I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel

I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel

Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.

1. When I (arrive) __________ home last night, I discovered that Jane (prepare) __________ a beautiful candlelight dinner. 2. Since I began acting, I (perform) __________ in two plays, a television commercial and a TV drama. However, I (speak, never even) __________ publicly before I came to Hollywood in 1985. 3. By the time I got to the office, the meeting (begin, already) ______________ without me. My boss (be) ______________ furious with me and I (be) ______________ fired. 4. When I (turn) ______________ the radio on yesterday, I (hear) ______________ a song that was popular when I was in high school. I (hear, not) the song in years, and it (bring) back some great memories. 5. Last week, I (run) ______________ into an exgirlfriend of mine. We (see, not) ______________ each other in years, and both of us (change) ______________ a great deal. I (enjoy) ______________ talking to her so much that I (ask) ______________ her out on a date. We are getting together tonight for dinner. 6. When Jack (enter) ______________ the room, I (recognize, not) ______________ him because he (lose) ______________ so much weight and (grow) ______________ a beard. He looked totally different! 7. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the Yucatan; however, their culture (disappear, virtually) ______________ by the time Europeans first (arrive) ______________ in the New World. 8. I (visit) ______________ so many beautiful places since I (come) ______________ to Utah. Before moving here, I (hear, never) ______________ of Bryce Canyon, Zion, Arches, or Canyonlands.

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps in the correct tense Past Perfect or Simple Past.

Example: Pat _________ (to live) in London before he _________ (to move) to Rome.

Answer: Pat had lived in London before he moved to Rome.

1) After Fred _________ (to spend) his holiday in Italy he _________ (to want) to learn Italian.

2) Jill _________ (to phone) Dad at work before she _________ (to leave) for her trip.

3) Susan _________ (to turn on) the radio after she _________ (to wash) the dishes.

4) When she _________ (to arrive) the match already _________ (to start).

5) After the man _________ (to come) home he _________ (to feed) the cat.

6) Before he _________ (to sing) a song he _________ (to play) the guitar.

7) She _________ (to watch) a video after the children _________ (to go) to bed.

8) After Eric _________ (to make) breakfast he _________ (to phone) his friend.

9) I _________ (to be) very tired because I _________ (to study) too much.

10) They _________ (to ride) their bikes before they _________ (to meet) their friends.

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps in the correct tense.

1. Before we arrived at school the classes ____________ (start).

2. I felt exhausted because I ____________ (run) ten miles.

3. He ____________ (study) that book before he arrived in Pakistan.

4. He ____________ (sell) all the copies of the thesaurus before we got there.

5. We went to his place for dinner but to our great surprise he ____________ (have) his dinner.

6. When I got up, rather late, the sun ____________ (rise)

7. Before we got there they ____________ (begin) the show.

8. He ____________ (finish) his work before began mine.

9. It ____________ (begin) to rain when I stepped out of the house.

10. Soon after they ____________ (complete) their homework they ran out to play with the dog.

Unit 13

Sequence of tenses

Согласование времен соблюдается в придаточных дополнительных предложениях, когда сказуемое главного предложения стоит в одном из прошедших времен.

Если главное предложение стоит в настоящем или будущем времени, дополнительное предложение может быть в любом, нужном по смыслу времени.

I know that my friend came home Я знаю, что мой друг пришел
very late last night. домой очень поздно вчера вечером.

I know that he will come home at 6 Я знаю, что он придет домой в
o’clock tomorrow. 6 часов завтра.

Если главное предложение стоит в прошедшем времени, то: а) для выражения действия, одновременного с действием главного предложения, употребляется прошедшее время (простое или продолженное).

I didn’t know that his friend spoke Я не знал, что его друг хорошо
English well. говорит по-английски.

Примечание. Модальный глагол must в значении долженствования не изменяется, если выражает одновременность с прошедшим действием главного предложения.

I knew that we must go through the Я знал, что мы должны

new price-list. просмотреть новый прейскурант.

Однако модальные глаголы са n и may подчиняются согласованию времен.

Не didn’t know that I could skate well. Он не знал, что я хорошо катаюсь

(могу кататься) на коньках.

I didn’t know you might smoke here. Я не знал, что вы можете (вам

разрешено) курить здесь.

б) для выражения действия, предшествующего действию главного предложения, употребляется предпрошедшее время (Past Perfect).

I heard that my friend had gone on Я слышал, что мой друг уехал
business. в командировку.

Для выражения действия, которое последует за действием главного предложения, употребляется особое время, которое называется «будущее в прошедшем» (Future in the Past).

Часова форма, в якій присудок підрядного речення, може залежати від форми присудка головного речення. Ця залежність називається узгодженням часів. Якщо дієслово в головному реченні вжито в теперішньому часі, то часова форма дієслова в підрядному реченні обирається за змістом. Узгодження часів спостерігається в підрядній частині складнопідрядного речення у випадках, коли присудок головної частини цього речення стоїть в одному з минулих часів:

в) для вираження дії, яка настане за дією головного речення, уживається особливий час, який називається «Майбутнє в минулому» (Future in the Past).

Найчастіше узгодження часів спостерігається в реченнях з непрямою мовою. Пор.: «I saw Mary this week», told John. та John told me that he had seen (*saw) Mary that week.

