Moral principles that control or influence a person s behavior is

What Are Moral Principles?

Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital.

Jennifer A. Smith / Getty Images

Moral principles are guidelines that people live by to make sure they are doing the right thing. These include things like honesty, fairness, and equality. Moral principles can be different for everyone because they depend on how a person was raised and what is important to them in life.

History of Moral Principles

The history of moral principles dates back to Ancient Greece and Ancient China. Moral principles were important in these societies because they believed that to be successful, people needed a clear sense of right and wrong.

Research on moral principles began with Ancient Greek philosophers like Aristotle who wanted to figure out the meaning of virtue. Later, moral principles were studied by philosophers like John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Immanuel Kant.

In the field of psychology, moral principles have been studied in the context of moral development. Psychologists have been interested to understand how children develop a sense of morality and how moral principles are applied in different contexts. For example, psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg studied moral development in boys from different cultures.

In the contemporary world, moral principles still play an important role. They are considered guidelines for living life successfully. For example, honesty is considered a moral principle because it keeps relationships strong.

Types of Moral Principles

There are two types of moral principles: absolute and relative.  Absolute principles are unchanging and universal. Relative moral principles change depending on the situation.

Absolute Moral Principles

Absolute moral principles are based on universal truths about the nature of human beings. For example, murder is wrong because it goes against the natural order of things. These are also sometimes called normative moral principles, or those that are generally accepted by society. Below are some examples of absolute moral principles:

Relative Moral Principles

Relative moral principles are based on opinions and circumstances that may change over time or from person to person or for different situations. Relative moral principles depend on a person’s beliefs. Relativism to what people perceive as good or bad in relation to themselves. In other words, when someone says something is good, in most cases they are really saying it is good for them, or perhaps it contributes to their well-being. Below are some examples of relative moral principles

How to Adhere to Moral Principles

Many people strive to live by the moral principles they believe in. But, it can be difficult to follow them all of the time, which is what makes following one’s own personal moral values even more valuable.

There are many ways that a person might adhere to their moral principles: through thoughts and feelings, actions, or words. Below are some examples.

Impact of Moral Principles

Moral principles are important for society because they help people learn how to get along and live well with each other. They teach us that all human beings deserve the same rights, which is why it’s not okay to discriminate against someone based on their ethnicity or race. People who follow moral principles also tend to have a better quality of life than those who don’t.

Moral principles can also impact an individual’s identity and sense of self-worth. For example, someone who is honest may feel that they are a good person because they follow the moral principle to be truthful at all times. And for people with strong values about equality, it might make them feel better about themselves when they don’t discriminate against people who are different from them.

Tips to Develop Good Moral Principles

There are various ways to develop moral principles that transcend culture,   religion, and country. If you are just starting on your moral journey, you might consider exploring morals in various philosophical texts.

However, there are also many practical steps a person can take to develop good moral principles:

Pitfalls of Moral Principles

There are some things that can go wrong when following moral principles. Below are some examples of how moral principles may not always guide you toward the best course of action.

First, it’s possible to make judgments about others based on your personal values and not theirs. For example, if you think all women should dress conservatively because you believe dressing another way is immoral, then you are passing judgment on others based on your own set of standards.

In addition, it can be hard to tell the difference between a moral principle and something that’s cultural or part of your upbringing. For example, you might believe women should defer to their husbands because in your culture everyone has traditionally agreed with this idea for generations; however, if you were born into a different country where people don’t think this way, you might not feel that it’s morally right.

Finally, sometimes people can use moral principles to justify bad behavior like stealing or hurting others in some way. For example, if you steal because you believe it will help the poor, then your thoughts could be twisted to say that stealing is OK.

A Word From Verywell

In general, moral principles are beneficial both to society and the individual person. However, blindly following moral principles without considering their origin or using your judgment based on the situation can be problematic. The best course of action is usually to adhere to a loosely defined set of moral principles that align with your beliefs and society as a whole but to also consider each situation individually and weigh the cost of adhering to your morals in terms of its impact on other individuals.

Beauchamp TL. A defense of the common morality. Kennedy Inst Ethics J. 2003 Sep;13(3):259-74. doi: 10.1353/ken.2003.0019. PMID: 14577460.

