginal product of capital be at the Golden Rule steady state? Compare the marginal product at the Golden Rule steady state to the marginal product in the initial steady state. Explain.

d. What will the capital-output ratio be at the Golden Rule steady state? (Hint: For the Cobb-Douglas production function, the capital-output ratio is related to the marginal product of capital.)

• A Cobb-Douglas production function has the form y = k^α, where α is capital’s share of income. The question tells us that α = 0.3, so we know that the production function is y = k^0.3.
• In the steady state, we know that the growth rate of output equals 3 percent, so we know that (n + g) = 0.03.
• The depreciation rate δ = 0.04.
The capital-output ratio K/Y = 2.5. Because k/y = [K/(LE)]/[Y/(LE)] = K/Y, we also know that k/y = 2.5. (That is, the capital-output ratio is the same in terms of effective workers as it is in levels.)

a. Begin with the steady-state condition, sy = (δ + n + g)k. Rewriting this equation leads to a formula
for saving in the steady state:

Plugging in the values established above:

s = (0.04 + 0.03)(2.5) = 0.175.

The initial saving rate is 17.5 percent.

b.We know from Chapter 3 that with a Cobb-Douglas production function, capital’s share of income α = MPK(K/Y). Rewriting, we have

Plugging in the values established above, we find

c. We know that at the Golden Rule steady state:

Plugging in the values established above:

MPK = (0.03 + 0.04) = 0.07.

At the Golden Rule steady state, the marginal product of capital is 7 percent, whereas it is 12 percent in the initial steady state. Hence, from the initial steady state we need to increase k to achieve the Golden Rule steady state.

d. We know from Chapter 3 that for a Cobb-Douglas production function, MPK = α (Y/K). Solving this for the capital-output ratio, we find

We can solve for the Golden Rule capital-output ratio using this equation. If we plug in the value 0.07 for the Golden Rule steady-state marginal product of capital, and the value 0.3 for α, we find

In the Golden Rule steady state, the capital-output ratio equals 4.29, compared to the current capital-output ratio of 2.5.

e. We know from part (a) that in the steady state

where k/y is the steady-state capital-output ratio. In the introduction to this answer, we showed that k/y = K/Y, and in part (d) we found that the Golden Rule K/Y = 4.29. Plugging in this value and those established above:

s = (0.04 + 0.03)(4.29) = 0.30.

a. The capital-output ratio is constant.

b. Capital and labor each earn a constant share of an economy’s income. [Hint: Recall the definition MPK = f(k + 1) − f(k).]

c. Total capital income and total labor income both grow at the rate of population growth plus the rate of technological progress, n + g.

Since s, δ, n, and g are constant, this means that the ratio k/y is also constant. Since k/y = [K/(LE)]/[Y/(LE)] = K/Y, we can conclude that in the steady state, the capital-output ratio is constant.

c. We know that in the steady state, total income grows at n + g, defined as the rate of population growth plus the rate of technological change. In part (b) we showed that labor’s and capital’s share of income is constant. If the shares are constant, and total income grows at the rate n + g, then labor income and capital income must also grow at the rate n + g.

d. Define the real rental price of capital R as

R = Total Capital Income/Capital Stock
= (MPK K)/K
= MPK.

We know that in the steady state, the MPK is constant because capital per effective worker k is constant. Therefore, we can conclude that the real rental price of capital is constant in the steady state.
To show that the real wage w grows at the rate of technological progress g, define

TLI = Total Labor Income
L = Labor Force

Using the hint that the real wage equals total labor income divided by the labor force:

In terms of percentage changes, we can write this as

Δw/w + ΔL/L = ΔTLI/TLI.

a. What is the per-worker production function f(k)?

b. Solve for the ratio of Richland’s steady-state income per worker to Poorland’s. (Hint: The parameter α will play a role in your answer.)

c. If the Cobb-Douglas parameter α takes the conventional value of about 1/3, how much higher should income per worker be in Richland compared to Poorland?

b. LOOK ON ANSWER SHEET

c. If α equals 1/3, then Richland should be 41/2, or two times, richer than Poorland.

a. The rate of growth of total income

b. The level of income per worker

c. The real rental price of capital

a. In the Solow growth model, the rate of growth of total income is equal to n + g, which is independent of the work force’s level of education. The two countries will, thus, have the same rate of growth of total income because they have the same rate of population growth and the same rate of technological progress.

b. Because both countries have the same saving rate, the same population growth rate, and the same rate of technological progress, we know that the two countries will converge to the same steady-state level of capital per effective worker k*. This is shown in Figure 9-1.