Тобто, якщо дієслово-повідомлення в головному реченні стоїть в минулому часі, то час в підрядному реченні змінюється за наступними правилами узгодження часів:

а) для вираження дії, одночасної з дією головного речення, уживається минулий час (простий або тривалий).I didn’t know that his friend spoke English well. (Я не знав, що його друг добре говорить англійською.)
Примітка. Модальне дієслово must не змінюється, якщо виражає одночасність з минулою дією головного речення.I knew that we must go through the new price-list. (Я знав, що ми повинні продивитись новий прейскурант.)
Проте модальні дієслова саn і may підкорюються узгодженню часів.Не didn’t know that I could skate well. (Він не знав, що я добре катаюся (можу кататися) на ковзанах.) I didn’t know you might smoke here. (Я не знав, що ви можете (вам дозволено) палити тут.)
б) для вираження дії, яка передувала дії головного речення, уживається передминулий час (Past Perfect).I heard that my friend had gone on business. (Я чув, що мій друг виїхав у відрядження.)
Direct speech (Пряма мова)Indirect speech ( Непряма мова)
Present Simple He said, «I live in Moscow»Past Simple He said (that) he lived in Moscow.
Present Continuous «She is playing the piano», he said.Past Continuous He said (that) she was playing the piano.
Past Simple «I missed her», he said.Past Perfect/the same form He said he had missed you. /He said (that) he missed you.
Present Perfect «It has been lost», suggested Ann.(Passive Voice)Past Perfect Ann suggested (that) it had been lost.
Past Perfect «I had seen the film before».the same form I told you I had seen the film before
Past Continuous «I was reading while my parents were watching TV», she said.the same form She said she was reading while her parents were watching TV.
Present Perfect Continuous «I have been wondering what to do with you», she said.Past Perfect Continuous She said she had been wondering what to do with me.
Future Simple He said, «I will ring you up later».Future in the Past He said he would ring her up later.
Future Continuous «I will be sunbathing in Hawaii next week» she said.would be + verb –ing She said she would be sunbathing in Hawaii the following week.

Choose the right answer.

1. I knew that she ___________ Madrid before, so I asked her to recommend a good hotel.

2. She promised to help me if I ___________ the answer myself.

3. He said that they ___________ each other for many years.

4. I saw that she ___________ to hold back her tears.

c) had been trying

5. He knew that she ___________ as her eyes were red.

a) has been crying

c) had been crying

6. I asked her if she ___________ there with me, but she said no.

7. She said that the robber ___________ her when she was opening the door to her apartment.

b) was attacking

8. I wanted to see her but I didn’t know if she ___________ in town.

9. He told me that he would visit them when he ___________ from Spain.

10. My younger daughter learned in class yesterday that the Earth ___________ around the Sun.

d) was revolving

I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Смотреть фото I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Смотреть картинку I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Картинка про I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Фото I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel

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Fill in the spaces with the right modal verbs.

Unit 8

The Gerund.

Герундий — это неличная форма глагола, которая, также как и причастие, образуется путем прибавления окончания — ing к основе глагола (см. правила образования Present Participle). В русском языке такой формы нет.

Герундий выражает название действия и является как бы промежуточной формой между глаголом и существительным, он обладает как свойствами глагола, так и существительного, а именно:

Подобно существительному:

1. Герундий может определяться притяжательным местоимением или существительным в притяжательном падеже.

We are interested in the inspector’s — Мы заинтересованы в том, что-

coming as soon as possible. бы приемщик приехал как можно скорее.

Следует отметить, что герундий определяется местоимением или существительными лишь в том случае, если действие, выраженное сказуемым, и действие, выраженное герундием, совершаются разными лицами. Сравните:

I like reading. — Я люблю читать.

того, как Анна танцевала.

We enjoyed dancing. — Мы получили удовольствие от

2. Перед герундием может стоять предлог:

I am fond of travelling. — Я люблю путешествовать.

I object to my son’s playing football — Я возражаю против того, чтобы

all day long. мой сын целый день играл в футбол.

Примечание: В отличие от существительного герундий не употребляется с артиклем и не имеет формы множественного числа.

Подобно глаголу:

1. Герундий может иметь после себя дополнение, как прямое так и косвенное. Причем после герундия употребляется тот же предлог, что и после глагола, от которого он образован. Герундий, образованный от глаголов, требующих прямого дополнения, после себя предлога не имеет.

It is worth going through their — Их каталоги стоит просмотреть.

We are interested in buying these Мы заинтересованы в покупке

2. Герундий определяется наречием:

На русский язык герундий переводится существительным, глаголом, деепричастием и придаточным предложением (см. примеры выше).

Функции герундия в предложении:

1. Как часть составного сказуемого в сочетаниях с глаголами to start «начинать», to finish «кончать», to go on «продолжать», to stop «прекращать» и др.

Примечание: После глагола to stop кроме герундия может употребляться и инфинитив, но употребление инфинитива меняет смысл высказывания. Сравните:

The man stopped reading the — Человек перестал читать объяв-

The man stopped to read the — Человек остановился, чтобы

advertisement. прочитать объявление.

2. Как прямое дополнение после следующих глаголов: to like «нравиться», to prefer «предпочитать», to enjoy «наслаждаться, получать удовольствие от чего-л.», to be worth «стоить» и др.

The machines are worth exhibiting. Эти машины стоит экспонировать.

3. Как предложное дополнение после глагола, причастия прошедшего времени или прилагательного, требующего предлога. Например, после таких глаголов и выражений, как: to look forward to «с нетерпением ждать»,to object to «возражать против», to depend on «зависеть от», to be interested in «интересоваться», to be fond of «любить что-л., кого-л.».

He objects to my going away on Sunday. — Он возражает против того, чтобы

я уехала в воскресенье.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Read and translate these sentences:

I. The doctor went on examining him. 2. Is this model worth producing? 3. The young girl was fond of dancing. 4. Why do you object to his joining us? 5. I prefer staying at home to going for a walk tonight. 6. Everything depends on Peter’s getting in touch with them.

II. Change the structure of these sentences. Use the words given in brackets.
Model: We would like to improve our trade contacts with a number of firms

(to be interested).

We are interested in improving our trade contacts with a number of firms.

1. She was sure he’d continue to work at the invention (to go on). 2. The producer doesn’t want Helen to play the leading part (to object). 3. They, all recommend me to see the performance (to be worth). 4. I expect him to come to ourplace for his holiday (to look forward to). 5. She sings nicely, it will be a pleasure for us to listen to her (to enjoy). 6. Eric would like to set up a company of his own (to be interested).

III. Complete the sentences using the gerund:

IV. Translate these sentences into English:

1. Наша страна заинтересована в том, чтобы иметь дружественные отношения со всеми странами мира. 2. Сроки поставки будут зависеть от того, закончим ли мы испытания на этой неделе. 3, «Я с нетерпением ожидаю встречи с вашим председателем, господином Ивановым», — сказал мистер Браун секретарю, разговаривая с ней по телефону. 4. Все будет зависеть от того, получат ли они факс до отъезда Соколова в Лондон. 5. Мы не возражаем против того, чтобы начать переговоры в середине июня. 6. Я не могу понять, почему поставщики прекратили отгружать турбины.

