What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression

What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression

Vocabulary. completely — полностью, совершенно

What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть картинку What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Картинка про What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть картинку What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Картинка про What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть картинку What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Картинка про What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть картинку What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Картинка про What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression

What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть картинку What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Картинка про What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression

What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть картинку What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Картинка про What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression

bar— брусок, прут

completely — полностью, совершенно

compression — сжатие

creep — ползучесть

cross-sectional area — площадь поперечного сечения

cyclic stress — циклическое напряжение

decrease — уменьшение

elastic deformation — упругая деформация

elastic limit — предел упругости

exceed — превышать

external forces — внешние силы

fatigue — усталость металла

fracture — перелом, излом

loosen — ослаблять, расшатывать

permanent deformation — постоянная деформация

remaining — оставшийся

shear — срез

simultaneously — одновременно

to stretch — растягивать

technique — методы

tension — напряженность

to propagate — распространяться

to bend — гнуть, согнуть

to extend — расширять, продолжаться

to meet the needs — отвечать требованиям

to occur — происходить

to respond — отвечать реагировать

to suffer — страдать

torsion — кручение

twisting — закручивание, изгиб

volume — объем, количество

rupture — разрыв

General understanding:

1. What are the external forces causing the elastic deformation of materials? Describe those forces that change the form and size of materials.

2. What are the results of external forces?

3. What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression?

4. What is the result of tension? What happens if the elastic limit of material is exceeded under tension?

5. What do we call fatigue? When does it occur? What are the results of fatigue?

6. What do we call creep? When does this type of per­manent deformation take place? What are the results of creep?

Exercise 3.1. Find the following in the text:

1. отвечать требованиям современной технологии

2. используя лабораторные методы

3. новые способы использования металлов

4. сжатие, растяжение, изгиб, кручение, срез

5. возвращать первоначальный размер и форму

7. постоянная деформация

8. уменьшение объема

9. растягивающие и сжимающие силы

10. превышать предел упругости материала

11. повторяющиеся циклические напряжения

12. разрушение материала

13. развитие и распространение мелких трещин

14. сопротивление материалов ползучести и устало­сти

Exercise 3.2. Translate into English the following sentences:

1. Упругая деформация — это реакция всех мате­риалов на внешние силы, такие, как растяжение, сжа­тие, скручивание, изгиб и срез.

2. Усталость и ползучесть материалов являются результатом внешних сил.

3. Внешние силы вызывают постоянную деформа­цию и разрушение материала.

4. Растягивающие и сжимающие силы работают одновременно, когда мы изгибаем или скручиваем материал.

5. Растяжение материала выше предела его упру­гости дает постоянную деформацию или разрушение.

6. Когда деталь работает долгое время под цикли­ческими напряжениями, в ней появляются небольшие растущие трещины из-за усталости металла.

7. Ползучесть — это медленное изменение размера детали под напряжением.

Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words and phrases.

1. (Материаловедение и технология конструкционных материалов) is the study of materials and how they can be fabricated (чтобы отвечать требованиям современной технологии).

2. (Используя лабораторные методы) and knowledge of physics, chemistry, and metallurgy, scientists (ищут) new ways of using metals, plastics and other materials.

3. All materials (реагируют на) these forces by (упругой деформацией).

4. The materials may also have (не упругую деформацию) or they may (ломаться).

5. The results of external forces are (ползучесть) and (усталость метала).

6. When (металлический прут) is bent, one side of it (растягивается) and subjected to a (силе растяжения), and the other side (сжимается).

7. ( при растяжении), a material usually stretches, (возвращаясь) to its original length if the force does not exceed (предел упругости материала).

8. (Усталость металла) occurs when a mechanical part is subjected to (повторяющемуся или циклическому напряжению) or cyclic stress, such as (вибрация).

9. Knowledge of (о напряжение растяжения, пределе упругости), and the resistance of materials (к ползучести) and (усталости металла)e are of basic importance in engineering.

10. (Ползучесть) is a slow, permanent deformation that results from steady force acting on a material.

13. Choose a phrase from the list below that has the same meaning as the italicized phrase:

can be fabricatedrespondTechnologyTensionFatigue
vibrationfractureelastic limitexternaloccur
Creep

1. Materials Science and the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes is the study of materials and how they can be manufactured to meet the needs of modern technology.