Chattopadhyay S, De Vries R. Respect for cultural diversity in bioethics is an ethical imperative. Med Health Care Philos. 2013;16(4):639-645. doi:10.1007/s11019-012-9433-5

Moral Principles And How They Impact Your Life

Have you ever asked yourself why you make the decisions you do? If you have ever wondered why you get that sick feeling in the pit of your stomach when you do something you know you shouldn’t, it is likely because of your moral principles. Everyone has these principles, but they can vary greatly from one person to another. It can be helpful to explore your moral principles, as they determine many aspects of your life.

The Free Dictionary defines moral principles as “the principles of right and wrong that are accepted by an individual or a social group.” As a general rule, morals are what we use to guide our actions. There are some moral principles that most people agree on and others that differ from group to group and person to person. Many people can follow moral principles by following laws.

When You Don’t Live By Your Moral Principles

It is easy to make small compromises in our moral principles. We do this by rationalizing our actions. We do or say something that we know we don’t think is right, but we find a way to explain this action or statement to ourselves that makes it sound like it’s okay. However, deep inside, we know we have crossed a line and violated our moral principles. Compromising your morals in even a small way makes it easier to make larger compromises as well. Before you know it, you may be making poor decisions and acting in ways that you would never have imagined you could.

When you act or speak against your morals, you begin to experience guilt and shame. You feel guilty about your actions, which can cause you to feel ashamed of yourself. Sticking to your moral principles helps you live a life you are proud of, which is associated with greater happiness. Here are some examples of moral principles and how they may impact your life.

Are You Living Your Moral Principles?

If you’re not living in accord with the moral principles you believe in, consider taking steps to correct this. You are not living your best life if you violate your own morals. It’s important that you align your actions and words with your moral principles. When you do this,the pieces of your life tend to fall into place. You will experience more happiness because you are staying true to yourself.

How Can I Live More Morally?

It can be hard to realign yourself when you let your moral principles slip. However, this doesn’t have to be a permanent condition, as you can always alter your behaviors.

One way to change behavior is to set goals. Consider writing down how you want to live in a book, including goals toward achieving this life. This will help you hold yourself accountable for your own set of rules and standards.

Perhaps the most important way to live morally is to trust your instincts or what you feel deep down is right. You can’t always explain what causes you to feel a certain way, but in many cases, you can tell if something feels wrong. Be sure to avoid taking actions that make you feel uneasy.

Following the tips above can help keep you on the right path morally. However, if you still feel like you are missing the mark, it may be time to speak with a qualified counselor.

BetterHelp Can Help With Your Moral Principles

If you are struggling to identify the moral principles that matter to you, how to live them out in your life, or where to correct a past misstep, talking to a licensed therapist can help. A mental health professional can offer an unbiased opinion and guide you toward achieving your goals and living a life in accord with your moral principles.

You might consider trying online therapy. Research showsthat electronically delivered therapy is as effective as traditional face-to-face counseling, which makes it an incredibly convenient option. This study, conducted by Brigham Young University researchers, found that technology-based therapy provides other added benefits too, including, “lower cost, no travel time, easy access, no waitlists, and trackable progress.”

If these perks are attractive to you, consider choosing an online therapy solution such as BetterHelp. The professional, licensed therapist at BetterHelp can provide ongoing daily support via email, chat, or video conferencing, which means you can select the best format for you. The site also offers numerous sources of helpful information about common mental illness disorders and articles discussing how to cope with stress, difficult people, and challenging situations. Here’s a look at what others had to say about the assistance they received from the counselors at BetterHelp.