I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Смотреть фото I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Смотреть картинку I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Картинка про I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Фото I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel

7. Моему другу очень нравится игра Рихтера. 8, Я знаю, что он очень умный человек. К его совету стоит прислушаться,? 9. Хотя Николай Островский был серьезно болен, он продолжал писать.

Unit 9

Modal Verbs Equivalents «to have, to be able to»

I can discuss this question now. Я могу обсудить этот вопрос сейчас.

I could skate well when I was a boy. Я умел хорошо кататься на коньках,

когда был мальчиком.

I shall be able to discuss this question Я смогу обсудить этот вопрос
tomorrow. завтра.

Will you be able to join us? Вы сможете присоединиться к нам?

We shall not be able to sign this Мы не сможем подписать
contract tomorrow. контракт завтра

I had to send another letter to the Я должен был (мне пришлось)
Buyers because they had not answered послать второе письмо покупате-
the first one. лям, так как они не ответили на

1 shall have to read this text again Я должен буду (мне придется) про-
because it is difficult. читать этот текст снова, так как он

Did you have to go on business last Пришлось ли вам поехать в коман-

month? дировку в прошлом месяце?

I did not have to get up early yesterday. Вчера мне не нужно было вставать

Unit 10

Modal Verb «to be»

To be to as a modal verb is used in the present and past tenses.

e.g. We are to meet at six. We were to meet at six.

To be to as a modal verb has the following meanings:

a) previously arranged plan or obligation resulting from the arrangement (угода, домовленість)We are to discuss it the following week. Is he to arrive tomorrow? Who was to speak at the meeting?
b) orders and instructions, often official (frequently in reported speech)I just mention it because you said I was to give you all the details I could. Norman says I am to leave you alone. All junior officers are to report to the colonel at once.
c) something that is destined (визначено (наперед) to happenHe was to be my teacher and friend for many years to come. He did not know at the time that he was never to see his native place again. How was I to know that I was going to meet a raging beauty?

1) Choose the verb to complete the sentences. Use be to + infinitive if possible, and will + infinitive if not.

appear arrive become begin feel fit move resign

1. A man _________________ in court today after a car he was driving killed two pedestrians.

2. The danger is that the bacteria _________________ more resistant to antibiotics over time.

3 The Environment Department has announced that it _________________ 2,000 jobs out of the capital.

4. When the news is broken to him, he _________________ both upset and angry.

5. Work _________________ this week on the new Thames bridge.

6. The Business Information Group said today that Brian Murdoch _________________ as its executive director.

7. We are all hoping that warmer weather _________________ soon.

8 No more than six people _________________ around the table comfortably.

Unit 11

Complex Object

Complex Object – конструкція, що рівнозначна додатковому підрядному реченню, складається з:

Complex Object також може складатися з:

На українську мову Complex Object перекладається додатковим підрядним реченням з сполучниками що, як, щоб.

При цьому іменник або займенник в непрямому відмінку стає підметом, а інфінітив – присудком:

Complex Object уживається після дієслів:

а) бажання: to want, to wish, to desire, would like;

б) припущення: to expect, to believe, to think, to suppose, to consider, to find;

в) наказів, прохань: to command, to order, to ask, to allow;

г) чуттєвого сприйняття: to see, to hear, to notice, to feel, to watch, to observe;

д) спонукання до дії: to make, to force, to have, to let;

Після дієслів груп (г) і (д) в конструкції «Complex Object» частинка to не вживається:

She wants him to go to the rock concert. – Вона хоче, щоб він пішов на концерт.

I felt the pain become less. – Я відчув, що біль став менший.

Unit 12

Past Perfect.

The Present Perfect Continuous Tense образуется при помощи глагола to be в форме Present Perfect и Present Participle (причастия настоящего времени) смыслового глагола.

has been + Present Participle

My friend has been learning English — Мой друг изучает английский с
since 20. 20. года.

I have been waiting for them for an hour. — Я жду их уже час.
Has your friend been working at the — Ваш друг давно работает в ми-
Ministry for a long time? нистерстве?

The Present Perfect Continuous Tense употребляется в основном для выражения действия, которое началось в прошлом и продолжается в настоящее время. Обычно в предложении указывается отрезок времени, в течение которого действие продолжается (for 5 years, since 20. ).

На русский язык the Present Perfect Continuous Tense чаще всего переводится настоящим временем.

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense образуется при помощи глагола to be в форме Past Perfect и Present Participle смыслового глагола.

had been + Present Participle

This firm had been producing Model — Фирма выпускала Модель А-5 в
A-5 for five years, before they started течение 5 лет, до того как она
producing Model A-6. начала выпускать Модель А-6.

How long had you been buying this — Сколько времени Вы покупали

equipment before you got in touch это оборудование, прежде чем

with us? связались с нами?

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense употребляется для выражения действия, начавшегося до какого-то момента (или действия) в прошлом и продолжавшегося в течение определенного отрезка времени до этого момента (или действия) в прошлом.

since 20. вание с 20. года.

How long have you known this man? — Сколько времени вы знаете этого

I had been at the seaside for a week — Я находился на морском побере-

when my friend came there. жье уже неделю, когда мой друг

Unit 13

Sequence of tenses

Согласование времен соблюдается в придаточных дополнительных предложениях, когда сказуемое главного предложения стоит в одном из прошедших времен.

Если главное предложение стоит в настоящем или будущем времени, дополнительное предложение может быть в любом, нужном по смыслу времени.

I know that my friend came home Я знаю, что мой друг пришел
very late last night. домой очень поздно вчера вечером.

I know that he will come home at 6 Я знаю, что он придет домой в
o’clock tomorrow. 6 часов завтра.

Если главное предложение стоит в прошедшем времени, то: а) для выражения действия, одновременного с действием главного предложения, употребляется прошедшее время (простое или продолженное).