Hence, output per effective worker in the steady state, which is y = f(k), is the same in both countries. But y = Y/(L E) or Y/L = y E. We know that y will be the same in both countries, but that E1 > E2. Therefore, yE1 > y*E2. This implies that (Y/L)1 > (Y/L)2. Thus, the level of income per worker will be higher in the country with the more educated labor force.

c. We know that the real rental price of capital R equals the marginal product of capital (MPK). But the MPK depends on the capital stock per efficiency unit of labor. In the steady state, both countries have k1 = k2 = k* because both countries have the same saving rate, the same population growth rate, and the same rate of technological progress. Therefore, it must be true that R1 = R2 = MPK. Thus, the real rental price of capital is identical in both countries.

d. Output is divided between capital income and labor income. Therefore, the wage per effective worker can be expressed as

As discussed in parts (b) and (c), both countries have the same steady-state capital stock k and the same MPK. Therefore, the wage per effective worker in the two countries is equal.
Workers, however, care about the wage per unit of labor, not the wage per effective worker. Also, we can observe the wage per unit of labor but not the wage per effective worker. The wage per unit of labor is related to the wage per effective worker by the equation

Wage per Unit of L = wE.

a. Rewrite the production function for manufactured goods in terms of output per effective worker and capital per effective worker.

b. In this economy, what is break-even investment (the amount of investment needed to keep capital per effective worker constant)?

c. Write down the equation of motion for k, which shows Δk as saving minus break-even investment. Use this equation to draw a graph showing the determination of steady-state k. (Hint: This graph will look much like those we used to analyze the Solow model.)

d. In this economy, what is the steady-state growth rate of output per worker Y/L? How do the saving rate s and the fraction of the labor force in universities u affect this steady-state growth rate?

e. Using your graph, show the impact of an increase in u. (Hint: This change affects both curves.) Describe both the immediate and the steady-state effects.

b. To begin, note that from the production function in research universities, the growth rate of labor efficiency, ΔE/E, equals g(u). We can now follow the logic of Section 9-1, substituting the function g(u) for the constant growth rate g. In order to keep capital per effective worker (K/EL) constant, break-even investment includes three terms: δk is needed to replace depreciating capital, nk is needed to provide capital for new workers, and g(u) is needed to provide capital for the greater stock of knowledge E created by research universities. That is, break-even investment is [δ + n + g(u)]k.

c. Again following the logic of Section 9-1, the growth of capital per effective worker is the difference between saving per effective worker and break-even investment per effective worker. We now substitute the per-effective-worker production function from part (a) and the function g(u) for the constant growth rate g, to obtain

In the steady state, Δk = 0, so we can rewrite the equation above as

As in our analysis of the Solow model, for a given value of u, we can plot the left and right sides of this equation
The steady state is given by the intersection of the two curves.

d. The steady state has constant capital per effective worker k as given by Figure 9-2 above. We also assume that in the steady state, there is a constant share of time spent in research universities, so u is constant. (After all, if u were not constant, it wouldn’t be a «steady» state!). Hence, output per effective worker y is also constant. Output per worker equals yE, and E grows at rate g(u). Therefore, output per worker grows at rate g(u). The saving rate does not affect this growth rate. However, the amount of time spent in research universities does affect this rate: as more time is spent in research universities, the steady-state growth rate rises.

e. An increase in u shifts both lines in our figure. Output per effective worker falls for any given level of capital per effective worker, since less of each worker’s time is spent producing
manufactured goods. This is the immediate effect of the change, since at the time u rises, the capital stock K and the efficiency of each worker E are constant. Since output per effective worker falls, the curve showing saving per effective worker shifts down.
At the same time, the increase in time spent in research universities increases the growth rate of labor efficiency g(u). Hence, break-even investment [which we found above in part (b)] rises at any given level of k, so the line showing breakeven investment also shifts up.
Figure 9-3 shows these shifts.
In the new steady state, capital per effective worker falls from k1 to k2. Output per effective worker also falls.