Counselor Reviews

“I’ve been working with Alicia for about 7 months now, and I can’t recommend her enough. She is unbelievably smart and yet filled with warmth, she’s non-judgmental but still able to see negative patterns, she gives solid frameworks and solutions when I need them, and is a listening ear when I need that. Alicia doesn’t just deal with the subject matter at hand, she remembers things I’ve told her weeks prior, small names or details or passing comments, and points out patterns I hadn’t noticed, helping me re-frame my own thoughts and behaviors, all while showing how much she’s really listening and paying attention. It makes me feel like I’m talking to a friend. One personal example of her intuitive spirit is what she said to me in my very first session with her which has stuck with me since that day. I had shared how “broken” I felt after my last couple roles in rather toxic work environments. And after sharing why I had left those companies, mostly dealing with bosses/ colleagues who were bullies, dishonest and manipulative people who did a lot of damage, Alicia pointed out that I am not, in fact, broken, as the reason I left those companies was always the same – my deep rooted values of kindness and honesty would not allow me to be in that environment any longer, that my sense of self from a moral perspective had remained the same when many people bend their morals to succeed in stressful work situations. This reframing of the narrative I had been telling myself from the moment I quit changed everything for me, and she had known me for 45 minutes. For anyone on the fence about therapy and its benefits, Alicia is the empathetic soul we all need in our lives.”

“Oliver has helped me in many ways despite our relatively short time working together. He’s helped me gain a better outlook on the world, and he has helped me install some new philosophies and principles that I’ve found to be very useful in my day to day life and coping with everyday stress, as well as helping me and guiding me through some tough personal decisions, and working on myself and my behaviour.”

Conclusion

When your moral compass is off, you may need help figuring out your moral principles and how to live by them without bending the rules. When it comes to understanding what morals are, how they work, and how to incorporate them into your life, turning to a helping professional can make a difference.

The one lesson that emerges is the need to keep trying.

a) subject b) object c) predicative d) attribute

At all times the Kazakh’s priority has been cattle breeding.

a) subject b) predicative c) a part of a compound verbal predicate d) attribute

a) royalty payment b) licensing agreement c) intellectual property d) patent application

The Parliament controls making and passing laws.

a) subject b) predicative c) attribute d) object

What does “economic output” mean?

a) the value of goods and services produced in a country or area.

b) the value of all the goods and services produced in a particular country

c) the growth rate

d) trade surplus

When one group of people unfairly treated differently from another.

a) slavery b) discrimination c) bad conditions d) ethical investment

Adjective to describe leading without consultation.

a) imposed b) bureaucratic c) declarative d) authoritarian

What does “project meeting” mean?

a) a group of employees involved in a particular activity

b) chat with colleagues

d) an official, formal meeting

What does “cancel a meeting” mean?

a) be in charge of a meeting

b) go to a meeting

c) not to have a meeting after all

d) organize a meeting

Тестовые задания для итогового контроля

The difference between a country’s total earnings from exports and its total expenditure on imports is

balance of trade

the central part of something (e.g. a company’s workforce)

the extent to which a person has skills that employers want

the period of holding a job

generally held beliefs (that are probably false)

language used to persuade people to believe something

The central part of something (e.g. a company’s workforce)

language used to persuade people to believe something

the extent to which a person has skills that employers want

the period of holding a job

generally held beliefs (that are probably false)

the central part of something (e.g. a company’s workforce)

Language used to persuade people to believe something

Received wisdom is …

generally held beliefs (that are probably false)

language used to persuade people to believe something

the extent to which a person has skills that employers want

the period of holding a job

the central part of something (e.g. a company’s workforce)

Generally held beliefs (that are probably false)

The work done by a computer or computers is called …

The ability to change, to suit new conditions or situations

An increase in the size, amount or degree of something

Work for yourself

Money that you have to pay to the government so that it can pay for public services

The process of giving some power of a central government, organization, etc. to smaller parts or organizations around the country

A system of international trade in which there are no restrictions or taxes on imports and exports

An arrangement for two people to share the hours of work and the pay of one job

The quality or state of being steady and not changing

To free a trade, a business activity from rules and controls

The fact that different cultures and economic systems around the world are becoming connected

The rate at which a company produces goods and the amount produced, compared with how much time, work and money is needed to produce them

Practical or financial help that is provided often by the government for people

To make changes to a business, system in order to make its more efficient especially by spending less money

Find the term for the following definition: Decreasing the number of permanent employees

Find the term for the following definition: generally held beliefs (that are probably false)

Find the term for the following definition: language used to persuade people to believe something

Find the term for the following definition: temporary jobs in companies arranged by employed agencies

Find the term for the following definition: the central part of something (e.g. a company’s workforce)

Find the term for the following definition: the extent to which a person has skills that employers want

Find the term for the following definition: the fear that you might lose your job