I didn’t know that his friend spoke Я не знал, что его друг хорошо
English well. говорит по-английски.

Примечание. Модальный глагол must в значении долженствования не изменяется, если выражает одновременность с прошедшим действием главного предложения.

I knew that we must go through the Я знал, что мы должны

new price-list. просмотреть новый прейскурант.

Однако модальные глаголы са n и may подчиняются согласованию времен.

Не didn’t know that I could skate well. Он не знал, что я хорошо катаюсь

(могу кататься) на коньках.

I didn’t know you might smoke here. Я не знал, что вы можете (вам

разрешено) курить здесь.

б) для выражения действия, предшествующего действию главного предложения, употребляется предпрошедшее время (Past Perfect).

I heard that my friend had gone on Я слышал, что мой друг уехал
business. в командировку.

Для выражения действия, которое последует за действием главного предложения, употребляется особое время, которое называется «будущее в прошедшем» (Future in the Past).

Часова форма, в якій присудок підрядного речення, може залежати від форми присудка головного речення. Ця залежність називається узгодженням часів. Якщо дієслово в головному реченні вжито в теперішньому часі, то часова форма дієслова в підрядному реченні обирається за змістом. Узгодження часів спостерігається в підрядній частині складнопідрядного речення у випадках, коли присудок головної частини цього речення стоїть в одному з минулих часів:

в) для вираження дії, яка настане за дією головного речення, уживається особливий час, який називається «Майбутнє в минулому» (Future in the Past).

Найчастіше узгодження часів спостерігається в реченнях з непрямою мовою. Пор.: «I saw Mary this week», told John. та John told me that he had seen (*saw) Mary that week.

Тобто, якщо дієслово-повідомлення в головному реченні стоїть в минулому часі, то час в підрядному реченні змінюється за наступними правилами узгодження часів:

а) для вираження дії, одночасної з дією головного речення, уживається минулий час (простий або тривалий).I didn’t know that his friend spoke English well. (Я не знав, що його друг добре говорить англійською.)
Примітка. Модальне дієслово must не змінюється, якщо виражає одночасність з минулою дією головного речення.I knew that we must go through the new price-list. (Я знав, що ми повинні продивитись новий прейскурант.)
Проте модальні дієслова саn і may підкорюються узгодженню часів.Не didn’t know that I could skate well. (Він не знав, що я добре катаюся (можу кататися) на ковзанах.) I didn’t know you might smoke here. (Я не знав, що ви можете (вам дозволено) палити тут.)
б) для вираження дії, яка передувала дії головного речення, уживається передминулий час (Past Perfect).I heard that my friend had gone on business. (Я чув, що мій друг виїхав у відрядження.)
Direct speech (Пряма мова)Indirect speech ( Непряма мова)
Present Simple He said, «I live in Moscow»Past Simple He said (that) he lived in Moscow.
Present Continuous «She is playing the piano», he said.Past Continuous He said (that) she was playing the piano.
Past Simple «I missed her», he said.Past Perfect/the same form He said he had missed you. /He said (that) he missed you.
Present Perfect «It has been lost», suggested Ann.(Passive Voice)Past Perfect Ann suggested (that) it had been lost.
Past Perfect «I had seen the film before».the same form I told you I had seen the film before
Past Continuous «I was reading while my parents were watching TV», she said.the same form She said she was reading while her parents were watching TV.
Present Perfect Continuous «I have been wondering what to do with you», she said.Past Perfect Continuous She said she had been wondering what to do with me.
Future Simple He said, «I will ring you up later».Future in the Past He said he would ring her up later.
Future Continuous «I will be sunbathing in Hawaii next week» she said.would be + verb –ing She said she would be sunbathing in Hawaii the following week.

Choose the right answer.

1. I knew that she ___________ Madrid before, so I asked her to recommend a good hotel.

2. She promised to help me if I ___________ the answer myself.

3. He said that they ___________ each other for many years.

4. I saw that she ___________ to hold back her tears.

c) had been trying

5. He knew that she ___________ as her eyes were red.

a) has been crying

c) had been crying

6. I asked her if she ___________ there with me, but she said no.

7. She said that the robber ___________ her when she was opening the door to her apartment.

b) was attacking

8. I wanted to see her but I didn’t know if she ___________ in town.

9. He told me that he would visit them when he ___________ from Spain.

10. My younger daughter learned in class yesterday that the Earth ___________ around the Sun.

d) was revolving

Unit 8

The Gerund.

Герундий — это неличная форма глагола, которая, также как и причастие, образуется путем прибавления окончания — ing к основе глагола (см. правила образования Present Participle). В русском языке такой формы нет.

Герундий выражает название действия и является как бы промежуточной формой между глаголом и существительным, он обладает как свойствами глагола, так и существительного, а именно:

Подобно существительному:

1. Герундий может определяться притяжательным местоимением или существительным в притяжательном падеже.

We are interested in the inspector’s — Мы заинтересованы в том, что-

coming as soon as possible. бы приемщик приехал как можно скорее.

Следует отметить, что герундий определяется местоимением или существительными лишь в том случае, если действие, выраженное сказуемым, и действие, выраженное герундием, совершаются разными лицами. Сравните:

I like reading. — Я люблю читать.

того, как Анна танцевала.

We enjoyed dancing. — Мы получили удовольствие от

2. Перед герундием может стоять предлог:

I am fond of travelling. — Я люблю путешествовать.

I object to my son’s playing football — Я возражаю против того, чтобы

all day long. мой сын целый день играл в футбол.

Примечание: В отличие от существительного герундий не употребляется с артиклем и не имеет формы множественного числа.

Подобно глаголу:

1. Герундий может иметь после себя дополнение, как прямое так и косвенное. Причем после герундия употребляется тот же предлог, что и после глагола, от которого он образован. Герундий, образованный от глаголов, требующих прямого дополнения, после себя предлога не имеет.

It is worth going through their — Их каталоги стоит просмотреть.

We are interested in buying these Мы заинтересованы в покупке

2. Герундий определяется наречием:

На русский язык герундий переводится существительным, глаголом, деепричастием и придаточным предложением (см. примеры выше).