2. Engineers must know how materials do something as a reaction to forces that come from outside, such as tension, compression, torsion, bending and shear.

3. The materials may also have permanent deformation or they may break.

4. A strained state or condition resulting from forces acting in opposition to each other is a pulling force.

5. Extreme tiredness resulting from physical exertion is the growth of cracks under stress.

6. It occurs when a mechanical part is subjected to a repeated or cyclic stress.

7. Even when the maximum stress never exceeds the maximum extent to which a solid may be stretched without permanent alteration of size or shape the, failure of the material can be found to be under a particular set of conditions even after a short time.

8. Undergo gradual deformation under stress is a slow, permanent deformation that results from a steady force acting on a material.

14. Choose the correct variant without consulting the text. In case you fail to do it, revive the corresponding material:

15. Complete the following sentences:

4. The materials may also have … or they ….

11. Creep … leads to … of the material.

16. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as:

I think/suppose/ consider/believe; to my mind/ in my opinion; as far as I remember/ know/ understand; Let me see…; How shall I put it?; Well, let me think..; Let’s put it this way…; I’ll have to think about that; The best way I can answer that is…; That’s a good question.; That’s a difficult question. Let me see….

1. What are the external forces that cause the elastic deformation of materials? Describe those forces that change the form and size of materials.

2. What are the results of external forces?

3. What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression?

4. What is the result of tension?

5. What happens if the elastic limit of material is exceeded under tension?

6. What do we call fatigue? When does it occur?

7. What are the results of fatigue?

8. What do we call creep? When does this type of permanent deformation take place?

9. What are the results of creep?

17. Match the following definitions with their terms:

scientistthe action of compressing or being compressed
laboratoryis a twisting effect on something such as a piece of metal or an organ of the body
tensiona person who is studying or has expert knowledge of one or more of the natural or physical sciences
compressionweakness in metal or other materials caused by repeated variations of stress
torsionthe gradual deformation of materials under stress
fatiguea room or building equipped for scientific experiments, research, or teaching, or for the manufacture of drugs or chemicals
creepapply a force to (something) which tends to stretch it

18. Speak on the following topic:

· How materials react to external forces.

What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть картинку What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Картинка про What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression

Механическое удерживание земляных масс: Механическое удерживание земляных масс на склоне обеспечивают контрфорсными сооружениями различных конструкций.

What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть картинку What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Картинка про What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression

Общие условия выбора системы дренажа: Система дренажа выбирается в зависимости от характера защищаемого.

What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть картинку What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Картинка про What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression

What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть картинку What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Картинка про What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression

1. What are the external forces cau

1. What are the external forces causing the elastic deformation of materials? Describe those forces that change the form and size of materials.

2. What are the results of external forces?

3. What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression?

4. What is the result of tension? What happens if the elastic limit of material is exceeded under tension?

5. What do we call fatigue? When does it occur? What are the results of fatigue?

6. What do we call creep? When does this type of permanent deformation take place? What are the results of creep?

1. Каковы внешние силы, вызывающие упругую деформацию материалов? Опишите те силы, которые изменяют форму и размер материалов. 2. Каковы результаты внешних сил? 3. Какие деформации являются комбинации растяжения и сжатия? 4. Что является результатом напряженности? Что произойдет, если предел упругости материала превысил под напряжением? 5. Что мы называем усталость? Когда это происходит? Каковы результаты усталости? 6. Что мы называем ползучести? Когда этот тип постоянной деформации происходит? Каковы результаты ползучести?

1.каковы внешних сил, вызывая упругая деформация материалов?описать тех сил, что изменение формы и размера материалов.

2.каковы результаты внешних сил?

3.какие виды деформации являются комбинации напряженности и сжатие?

4.то, что является следствием напряженности?что произойдет, если предел прочности материалов превышает под напряжением?

5.как мы называем усталость?когда это произойдет?каковы результаты усталость?

6.как мы называем слизняк?когда же этот вид остаточная деформация?каковы результаты слизняк?

Read the text and translate two passages in written form

What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть картинку What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Картинка про What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть картинку What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Картинка про What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть картинку What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Картинка про What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть картинку What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Картинка про What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression

What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть картинку What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Картинка про What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression

What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Смотреть картинку What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Картинка про What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression. Фото What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression

«MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Of MATERIALS»

Materials Science and Technology is the study of ma­terials and how they can be fabricatedto meet the needsof modern technology. Using the laboratorytechniquesand knowledge of physics, chemistry, and metallurgy, scientists are finding new ways of using metals, plastics and other materials.