f. In the short run, the increase in u unambiguously decreases consumption. After all, we argued in part (e) that the immediate effect is to decrease output, since workers spend less time producing manufacturing goods and more time in research universities expanding the stock of knowledge. For a given saving rate, the decrease in output implies a decrease in consumption.
The long-run steady-state effect is more subtle. We found in part (e) that output per effective worker falls in the steady state. But welfare depends on output (and consumption) per worker, not per effective worker. The increase in time spent in research universities implies that E grows faster. That is, output per worker equals yE. Although steady-state y falls, in the long run the faster growth rate of E necessarily dominates. That is, in the long run, consumption unambiguously rises.
Nevertheless, because of the initial decline in consumption, the increase in u is not unambiguously a good thing. That is, a policymaker who cares more about current generations than about future generations may decide not to pursue a policy of increasing u. (This is analogous to the question considered in Chapter 8 of whether a policymaker should try to reach the Golden Rule level of capital per effective worker if k is currently below the Golden Rule level.)

You will understand that sales steadily in the past two years if you analysis

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ВСПОМОГАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ГЛАГОЛ WILL 4.83 Tomorrow will be Sunday. My father will be seventy-five in May. Karen will start work some time next week. It will be cold tomorrow. It’ll be spring soon. I will be happy when this is finished. This time tomorrow I’ll be sitting in the sun. He will have finished the whole job by this evening. If I find the book, I‘ll give it to you. If you miss this train, you’ll be late for your work. Т.е. это может быть и предположение говорящего и фактически стопроцентная вероятность (например, какой завтра будет день недели). Ударение на will не падает и возможно сокращение ‘ll. 2. Употребляя will, можно сделать распоряжения более вежливыми («отделяя» их от настоящего момента времени): 3. В косвенной речи и при выражении «будущего в прошедшем» will заменяется на would: Tomorrow will be fine. The forecast said the next day would be fine. In Berlin, he first met the woman whom he would one day marry. There was a chance that my letter would arrive in time. □ В условных предложениях would выражает «сослагательность»: I would/should tell you if I knew (я бы сказал…) It would have been nice if he’d thanked you (было бы мило…). МОДАЛЬНЫЙ ГЛАГОЛ WILL 4.84 Как модальный, глагол will может выражать: 1) решение что-то сделать, которое принимается в момент речи (с первым лицом) Oh, I’ve left the door open. I’ll go and shut it. What would you like to drink? – I’ll have an orange juice, please. The phone’s ringing. I‘ll answer it. 2) решимость в более «глобальном» масштабе: I ‘will stop smoking! I really will! I ‘will have my own way. I ‘will do as I like. He ‘will have his own way. He ‘will not (won’t) be bullied. В этом случае ударение падает на will и его нельзя сокращать на письме в виде ‘ll. □ Такую же решимость в прошлом можно выразить с помощью would: He would have his own way (он упорно стоял на своем). He wouldn’t be bullied (его нельзя было запугать). 3) готовность, добровольность, согласие: I will (I’ll) lend yon the book if you need it. George will help you. If you’ll help me, we can finish this in no time. Can somebody help me? – I will. There’s the doorbell. – I’ll go. В вопросительной форме можно выразить предложения и приглашения (часто с ‘will you’): Will/Won’t you have a piece of cake? Have a piece of cake, will/won’t you? Who will have some coffee? Will/Won’t you come inside? (поднимающаяся интонация) Come inside, will/won’t you? (поднимающаяся интонация) ‘Won’t you. ’ выражает несколько большую настойчивость: Won’t you have some more wine? □ Would смягчает высказывание, делает его более вежливым: I‘ll definitely pay you back next week. I‘ll kill her for this. You’ll have your money tomorrow, I promise you. I promise I won’t smoke again. I’ll phone you tonight. I’ll hit you if you do that again. I will punish you if you don’t behave yourself. You will wait here till I return. All staff will leave the building at once. All staff will submit weekly progress reports. The regiment will attack at dawn. You will start work at six o’clock sharp. Для распоряжений и просьб можно употреблять will you: Will you sit down! (с падающей интонацией) Sit down, will you. (с падающей интонацией) Will