Функции герундия в предложении:

1. Как часть составного сказуемого в сочетаниях с глаголами to start «начинать», to finish «кончать», to go on «продолжать», to stop «прекращать» и др.

Примечание: После глагола to stop кроме герундия может употребляться и инфинитив, но употребление инфинитива меняет смысл высказывания. Сравните:

The man stopped reading the — Человек перестал читать объяв-

The man stopped to read the — Человек остановился, чтобы

advertisement. прочитать объявление.

2. Как прямое дополнение после следующих глаголов: to like «нравиться», to prefer «предпочитать», to enjoy «наслаждаться, получать удовольствие от чего-л.», to be worth «стоить» и др.

The machines are worth exhibiting. Эти машины стоит экспонировать.

3. Как предложное дополнение после глагола, причастия прошедшего времени или прилагательного, требующего предлога. Например, после таких глаголов и выражений, как: to look forward to «с нетерпением ждать»,to object to «возражать против», to depend on «зависеть от», to be interested in «интересоваться», to be fond of «любить что-л., кого-л.».

He objects to my going away on Sunday. — Он возражает против того, чтобы

я уехала в воскресенье.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Read and translate these sentences:

I. The doctor went on examining him. 2. Is this model worth producing? 3. The young girl was fond of dancing. 4. Why do you object to his joining us? 5. I prefer staying at home to going for a walk tonight. 6. Everything depends on Peter’s getting in touch with them.

II. Change the structure of these sentences. Use the words given in brackets.
Model: We would like to improve our trade contacts with a number of firms

(to be interested).

We are interested in improving our trade contacts with a number of firms.

1. She was sure he’d continue to work at the invention (to go on). 2. The producer doesn’t want Helen to play the leading part (to object). 3. They, all recommend me to see the performance (to be worth). 4. I expect him to come to ourplace for his holiday (to look forward to). 5. She sings nicely, it will be a pleasure for us to listen to her (to enjoy). 6. Eric would like to set up a company of his own (to be interested).

III. Complete the sentences using the gerund:

IV. Translate these sentences into English:

1. Наша страна заинтересована в том, чтобы иметь дружественные отношения со всеми странами мира. 2. Сроки поставки будут зависеть от того, закончим ли мы испытания на этой неделе. 3, «Я с нетерпением ожидаю встречи с вашим председателем, господином Ивановым», — сказал мистер Браун секретарю, разговаривая с ней по телефону. 4. Все будет зависеть от того, получат ли они факс до отъезда Соколова в Лондон. 5. Мы не возражаем против того, чтобы начать переговоры в середине июня. 6. Я не могу понять, почему поставщики прекратили отгружать турбины.

7. Моему другу очень нравится игра Рихтера. 8, Я знаю, что он очень умный человек. К его совету стоит прислушаться,? 9. Хотя Николай Островский был серьезно болен, он продолжал писать.

Unit 9

Modal Verbs Equivalents «to have, to be able to»

I can discuss this question now. Я могу обсудить этот вопрос сейчас.

I could skate well when I was a boy. Я умел хорошо кататься на коньках,

когда был мальчиком.

I shall be able to discuss this question Я смогу обсудить этот вопрос
tomorrow. завтра.

Will you be able to join us? Вы сможете присоединиться к нам?

We shall not be able to sign this Мы не сможем подписать
contract tomorrow. контракт завтра

I had to send another letter to the Я должен был (мне пришлось)
Buyers because they had not answered послать второе письмо покупате-
the first one. лям, так как они не ответили на

1 shall have to read this text again Я должен буду (мне придется) про-
because it is difficult. читать этот текст снова, так как он

Did you have to go on business last Пришлось ли вам поехать в коман-

month? дировку в прошлом месяце?

I did not have to get up early yesterday. Вчера мне не нужно было вставать

Fill in the spaces with the right modal verbs.

Example: I ________ speak English very fluently. (key = can)

1. You ________ run faster if you weren’t so lazy.

2. You ________ leave the class before 1 o’clock.

3. You ________ behave well in front of guests. Stop being silly.

4. You look tired. You ________ have some sleep.

5. You failed in your final test. You ________ have studied harder.

6. ________ I borrow your pen?

7. We ________ watch TV so much.

8. We ________ not climb those mountains when we were kids.

9. The project ________ finish in two years time.

10. Stop smoking! You really ________ not smoke.

11. Sami ________ lift that heavy table. He is too weak.

12. Muneera ________ come to the party, but nobody is sure.

13. Laila ________ not swim when she was one year old.

14. It’s too cold. I ________ close the window.

15. It ________ rain in the desert sometimes, but you can’t depend on it.

16. If I had enough money, I ________ travel with my friends but now I can’t.

17. I ________ to study well for the exam.

18. I wish I ________ buy a new car but I do not have any money.

19. I have no time. I ________ leave now. My parents are waiting for me.

20. He ________ be friendly, but he is usually unfriendly.

I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Смотреть фото I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Смотреть картинку I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Картинка про I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Фото I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel

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Exercises (Sequence of Tenses)

Explain how the rules of the sequence of tenses work in these clauses. Translate the sentences.

1. She called my mother to say that they had just got a telegram from Boston announcing that Henry’s brother had been married in Germany. 2. I knew she was eager to tell me what had happened. 3. He knew that his mother would think he was seriously ill and would probably speak to the teacher. 4. He wanted to return to the house to see how Billy was doing and tell him that he would be going out to California in two or three days. 5. Rudy decided that he would have to tell Bogart that it was impossible for him to appear before the board the next day, but that he would offer to do so any other day.

2. Give your reasons as to why the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed in the following sentences:

1. He says he is free tomorrow. 2. He spoke with the satisfaction of a competent workman who knows his job from A to Z. 3. He sought pleasure in the simple and natural things that life offers to everyone. 4. Monty told me that he had no permit for the gun, and that in England it is illegal to own a gun without a permit. 5. I knew I should go; but we sat there because it is difficult to go without any particular reason for leaving. 6. Billy folded his arms and leaned back. «I told you I don’t like milk».