Engineers must know how materialsrespond to exter­nal forces, such astension, compression, torsion, bend­ing, and shear. All materials respond to these forces by elastic deformation. That is, the materials return their original size and form when theexternal force disap­pears. The materials may also havepermanent deforma­tion or they mayfracture. The results of external forces arecreep andfatigue.

Compression isa pressure causing adecrease in vol­ume. When a material is subjected to abending, shear­ing, or torsion (twisting) force, both tensile and compressive forces aresimultaneously at work. When a metal bar is bent, one side of it is stretched and subjected to a tensional force, and the other side is compressed.

Tension is a pulling force; for example, the force in a cable holding a weight. Under tension, a material usu­allystretches, returning to its original length if the force does notexceed the material’selastic limit. Under larger tensions, the material does not returncompletely to its original condition, and under greater forces the mate­rialruptures.

Fatigue is the growth of cracks under stress. It oc­curs when a mechanical part is subjected to a repeated or cyclic stress, such as vibration. Even when the maximum stress never exceeds the elastic limit, failure of the ma­terial can occur even after a short time. No deformation is seen during fatigue, but small localized cracks develop and propagate through the material until the remain­ing cross-sectional area cannot support the maximum stress of the cyclic force. Knowledge of tensile stress, elastic limits, and the resistance of materials to creep and fatigue are of basic importance in engineering.

Creep is a slow, permanent deformation that results from a steady force acting on a material. Materials at high temperatures usually suffer from this deformation. The gradualloosening of bolts and the deformation of components of machines and engines are all the exam­ples of creep. In many cases the slow deformation stops because deformationeliminates the force causing the creep. Creepextended over a long time finally leads to the rupture of the material.

2. Answer the following questions:

1. What are the external forces causing the elastic deformation of materials? Describe those forces that change the form and size of materials.

2. What are the results of external forces?

3. What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression?

4. What is the result of tension? What happens if the elastic limit of material is exceeded under tension?

5. What do we call fatigue? When does it occur? What are the results of fatigue?

6. What do we call creep? When does this type of per­manent deformation take place? What are the results of creep?

3. Translate into English the following sentences:

1. Упругая деформация — это реакция всех мате­риалов на внешние силы, такие, как растяжение, сжа­тие, скручивание, изгиб и срез.

2. Усталость и ползучесть материалов являются результатом внешних сил.

3. Внешние силы вызывают постоянную деформа­цию и разрушение материала.

4. Растягивающие и сжимающие силы работают одновременно, когда мы изгибаем или скручиваем материал.

5. Растяжение материала выше предела его упру­гости дает постоянную деформацию или разрушение.

6. Когда деталь работает долгое время под цикли­ческими напряжениями, в ней появляются небольшие растущие трещины из-за усталости металла.

7. Ползучесть — это медленное изменение размера детали под напряжением.

4. Find the following in the text:

1. отвечать требованиям современной технологии

2. используя лабораторные методы

3. новые способы использования металлов

4. сжатие, растяжение, изгиб, кручение, срез

5. возвращать первоначальный размер и форму

7. постоянная деформация

8. уменьшение объема

9. растягивающие и сжимающие силы

10. превышать предел упругости материала

11. повторяющиеся циклические напряжения

12. разрушение материала

13. развитие и распространение мелких трещин

14. сопротивление материалов ползучести и устало­сти

Choose the right variants.

1. … put my money there if I didn`t think it was safe.

2.If I were you, I … to a doctor.

3.The vase is beautiful. You … another one to match if you tried.

B.won wouldn`t find `t find

C.wouldn`t have found

4.If you … earlier you would have caught the train.

5.If you … the article I recommended, you`d know how to answer such questions.

6.If the task … easy, I could do it.

7.They are husband and wife now. If she … so clever and kind, he wouldn`t … her.

A.would be/have married

E.were not/have married

8.I wouldn`t have a headache now if I … a sleepless night.

9.Most people who … to Kazakhstan … agree that the Republic is more beautiful in real life

10.I can`t buy it. I haven`t got enough money.

