What position do you hold
What position do you hold
LINE AND STAFF POSITIONS
In business, organization structure means the relationship between positions and people who hold the positions. Organization structure is very important because it provides an efficient work system as well as a system of communication.
Historically, line structure is the oldest type of organization structure. The main idea of it is direct vertical relationships between the positions and tasks of each level, and the positions and tasks above and bellow each level. For example, a sales manager may be in a line position between a vice-president of marketing and a salesman. Thus a vice president of marketing has direct authority over a sales manager. A sales manager in his turn has direct authority over a salesman. This chain of command simplifies the problems of giving and taking orders.
When a business grows in size and becomes more complex, there is a need for specialists. In such case administrators may organize staff departments and add staff specialists to do specific work. These people are usually busy with services, they are not tied in with the company product. The activities of the staff departments include an accounting, personnel, credit and advertising. Generally they do not give orders to other departments.
to hold a position- занимать должность
organization structure- организационная структура
sales manager- управляющий по торговле
salesman- продавец, торговец,
to have direct authority- иметь прямую властьнад
over smb. кем-либо
to give orders- отдавать приказы
to take orders- принимать приказы
a line department- линейный отдел (имеющий
непосредственное отношение
к конечному продукту)
staff department- штабной отдел (не имеющий
прямого отношения к
производству, но его
обслуживающий)
to be tied in the company- иметь отношение
к конечному продукту
1. What does the organization structure mean?
2. What does the organization structure provide?
3. What is historically the oldest type of organization
4. In what position is a salesmanager in attitude to a vice-
president of marketing and a salesman?
5. What is the difference between line and staff
departments?
6. Why is an advertising department or a credit department
considered staff structure rather than line structure?
Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence.
1. Organization structure shows. I
between each position and positions I
above and below. I 1 relationships
2. A sales manager has direct. I
over a salesman. I 2 to hold a position
3. As a rule a. usually does not give I
orders to other departments. I 3 authority
there is a need for staff departments. I 4 complex
different services. I 6 a line department I
responsible for the company product. I department
Peggy Forman is talking with Jaff Downing, another administrative assistant in her company.
Jaff How are you today, Peggy?
Peggy Oh, fine, thanks.
Jaff Glad to hear that. By the way, are yon familiar with
the organizational chart for the company?
Peggy No, I am not. What is it like actually?
Jaff Well, the chart shows how the employees are
devided into groups. It gives one an overview of the
chain of command in the company.
Peggy I see. The positions can be line and staff ones.
Jaff Yes. The subject is not new to you. What else
do you know about it?
Peggy As far as I know a worker in a line position receives
orders from his immediate subordinate.
Jaff Exactly, that’s the line chain of command.
Peggy A worker in a staff position reports directly to a line
worker but he neither gives nor receives orders for
line workers. Am I right?
Jaff Yes, you are. But someone may have tine authority over people in his department and not be considered a line administrator.
Peggy How can it be?
Jaff That’s possible when a whole department is a staff
department. For example, in our company the head
of the credit department or the personnel department
can hardly ever be president of the company.
Peggy And what do the people in staff departments do, how is their work different?
Jaff Well, they are usually busy with services and they
could do the same service for any company.
So they are not in the line.
Peggy It seems to be rather complicated.
Jaff It only seems so. I think the chart should help.
Peggy Oh, sure. But, Jaff, would you explain me what
span of control is?
Jaff Oh, span of control refers to the number of people
whom one managers directly.
Peggy Can you give me an example?
Jaff Well. The President of our company directly
managers the Vice President of Production,
the Vice President of Marketing and the
Comptroller. Thus, his span of control includes
Peggy Yes, now I see. Thank you for your help.
Jaff Not t all. Why don’t we go to the coffee stall
and have a snack together?
organizational chart – организационная схема
line position – линейная должность
staff position – штабная должность
immediate superior – непосредственный
immediate subordinate – непосредственный
line chain of command – линейная структура
credit department – кредитный отдел
span of control – сфера непосредственного
vice-president of marketing – вице-президент по сбыту
Exercise 1. Give affirmative and negative answers to the questions.
M o d e l: Have you examined the organizational structure of the company yet?
Yes, I have already examined it. No, I haven’t examined it yet.
1. Have you reported to the comptroller yet?
2. Have you settled this problem with the manager yet?
3. Have you learned line and staff positions of the company yet?
4. Have, you got acquainted with your immediate superior
5.Have you heard about his spanof control yet?
6. Have you met your immediate subordinates yet?
7. Have you passed your report to the credit department yet?
Exercise 2. Change the sentences according to the model
Model: A staff employee doesn’t give orders.
A staff employee doesn’t receive orders.
A staff employee neither gives, nor receives orders.
1. He isn’t a Comptroller. He isn’t a sales manager.
2. The head of the credit department doesn’t advise the President. The head of the credit department doesn’t report to
3. He doesn’t want to hold a position of vice-president of
marketing. He doesn’t want to hold a position of general
manager.