3. Make the action of the following object clauses simultaneous with those of the principal clauses:

1. I thought you (have) better sense. 2. She could not imagine what he (do) there. 3. I’ve forgotten what he (look) like. 4. I did not know whether the doctor (mean) what he (say) or whether he (have) a joke at my expense. 5. What surprised me was that Pat (be) so, much at home here. 6. He asked me what work I (do) and whether I (intend) to go to a University. 7. I was surprised you (know) my name. 8. He told his father that now he (make) ten dollars a week less. 9. The last two weeks she had been saying to everyone who phoned her that she (be) unwell and (not / leave) home. 10. When I knew him better he admitted that he (feel) lonely in London. 11. She wanted Wilfred to forbid my walking in the park alone. She said it (be) dangerous.

4. Use the required tense-aspect forms in the following sentences, observing the rules of the sequence of tenses:

1. When I went into the office next morning I already (formulate) my plan. 2. Well, I don’t think I ever (see) you before. 3. She ended by saying that she (think) she (make) a mistake. 4. She knew what (go) on in their minds. 5. So I went into the living room, where my aunt already (wait) for me. 6. She telephoned her husband to the office to say that her brother (return) from abroad. 7. An old friend rang up to ask, how Elizabeth (feel), and whether she (can) go with his wife to the concert on Sunday morning. 8. Most of the trees already (put) their leaves and there were buds everywhere. 9. He remembered that he (not see) Lily for three weeks. 10. She hadn’t yet figured out what she (be) going (do) and she (hope) to be able to wait a little. 11. It was possible that Jack (hang) around. 12. Everybody thought they (live) in happiness for nearly thirty years. 13. She didn’t know why she (invent) suddenly the story.

Translate the sentences from Russian into English.

1. Он мне говорил, что интересуется историей. 2. Он знал, о чем она думает. 3. Он сказал, что вернется очень скоро. 4. Я знал, что он живет в Лондоне. 5. Я знал, что она жила в Сан-Франциско. 6. Она мне не сказала, что говорила с ними. 7. Я думал, что он получает от нее письма. 8. Я был рад, что он получил от нее письмо. 9. Я думал, что они пригласят нас. 10. Я был уверен, что он работает на этом заводе. 11. Я был уверен, что он работает, и поэтому не вошел в комнату. 12. Он сказал мне, что видел их накануне. 13. Я был уверен, что он сидит в саду. 14. Она говорила, что книга ей нравится. 15. Я был уверен, что он живет здесь уже много лет. 16. Я вчера слышал, что они в Эдинбурге. 17. Мы слышали, что они были в Ливерпуле. 18. Я слышал, что они работают уже несколько месяцев. 19. Мы не знали, что он болен. 20. Мы не знали, что он так давно болен. 21. Он не знал, что мы знаем друг друга с детства. 22. Мне сказали, что они вчера вернулись в Москву.

Keys (Sequence of Tenses)

3. 1. had; 2. was doing; 3. looks; 4. meant, said, had; 5. was; 6. was doing, intended; 7. knew; 8. was making; 9. was, didn’t leave; 10. felt; 11. was.

4. 1. had formulated; 2. have ever seen; 3. thought, had made; 4. was going; 5. had been waiting; 6. had returned; 7. was feeling / felt, could go; 8. had put; 9. had not seen; 10. was going to do, hoped; 11. was hanging; 12. had been living / had lived; 13. had suddenly invented.

5. 1. told, was interested in; 2. knew, was thinking; 3. said, would return; 4. knew, was living / lived; 5. knew, had lived; 6. didn’t tell, had spoken; 7. thought, re­ceived; 8. was glad, had received; 9. thought, would invite; 10. was sure, worked; 11. was sure, was working, didn’t enter; 12. told me, had seen; 13. was sure, was sitting; 14. said, liked; 15. was sure, had been living; 16. heard, were; 17. heard, had been; 18. heard, had been working; 19. didn’t know, was ill; 20. didn’t know, had been ill; 21. didn’t know, had known; 22. was told, returned / had returned.

Exercises (Reported Speech)

1. INDIRECT STATEMENTS

1. Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech:

1. Jack told his father, «I hope to pass the examination». 2. Henry said to me, «The teacher is listening to us». 3. Bob said to Tom, «I made no mistakes in the last dictation». 4. I told the policeman, «I saw the thief in the garden». 5. He said, «I haven’t read many English books». 6. Jack’s father said to him, «You haven’t cleaned your shoes». 7. Mary said, «I don’t want to wear my old dress». 8. My mother said to me, «I feel very tired, and I have a headache». 9. My friend told me, «We have plenty of time to do our work». 10. I said to my sister, «I haven’t seen my uncle for a long time».

2. Change the following sentences into Direct Speech:

1. My sister said that she hadn’t got a watch. 2. The teacher told his students that he was pleased with their work. 3. I told him that I hadn’t seen his brother for a long time. 4. I told my mother that Henry was studying medicine at the university. 5. She told the grocer that she didn’t want any sugar. 6. We told the teacher that we didn’t understand his question. 7. I told the taxi-driver that he was driving too fast. 8. She said that her children were playing in the garden.

I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Смотреть фото I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Смотреть картинку I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Картинка про I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Фото I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel

Поперечные профили набережных и береговой полосы: На городских территориях берегоукрепление проектируют с учетом технических и экономических требований, но особое значение придают эстетическим.

I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Смотреть фото I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Смотреть картинку I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Картинка про I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Фото I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel

I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Смотреть фото I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Смотреть картинку I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Картинка про I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Фото I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel

Механическое удерживание земляных масс: Механическое удерживание земляных масс на склоне обеспечивают контрфорсными сооружениями различных конструкций.

I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Смотреть фото I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Смотреть картинку I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Картинка про I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Фото I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel

Общие условия выбора системы дренажа: Система дренажа выбирается в зависимости от характера защищаемого.

Chose the right answer. use the rule of the sequence of tenses. i knew that madrid before, so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. a) has visited b) visited c) had visited

I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Смотреть фото I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Смотреть картинку I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Картинка про I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Фото I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel

Ответы

I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Смотреть фото I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Смотреть картинку I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Картинка про I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Фото I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel

beautiful lovely sad slow unbearable music

unusual strange popular hobby

interesting new computer game

I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Смотреть фото I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Смотреть картинку I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Картинка про I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Фото I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel

статуя свободы подарена амереканцам французами.