A.I will buy it if I will have enough money.

B.If I had had enough money, I would have bought it.

C.I would buy it if I had enough money

D.I would buy it if I have enough money

E.If I had enough money, I`ll buy it.

Translate into English using Complex Object

Она хотела, чтобы ее сочинение проверили сейчас же.

Я не хочу, чтобы это платье порвали.

Он не хотел, чтобы ему стригли волосы.

Я хочу, чтобы мой велосипед привезли с дачи.

Я хочу, чтобы этот ковер расстелили на полу в гостиной.

Он не хотел, чтобы трогали его вещи.

Вы хотите, чтобы эту картину повесили над камином?

Vocabulary. completely — полностью, совершенно

bar— брусок, прут

completely — полностью, совершенно

compression — сжатие

creep — ползучесть

cross-sectional area — площадь поперечного сечения

cyclic stress — циклическое напряжение

decrease — уменьшение

elastic deformation — упругая деформация

elastic limit — предел упругости

exceed — превышать

external forces — внешние силы

fatigue — усталость металла

fracture — перелом, излом

loosen — ослаблять, расшатывать

permanent deformation — постоянная деформация

remaining — оставшийся

shear — срез

simultaneously — одновременно

to stretch — растягивать

technique — методы

tension — напряженность

to propagate — распространяться

to bend — гнуть, согнуть

to extend — расширять, продолжаться

to meet the needs — отвечать требованиям

to occur — происходить

to respond — отвечать реагировать

to suffer — страдать

torsion — кручение

twisting — закручивание, изгиб

volume — объем, количество

rupture — разрыв

General understanding:

1. What are the external forces causing the elastic deformation of materials? Describe those forces that change the form and size of materials.

2. What are the results of external forces?

3. What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression?

4. What is the result of tension? What happens if the elastic limit of material is exceeded under tension?

5. What do we call fatigue? When does it occur? What are the results of fatigue?

6. What do we call creep? When does this type of per­manent deformation take place? What are the results of creep?

Exercise 3.1. Find the following in the text:

1. отвечать требованиям современной технологии

2. используя лабораторные методы

3. новые способы использования металлов

4. сжатие, растяжение, изгиб, кручение, срез

5. возвращать первоначальный размер и форму

7. постоянная деформация

8. уменьшение объема

9. растягивающие и сжимающие силы

10. превышать предел упругости материала

11. повторяющиеся циклические напряжения

12. разрушение материала

13. развитие и распространение мелких трещин

14. сопротивление материалов ползучести и устало­сти

Exercise 3.2. Translate into English the following sentences:

1. Упругая деформация — это реакция всех мате­риалов на внешние силы, такие, как растяжение, сжа­тие, скручивание, изгиб и срез.

2. Усталость и ползучесть материалов являются результатом внешних сил.

3. Внешние силы вызывают постоянную деформа­цию и разрушение материала.

4. Растягивающие и сжимающие силы работают одновременно, когда мы изгибаем или скручиваем материал.

5. Растяжение материала выше предела его упру­гости дает постоянную деформацию или разрушение.

6. Когда деталь работает долгое время под цикли­ческими напряжениями, в ней появляются небольшие растущие трещины из-за усталости металла.

7. Ползучесть — это медленное изменение размера детали под напряжением.

Text В: «Mechanical Properties of Materials»

Stiffness (rigidity) is a measure of the resistance to deformation such as stretching or bending. The Young modulus is a measure of the resistance to simple stretch­ing or compression. It is the ratio of the applied force per unit area (stress) to the fractional elastic deforma­tion (strain). Stiffness is important when a rigid struc­ture is to be made.

Ductility is the ability of a material to deform with­out breaking. One of the great advantages of metals is theirabilityto be formed into the shape that is needed, such ascar body parts. Materials that are not ductile are brittle. Ductile materials canabsorb energy by deforma­tion but brittle materials cannot.

Toughness is the resistance of a material to breaking when there is a crack in it. For a material of given tough­ness, the stress at which it will fail is inversely propor­tional to the square root of the size of the largest defect present. Toughness is different from strength: the toughest steels, for example, are different from the ones with highest tensile strength. Brittle materials have low toughness: glass can be broken along a chosen line by first scratching it with a diamond. Composites can be designed to have considerably greater toughness than their con­stituent materials. The example of a very tough compos­ite is fiberglass that is very flexible and strong.