Find the term for the following definition: the period of holding a job

Find the term for the following definition: institutions or organizations that provide help for people in need

Find the term for the following definition: acceptability, according to law or public opinions

Find the term for the following definition: the situation when there are a large number of sellers and buyers, freedom to enter and leave markets, a complete flow of information, and so on

Find the term for the following definition: a condition of general well-being (and government spending designed to achieve this)

Find the term for the following definition: menacing, endangering

Find the term for the following definition: liveliness, health, energy, strength

Find the term for the following definition: an economic system in which anyone can attempt to raise capital, form a business, and offer goods or services

Find the term for the following definition: complying with or following (rules)

Find the term for the following definition: expressed, given a material form

Find the term for the following definition: supporters, people who argue in favor of something

To give somebody money or something valuable in order to persuade to help you especially by doing something dishonest

Moral principles that control or influence a person’s behavior

To try to influence a politician or the government to persuade them to oppose or support a change in the law

The process of making air, water, soil dirty

A person that is involved in a particular organization, project, system, especially because he has invested money in it

Which of the following means: obvious

Borne in mind (to bear in mind)

Which of the following means: inexpensive

Borne in mind (to bear in mind)

Which of the following means: inconsistent with or contrary to

Borne in mind (to bear in mind)

Which of the following means: bad health

Borne in mind (to bear in mind)

Which of the following means: remembered or not forgotten

Borne in mind (to bear in mind)

Which of the following means: poor or unemployed people

Which of the following means: rich or wealthy people

Which of the following means: successes

Which of the following means: unwillingly, not eagerly

Which of the following means: global or worldwide

Which of the following means: costly

Spent, used or consumed

A medical doctor

Which of the following means: disposed of

Spent, used or consumed

A medical doctor

Which of the following means: on our behalf

A medical doctor

Spent, used or consumed

Which of the following means: a physician

A medical doctor

Spent, used or consumed

Which of the following means: ailments

A medical doctor

Spent, used or consumed

Which of the following means: to resort to force

To use violence

To compel people to do something against their will

Someone who arranges funerals

Someone who fixes water pipes

A large number of

Which of the following means: to coerce

To compel people to do something against their will

To use violence

Someone who arranges funerals

Someone who fixes water pipes

A large number of

Which of the following means: a mortician

Someone who arranges funerals

Someone who fixes water pipes

A large number of

To compel people to do something against their will

To use violence

Which of the following means: a plumber

Someone who fixes water pipes

A large number of

To compel people to do something against their will

To use violence

Someone who arranges funerals

Which of the following means: a host of

A large number of

To compel people to do something against their will

To use violence

Someone who arranges funerals

Someone who fixes water pipes

The tax people pay on their wages and salaries is called

Capital gains tax

A tax on wages and salaries or on company profits is a\an

A tax levied at a higher rate on higher incomes is called a

Capital transfer tax

Capital gains tax

A tax paid on property, sales transactions, imports and so on is a \an

Capital gains tax

Capital transfer tax

A tax collected at each stage of production, excluding the already taxed costs from previous stages, is called a\an

Capital gains tax

Capital transfer tax

Profits made by selling assets are generally liable to a

Capital gains tax

Capital transfer tax

Gifts and inheritances over a certain value are often liable to a

Capital transfer tax

Capital gains tax

The annual tax imposed on peoples’ fortunes (in some countries) is a \an

Capital gains tax

Capital transfer tax

Making false declarations to the tax authorities is called

Reducing the amount of tax you pay to a legal minimum is called

Which of the following means: reducing the value of a fixed asset, by charging it against profits

Which of the following means: something which discourages an action

Which of the following means: an adjective describing a tax that is proportionally higher for people with less money

Which of the following means: spending money to buy things, rather than saving it

Which of the following means: working for yourself, being your own boss

Which of the following means: a tax on incomes that pays for sickness benefit, unemployment benefit and old-age pensions

Which of the following means: non-financial benefits or advantages of a job

Which of the following means: a way to delay the payment of tax to a later time

Which of the following means: an adjective describing expenditures that can be taken away from taxable income or profits

Which of the following means: a country offering a very low tax rates to foreign businesses

Which of the following verbs means: to make changes to something

Which of the following verbs means: to change something into something else

Which of the following verbs means: to end something permanently

Which of the following verbs means: : to end something temporarily

Which of the following verbs means: to go up or down (in quantity, value, etc.)