I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Смотреть фото I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Смотреть картинку I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Картинка про I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Фото I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel

все друзья и подруги девочки отвернулись от нее и не хотели с ней общаться. тогда мама объяснила девочке что,чтобы у людей складывалось хорошее впечатление о ней и она имела много друзей,ей надо стать вежливой. с тех пор девочка стала воспитанной и приятным человеком. и все у нее в жизни было хорошо.

lived a girl. she was quite ill-mannered. she tore up the flowers in the flowerbed, offended the younger, not greeted and did not want to go to school. once her mother decided it was time to finish it. the girl liked the boy in her class. his name was ilya. but he did not pay attention to the girl. and even shunned her.

all friends and girlfriend girls turned away from her and did not want to communicate with her. then my mother explained that the girl that people have evolved a good impression on her and she had many friends, she had to be polite. since then, the girl was educated and nice person. and in her life was good.

у меня немного больше предложений,сойдет?

I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Смотреть фото I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Смотреть картинку I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Картинка про I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel. Фото I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel

i have not training lessons every day.

bobby is not in the library. he is translating the article.

I knew that she madrid before so i asked her to recommend a good hotel

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1) При преобразовании вопросов с shall в настоящем времени, имеет значение задан ли этот вопрос с целью получения информации или делалось предложение что-то сделать:

Shall I be needed tomorrow? (информация) → He wants to know if he will be needed tomorrow.
Shall I carry your bag? (предложение услуги) → He wants to know if he should/can carry your bag.

2) При преобразовании wh-предложений в вопросительной форме в косвенную речь подлежащее в придаточном предложении обычно ставится перед глаголом (вспомогательный глагол do в положительной форме не употребляется):

She asked me what the problem was.
I asked him where to go next.

3) Но если в прямой речи вопрос начинался с what, which или who, а за ним следовало be + комплемент, be можно ставить и перед подлежащим:

При этом имеет значение, относится ли вопрос к подлежащему или комплементу:

Who is the best player here? (вопрос относится к подлежащему – возможный ответ: John is the best player here.)
What is the time? (вопрос относится к комплементу – возможный ответ: The time is 4.30, не 4.30 is the time)

В первом случае одинаково возможны два варианта порядка слов:

Who’s the best player here? → She asked me who was the best player./ She asked me who the best player was.
What’s the matter? → I asked what was the matter./ I asked what the matter was.
Which is my seat? → She wondered which was her seat. / She wondered which her seat was.

Только один вариант предпочтительнее, если вопрос с who/what/which относится к комплементу:

What’s the time? → She asked what the time was. (лучше, чем She asked what was the time.)

□ Служебный глагол do в таких случаях употребляется только, если в прямой речи он был в отрицательной форме:

He asked (me) why I didn’t want anything to eat.
She asked me where I found it (не ‘. where did I find it./. where I did find it’.)

4) yes/no questions

При преобразовании в косвенную речь yes/no-вопросов употребляются придаточные предложения с if или whether:

The driver asked if/whether I wanted the town centre.
I don’t know if/whether I can help you.

Обычный порядок в wh-, if-, и whether-предложенииях такой же, как в утвердительных предложениях:

Have you seen Paul recently? → She wanted to know if I had seen Paul recently.

Liz wanted to know if/whether we had any photos of our holiday.

b) Знак вопроса в таких случаях не употребляется:

c) Такая же структура употребляется и в ответах на вопросы:

1. Чтобы сказать, что кто-то не говорил или не думал что-либо в отрицательной форме ставится reporting verb:

He didn’t tell me how he would get to London.

2. Для того, чтобы передать в косвенной речи отрицательные предложения, возможны два варианта:

You’re right, it isn’t a good idea.
He agreed that it wasn’t a good idea,

I disagree. It’s not a good idea at all.
He didn’t agree that it was a good idea.

Если в качестве reporting verb используются глаголы believe, expect, feel, intend, plan, propose, suppose, think, want, то предпочтительнее их употреблять в отрицательной форме (а не глагол в придаточном предложении)

I expect he won’t come./ I don’t expect he will come.
She didn’t expect him to come (лучше, чем She expected he wouldn’t come.)

1. После некоторых reporting verb that-предложение можно заменить на конструкцию дополнение+инфинитив (часто to be…), но это звучит несколько более формально. Такая конструкция может употребляться после глаголов feel, declare, acknowledge, assume, believe, consider, feel, declare, expect, find, presume, report, think, understand:

I felt that the results were satisfactory.
I felt the results to be satisfactory.

They declared that the vote was invalid.
They declared the vote to be invalid.

2. Если в прямой речи выражалось обещание, приказ, предложение, просьба, совет и т.п. то после ряда глаголов можно употреблять

a) инфинитивный оборот (к глаголам, непосредственно после которых употребляется инфинитив, относятся также agree, demand, guarantee, offer, promise, propose, swear, threaten, volunteer)

‘I’ll take the children into town.’
She offered to take the children into town. (не ‘She offered me to take the children. ‘)

‘The theatre will be built next to the town hall.’
They propose to build the theatre next to the town hall (не ‘They propose them to build. ‘)

Ann has offered to baby-sit tonight.
He promised to write.
She agreed to wait for me.
The doctor said to stay in bed for a week.

b) дополнение + инфинитивный оборот:

Дополнение обычно обозначает человека, к которому обращено предложение, просьба и т.п. – т.е. тот, кто совершает действие в придаточном предложении (к другим глаголам, после которых идет дополнение и инфинитив, относятся tell, advise, ask, call on, command, instruct, invite, order, persuade, recommend, remind, request, urge, warn – но не promise или offer ):

I told Andrew to be careful.
The landlady has asked us to be quiet after nine o’clock.
I advise you to think again before you decide.
The policeman told me not to park there.
`Be careful crossing the street.` → Mother told me to be careful crossing the street.

`Don’t cry’, I said to the child. → I told the child not to cry.