Creep resistance is the resistance to agradual per­manent change of shape, and it becomes especially im­portant at higher temperatures. A successful research has been made in materials for machine parts that oper­ate at high temperatures and under high tensile forces without gradually extending, for example the parts of plane engines.

ability — способность

amount — количество

absorb — поглощать

amount — количество

application — применение

brittle —хрупкий, ломкий

car body — кузов автомобиля

constituent — компонент

crack — трещина

creep resistance — устойчивость к ползучести

definition — определение

density — плотность

ductility — ковкость, эластичность

failure — повреждение

gradual — постепенный

permanent — постоянный

rigid — жесткий

to sink — тонуть

square root — квадратный корень

stiffness — жесткость

strain — нагрузка, напряжение, деформация

strength — прочность

stress — давление, напряжение

tensile strength — прочность на разрыв

toughness — прочность, стойкость

yield strength — прочность текучести

Young modulus — модуль Юнга

1. What is the density of a material?

2. What are the units of density? Where low density is needed?

3. What are the densities of water, aluminium and steel?

4. A measure of what properties is stiffness? When stiffness is important?

5. What is Young modulus?

6. What is strength?

7. What is yield strength? Why fracture strength is always greater than yield strength?

8. What is ductility? Give the examples of ductile materials. Give the examples of brittle materials.

8. What is toughness?

9. What properties of steel are necessary for the manufacturing of: a) springs, b) car body parts, c) bolts and nuts, d) cutting tools?

10. Where is aluminium mostly used because of its light weight?

Exercise 3.3. Find the following words and word combinations in the text:

1. количество массы в единице объема

2. килограмм на кубический метр

3. мера сопротивления деформации

4. отношение приложенной силы на единицу пло­щади к частичной упругой деформации

5. жесткая конструкция

6. прочность на сжатие

7. способность материала деформироваться не раз­рушаясь

8. поглощать энергию путем деформации

9. обратно пропорционально квадрату размера де­фекта

10. постепенное изменение формы

11. повышенные температуры

12. высокие растягивающие усилия

Exercise 3.4. Translate into English the following:

1. Плотность измеряется в килограммах на куби­ческий метр.

2. Большинство материалов имеют более высокую плотность, чем вода и тонут в воде.

3. Плотность материала очень важна, особенно в авиации.

4. Модуль Юнга — отношение приложенной силы к упругой деформации данного материала.

5. Чем более металл жесткий, тем менее он дефор­мируется под нагрузкой.

6. Когда металл растягивают, он сначала течет, то есть пластически деформируется.

7. Свинец, медь, алюминий и золото — самые ков­кие металлы.

8. Сопротивление ползучести является очень важ­ным свойством материалов, которые используются в авиационных моторах.

«FAMOUS PEOPLE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING»

Sikorsky Igor Ivanovich was a well-known aircraft engineer and manufacturer.

Sikorsky was born in 1889 in Kiev, in the Ukraine, and got his education at the naval college in St. Peters­burg, and later in Kiev and Paris. He was the first to make experiments in helicopter design. In 1913 he designed, built, and flew the first successful aeroplane. Later he built military aircrafts for Russia and France.

In 1919 Sikorsky moved to the United States and later helped to organize an aircraft company that produced a series of multiengine flying boats for commercial serv­ice. Sikorsky became an American citizen in 1928. In the late 1930s he returned to developing helicopters and pro­duced the first successful helicopter in the west. Heli­copters designed by Sikorsky were used mostly by the US Army Air Forces during World War II. He died in 1972 at the age of 83.

Tupolev Andrey Nikolayevich, famous aircraft de­signer, was born in 1888. He graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School, where he designed the first Russian wind tunnel. He helped to found the Central Aerohydrodynamics Institute in 1918 and later worked as the head of its design bureau. During his career he directed the design of more than 100 military and com­mercial aircraft, including the TU-2 and TU-4 bombers used in the World War II. In 1955 he designed the TU-104, the first passenger jet airliner. His TU-144 su­personic jet liner began its commercial passenger flights in 1977.

UNIT 4

Дата добавления: 2015-02-10 ; просмотров: 5 ; Нарушение авторских прав

Источники информации:

Добавить комментарий

Ваш адрес email не будет опубликован. Обязательные поля помечены *