Which of the following verbs means: to move away from what is considered normal

Which of the following means: beliefs about what will happen in the future

Which of the following means: money borrowed in order to buy a house or a flat

Which of the following means: money paid for the use of a house or flat owned by somebody

Which of the following means: the amount of something produced by a company, a country, and so on

Which of the following means: spending on new machines, factories and so on

Which of the following means: owners or managers of manufacturing companies

Which of the following means: spending on goods and services

Which of the following means: to dismiss employees

Which of the following means: concerning the number of births, deaths, population movement and so on

Which of the following means: an absence of luxury and comfort

Match up the following half-sentences: Companies only invest

While consumption is increasing

Consumers borrow a lot of money

Result in higher rents and mortgages

Include psychological factors

If their company’s sales are increasing

Match up the following half-sentences: During a period of economic growth

Consumers borrow a lot of money

Result in higher rents and mortgages

Include psychological factors

If their company’s sales are increasing

While consumption is increasing

Match up the following half-sentences: Increases in interest rates

Result in higher rents and mortgages

Include psychological factors

If their company’s sales are increasing

While consumption is increasing

Consumers borrow a lot of money

Match up the following half-sentences: Internal theories of the business cycle

Include psychological factors

If their company’s sales are increasing

While consumption is increasing

Consumers borrow a lot of money

When they are afraid of becoming unemployed

Match up the following half-sentences: People can demand higher pay

If their company’s sales are increasing

While consumption is increasing

Consumers borrow a lot of money

Result in higher rents and mortgages

Include psychological factors

Match up the following half-sentences: People tend to spend less

When they are afraid of becoming unemployed

Include psychological factors

If their company’s sales are increasing

While consumption is increasing

Consumers borrow a lot of money

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Text 3. Business Ethics

Ethics is the system of moral principles, rules of conduct, and morality of choices that individuals make. Business ethics is the application of moral standards to business situations. Business ethics has become a matter of public concern. All business people face ethical issues daily, and they stem from a variety of sources. Although some types of issues arise infrequently, others occur regularly. Let’s take a closer look at several ethical issues.

1. Fairness and Honesty. Fairness and honesty in business are two important ethical concerns. Besides obeying all laws and regulations, business people should refrain from deceiving, misrepresenting, or intimidating others.

1. Organizational Relationships. A business person may be temped to place his or her personal welfare above the welfare of the organization. Relationships with customers and coworkers often create ethical problems – since confidential information should be secret and all obligations should be honored. Unethical behaviour in these areas includes not meeting one’s obligations in a mutual agreement, and pressing others to behave unethically.

2. Conflict of Interest. Conflict of interest results when a business person takes advantage of a situation for his or her own personal interest rather than for the employer’s or organization’s interest. Such conflict may occur when payments and gifts make their way into business deals. A wise rule to remember is that anything given to a person that might unfairly influence that person’s business decision is a bribe, and all bribes are unethical.

3. Communications. Business communications, especially advertising, can present ethical questions. False and misleading advertising is illegal and unethical, and it can infuriate customers. Sponsors of advertisements aimed at children must especially careful to avoid misleading messages. Advertising of health-related products must also take precautions against deception.

4. Relationships. Business ethics involves relationships between a firm and its investors, customers, employees, creditors, and competitors. Each group has specific concerns, and each exerts some type of pressure on management. Investors want management to make financial decisions that will boost sales, profits, and returns on their investments. Customers expect a firm’s products to be safe, reliable, and reasonably priced. Employees want to be treated fairly in hiring, promotion, and compensation. Creditors require bills to be paid in time and the accounting information furnished by the firm to be accurate. Competitors expect the firm’s marketing activities to portray its products truthfully.

Task 1. Find the English equivalents:

Система моральных принципов; проблема общественной важности; сталкиваться с этическими вопросами; справедливость и честность; законы и постановления; личное благосостояние; деловая этика; конфиденциальная информация; неэтичное поведение; конфликт интересов; воспользоваться ситуацией в личных интересах; взятка; ложное и вводящее в заблуждение рекламирование; принимать меры предосторожности; принимать финансовые решения; относиться честно; правдиво отображать.