`Please, be quiet after midnight`, the old lady said to us. → The old lady asked us to be quiet after midnight.

`Can you help me, Tom?’ Ann asked. → Ann asked Tom to help her.

We asked to leave our bags outside the exam room (этого хотим мы).
They asked us to leave our bags outside the exam room (этого хотят от нас они).

3. Достаточно часто употребляется конструкция wh-слово + инфинитив:

He asked her how to make a white sauce.
Don’t tell me what to do.
I’ve forgotten where to put the keys.
I didn’t know whether to laugh or cry.

4. Инфинитив не употребляется после suggest и say (в этом случае можно употреблять that-предложения (обычно с модальными глаголами):

Возможно употребление Subjunctive и герундия после некоторых глаголов (в том числе и suggest):

I suggested that he try the main car park.
I suggested trying the main car park.

5. Предложения с if и would в косвенной речи обычно не меняются:

It would be best if we started early. → He said it would be best if they started early.

Но if-sentences, которые относятся к нереальным ситуациям могут меняться следующим образом:

6. Отрицательные вопросы меняются следующим образом:

Don’t the children like ice-cream? → She was surprised that the children didn’t like ice-cream. (не ‘She asked if the children didn’t like ice cream’.)
Isn’t she lovely! → I remarked how lovely she was. (не ‘I asked if she wasn’t lovely’.)

7. В разговорной речи могут встречаться сложные конструкции, когда обороты с reporting verbs вставляются в предложения с wh-словами:

She’s written I don’t know how many books.
He’s gone I don’t know where.
This is the man who Ann said would tell us about the church.

8. В новостях и художественных произведениях reporting verbs могут, как и в русском языке опускаться:

At breakfast, Peter refused to go to school. Why should he spend all his time sitting listening to idiots? What use was all that stuff anyway? If he stayed at home he could read books. He might even learn something useful. His father, as usual, was unsympathetic. Peter had to go to school, by damn, and he had better get moving now, or there’d be trouble.

1. В роли reporting verbs чаще всего выступают глаголы say и tell (после tell с помощью второго дополнения указывается к кому было направлено обращение). И say и tell употребляются в прямой и косвенной речи (Say употребляется чаще, чем tell с прямой речью)

Tell имеет только значения ‘instruct’/ ‘inform’ поэтому не употребляется для выражения поздравлений, восклицаний и вопросов:

He said, ‘Good morning.’ (не ‘He told them, ‘Good morning. ‘)
Mary said, ‘What a nice idea.’ (не ‘Mary told us,’What nice idea. ‘)
‘What’s your problem?’ I said. (не ‘What’s your problem?’ I told her.)
‘Turn right,’ I said. (не ‘Turn right,’ I told him.)
She said that it was my last chance. (не ‘She told me that it was my last chance’.)

2. Say чаще всего употребляется без предложного дополнения:

Но если после say используется дополнение, необходимо использовать предлог to.

Tell обычно используется с прямым личным дополнением:

Tell используется без личного дополнения в некоторых выражениях, как например, tell the truth, tell a lie, tell a story/joke:

I don’t think she’s telling the truth. (не ‘. saying the truth’.)

Tell означает ‘distinguish’/ ‘understand’ в ‘tell the difference’, ‘tell the time’:

He’s seven years old and he still can’t tell the time.

Tell не употребляется с такими дополнениями как ‘a word’, ‘a name’, ‘a sentence’, ‘a phrase’:

Обычно после tell не употребляется it в отношении каких-либо фактов:

3. Tell может употребляться перед сочетанием object + infinitive в значении ‘order’/’instruct’. Say в таких случаях не употребляется:

I told the children to go away. (не ‘I said the children to go away’.)

4. Say и tell не употребляются при преобразовании вопросов в косвенную речь:

Но say и tell могут употребляться в ответах на вопросы:

Please say whether you want the town centre.
He never says where he’s going.
I told her what time it was.
Has she said who’s coming?
He only told one person where the money was.

ПЕРЕДАЧА ЧУЖОЙ РЕЧИ С ПОМОЩЬЮ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ И ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ
10.29

1) К существительным, за которыми идет that-clause, относятся:
acknowledgement, advice, allegation, announcement, answer, argument, claim, comment, conclusion, decision, explanation, forecast, guarantee, indication, observation, promise, recommendation, reply, speculation, statement, suggestion, threat, warning:

The claim is often made that smoking causes heart disease.
The jury came to the conclusion that the woman was guilty.
Notice that we don’t usually leave out that in sentences like this.

2) К существительным, за которыми идет инфинитив, относятся: decision, encouragement, instruction, invitation, order, promise, recommendation, refusal, threat, warning:

I accepted Louisa’s invitation to visit her in Rome.
He was delighted with his portrait and gave me every encouragement to take up painting again.

После некоторых из этих существительных можно употреблять и that-предложение:

3) К существительным, за которыми идет wh-предложение, относятся: explanation, discussion, issue, problem, question. После этих существительным обычно употребляется предлог of:

John raised the question of when the money would be collected.
Our previous meeting looked at the issue of how to increase income.

После многих вышеперечисленных глаголов можно употреблять as to + wh-предложение или as to + wh-word + to-infinitive (вместо as to обычно может быть употреблен другой предлог):

B. К прилагательным, которые передают чьи-то чувства или мнения и после которых употребляется that-предложение, относятся: adamant, agreed, angry, annoyed, certain, grateful, insistent, sure.

The builders are certain that they’ll be finished by the end of the week.

Прилагательные, выражающие неуверенность, обычно сопровождаются wh-предложениями. К таким прилагательным (обычно они употребляются с whether) относятся: uncertain, not certain, unsure, not sure.

Scientists aren’t sure where the remains of the spacecraft will come to land.

Некоторые прилагательные употребляются с предлогами, например: apologetic, complimentary, insulting, tactful (+ about something); critical, dismissive, scornful (+ of somebody/something); abusive, sympathetic (+ to/towards somebody):

Today’s newspapers are very critical of the President’s decision to appoint Mr Walters.
When I asked him what he thought of my new suit, he was quite insulting about it.

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