you send me the bill, please? Come this way, will you? Will you be quiet! Will you lend me your pen for a moment? Lend me your pen for a moment, will you? Употребление would смягчает высказывание, делает его вежливее: Would you send me the bill, please? Come this way, would you? 6) Характерную особенность: а) выражаются привычные действия: Danny will sit and look at the sea for hours. Every day dan will come home from work and turn on the tv. If something breaks down and you kick it, it will often start working again. When you look at clouds they will often remind you of animals. At school she would always sit quietly and pay attention. Так же выражаются всегда справедливые истины: Sulphuric acid will dissolve most metals. Cold weather will kill certain plants. □ Привычные действия в прошлом можно выразить с помощью would: Danny would sit there… (привычное для него действие в прошлом) When she was old, she would sit in the corner talking to herself for hours. Sometimes he would bring me little presents without saying why. On Sundays when I was a child we would all get up early and go fishing. During the war, people would eat all kinds of things that we don’t eat now. b) упорная привычка (часто при этом выражается неодобрение): В этом случае ударение падает на will и его нельзя сокращать на письме в виде ‘ll. □ Эта же идея в отношении прошлого выражается с помощью would (под ударением): He would leave the door open. If you would leave that door open, what can you expect? You’ve lost a button off your coat. You would do that, just as we’re going out. He was a nice boy, but he would talk about himself all the time. She just won’t do the washing up when i ask her. I was happy when sam left. he would talk about people behind their backs. (часто при этом выражается неодобрение) Так можно выразить и одиночное действие в прошлом, если оно было типичным для этого человека: You would tell Mary about the party – I didn’t want to invite her. 7. Won’t и wouldn’t могут выражать упорное нежелание что-то делать (может относиться и к неодушевленным предметам): I asked him very politely, but he wouldn’t tell me. She wouldn’t open the door. Не wouldn’t (=he refused to) answer any question. The engine wouldn’t start. The car wouldn’t start this morning. The wound wouldn’t heal. 4.85 Used (to) может употребляться в отношении повторяющихся действий и событий в прошлом с тем же смыслом, что и would: When we were children we would / used to go skating every winter. When she was old, she used to sit in the corner talking to herself for hours. Sometimes he used to bring me little presents without saying why. Would в этом случае можно употреблять только если ясно, что высказывание относится к прошлому: We used to play in the garden, (не ‘we would play. ’ так как нет указания на время действия). Whenever we went to my uncle’s house, we would/used to play in the garden. Причем только used to может выражать состояния: I used to have an old Rolls-Royce. (не ‘I would have an old Rolls Royce’.) Также used to, а не would употребляется в отношении постоянного и важного поведения: Для выражения того, сколько раз совершилось какое-то действие would и used (to) не употребляется: We visited switzerland four times during the 1970s (не ‘we would/used to visit. ’) She went to jamaica last month (не ‘she would/used to go to jamaica last month’.) ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ ВЕРОЯТНОСТИ 4.86 Как и все модальные глаголы (кроме shall) will может употребляться, чтобы выразить предположение о настоящем (весьма сильную уверенность): There’s somebody at the door. That‘ll be the postman. That will be the postman, I expect. There’s somebody coming up the stairs. – That’ll be Mary. As I’m sure you will understand, we cannot wait any longer for our order. Don’t phone them now – they’ll be having dinner. Don’t phone Ann now. She’ll be busy. This will be the book you’re looking for. You will have heard the news. Will+have+past participle выражает такое же предположение в отношении прошлого: Источники информации: http://towmuch.com/posts/tests-open-cloze-levels-b2-c1-728.html http://pandia.ru/text/78/292/536-5.php http://quizlet.com/321531733/chapter-9-flash-cards/ http://eng-grammar.livejournal.com/23268.html ← пороги для пола с кабель каналом каптоприл что это за таблетки → Вам также понравится что означает фамилия агрест 06.11.202307.04.2023 admin 0 Подводная видеокамера для рыбалки calypso скидки 03.11.202317.03.2023 admin 0 дети марии шукшиной чем занимаются 04.11.202320.12.2022 admin 0 Добавить комментарий Отменить ответ Ваш адрес email не будет опубликован. 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