Task 2. Translate into English:

1. Деловая этика – это применение моральных стандартов к деловым ситуациям.

2. Справедливость и честность в бизнесе являются двумя важными этическими вопросами.

3. Деловой человек не должен ставить свое личное благосостояние выше благосостояния других или благосостояния организацию

4. Когда деловой человек пользуется ситуацией для своих собственных личных интересов, это приводит к конфликту интересов.

5. Все, что дается какому-либо лицу и может несправедливо повлиять на деловое решение этого лица, является взяткой.

6. Взятки противозаконны и неэтичны.

7. Ложная и вводящая в заблуждение реклама является противозаконной и неэтичной.

8. Открытость часто создает доверие и помогает строить прочные деловые отношения.

Task 3. Speak about business ethics, its basic principles and its importance in the world of business:

Text 3. Business Ethics

Before you read discuss questions with your partner:

1. Are the concepts “corporate culture” and “business ethics” related?

2. \What do you think business ethics deals with?

Ethics is the system of moral principles, rules of conduct, and morality of choices that individuals make. Business ethics is the application of moral standards to business situations. Business ethics has become a matter of public concern. All business people face ethical issues daily, and they stem from a variety of sources. Although some types of issues arise infrequently, others occur regularly. Let’s take a closer look at several ethical issues.

1. Fairness and Honesty. Fairness and honesty in business are two important ethical concerns. Besides obeying all laws and regulations, business people should refrain from deceiving, misrepresenting, or intimidating others.

1. Organizational Relationships. A business person may be temped to place his or her personal welfare above the welfare of the organization. Relationships with customers and coworkers often create ethical problems – since confidential information should be secret and all obligations should be honored. Unethical behavior in these areas includes not meeting one’s obligations in a mutual agreement, and pressing others to behave unethically.

2. Conflict of Interest. Conflict of interest results when a business person takes advantage of a situation for his or her own personal interest rather than for the employer’s or organization’s interest. Such conflict may occur when payments and gifts make their way into business deals. A wise rule to remember is that anything given to a person that might unfairly influence that person’s business decision is a bribe, and all bribes are unethical.

3. Communications. Business communications, especially advertising, can present ethical questions. False and misleading advertising is illegal and unethical, and it can infuriate customers. Sponsors of advertisements aimed at children must especially careful to avoid misleading messages. Advertising of health-related products must also take precautions against deception.

4. Relationships. Business ethics involves relationships between a firm and its investors, customers, employees, creditors, and competitors. Each group has specific concerns, and each exerts some type of pressure on management. Investors want management to make financial decisions that will boost sales, profits, and returns on their investments. Customers expect a firm’s products to be safe, reliable, and reasonably priced. Employees want to be treated fairly in hiring, promotion, and compensation. Creditors require bills to be paid in time and the accounting information furnished by the firm to be accurate. Competitors expect the firm’s marketing activities to portray its products truthfully.

Task 1. Find the English equivalents:

Система моральных принципов; проблема общественной важности; сталкиваться с этическими вопросами; справедливость и честность; законы и постановления; личное благосостояние; деловая этика; конфиденциальная информация; неэтичное поведение; конфликт интересов; воспользоваться ситуацией в личных интересах; взятка; ложное и вводящее в заблуждение рекламирование; принимать меры предосторожности; принимать финансовые решения; относиться честно; правдиво отображать.

Task 2. Translate into English:

1. Деловая этика – это применение моральных стандартов к деловым ситуациям.

2. Справедливость и честность в бизнесе являются двумя важными этическими вопросами.

3. Деловой человек не должен ставить свое личное благосостояние выше благосостояния других.

4. Когда деловой человек пользуется ситуацией для своих собственных личных интересов, это приводит к конфликту интересов.

5. Все, что дается какому-либо лицу и может несправедливо повлиять на деловое решение этого лица, является взяткой.

6. Взятки противозаконны и неэтичны.

7. Ложная и вводящая в заблуждение реклама является противозаконной и неэтичной.

8. Открытость часто создает доверие и помогает строить прочные деловые отношения.

Task 3. Speak about business ethics, its basic principles and its importance in the world of business.