4. A credit department doesn’t have direct authority over a line department. A personnel department doesn’t have direct authority over a line department.
5. I don’t want to talk with the Boss. I don’t want to talk with the Controller.
6. She doesn’t like to give orders. She doesn’t like to receive orders.
7. Jecky doesn’t want to attend annual meeting of shareholders. Susan doesn’t want to attend annual meeting of shareholders too.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
1. What is your relationship with your immediate superior?
2. What position in your company do you want to hold?
3. Do you want to be a sales-manager or a vice president of marketing? Give your reasons.
4. Over what positions do you have direct authority in your company?
5. What do you like more: to give orders or to receive orders?
6. Do you want to work in a staff department or in a line department? Give your reasons.
Exercise 4. Have a look at the organizational chart of the company.
What line and staff positions can you discern? Speak about the organizational structure of this enterprise.
Exercise 5. Translate into English.
1. Мои взаимоотношения с начальником очень хорошие.
2. Мой друг занимает должность главного финансиста.
3. Я не знаком с организационной структурой нашего предприятия.
4. Он больше любит отдавать приказания, чем получать их.
5. Я предпочитаю работать в линейном отделе.
6. Штабные отделы не связаны с конечным продуктом.
7. Структура нашего предприятия сложна.
8. Я больше подхожу к штабной должности, чем к линейной.
9. Мой непосредственный начальник очень пунктуален.
10. B сферу моего непосредственного подчинения входят три руководителя групп.
11. Главный финансист имеет очень большую ответственность.
12. Я уволю моего непосредственного подчиненного. Он
Exercise 1 Transfer the sentences from Active into Passive.
Model: The manager examines organizational structure of
the firm. Organizational structure of the firm
is examined by the manager.
1. Vice-president gives orders to his employees.
2. I receive orders from the sales-manager.
3. My friend holds a position of general manager.
4. Personnel office receives resumes from prospective
5. Staff departments do different services to line
6. He takes the orders and fulfils the task very quickly
Model: My friend is examining the organizational chart. The organizational chart is being examined by my friend.
1. I am sending my annual report to my immediate superior.
2. The foreman is firing his immediate subordinate.
3. Comptroller is giving the orders to his employees.
4. We are changing the organizational structure of our
5. The board of directors is enlarging the staff of the
Model: I have invested my money in real estate.
My money has been invested in real estate.
1. We have considered advantages and disadvantages of partnership.
2. 1 have bought the shares of IBM company.
3. This business has involved big financial resources.
4. We have elected the board of directors.
5. The board of directors have chosen the company officers.
Exercise4. Answer the questions.
1. What working position is the best for you?
2. Are you accustomed to working under pressure?
3. Are you accustomed to a red-tape job?
4. Do you want to be an executive or an administrator of the big company? What should you do for it?
5. What qualities do you need to be an executive of the company?
6. What does it mean to be a competent manager?
Text
WHERE AND HOW TO HIRE AN EMPLOYEE?
An employer has several options to consider when he wants to hire, a new employee. First of all, he may look within his own company. But if he can’t find anybody suitable for the position he will have to look outside the company. If there is a personal office; in the company, he can ask them to help him to find a qualified applicant. The employ er can also use another valuable sources, for example, employment agencies, consulting firms, placement offices and professional societies. He can also advertise in a newspaper or in a magazine and request candidates to send in resumes.
The employer has two sets of qualifications to consider if he wants to choose from among the applicants. He must consider both professional qualifications and personal characteristics. A candidate’s education, experience and skills are included in his professional qualifications. These can be listed on a resume. Personal characteristics, or personality traits must be evaluated through interviews.
an option- выбор
an employer- наниматель, работодатель
an employee- служащий, работающий
to consider- рассматривать, принимать
to be suitable for the position- соответствовать должности
personnel office- отдел кадров
an applicant- кандидат на должность
valuable source- ценный источник
employment agency- агентство по найму
consulting firm- консультационная фирма
to advertise- помещать объявления,
two sets of qualifications- два вида характеристик
experience- (рабочий опыт)
to evaluate through interviews- оценивать через интервью
Comprehension Questions
1. Which options should an employer first consider when he wants to hire a new employee?
2. What service does a personnel department provide?
3. In what way can be the new employees be found outside
one’s company?
4. What qualifications does the employer consider in
choosing employee?
5. What is meant by «professional qualification» for a job?
6. What personal characteristics does the administrator
consider when choosing an employee?
Vocabulary Practice
Exercise 1. Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence.
1. We are going to interview three. I
for toe position. I 1 to advertise I
2. If you need applicants for this po- I
sition. in a special section of the I
local newspaper. I 2 resume
3. Personnel office will help you to I
find a new. I 3 employee
4. All the information about the staff I
of the firm can be found in. I 4 applicant
5. She has a good. for the position: I
a college degree, good., work, experience. I 5 personnel office
6. I want to find a new secretary, I
so I’ll call an employment. I 6 qualification
7. If you are аn applicant for the I
position, you have to write your. I 7 agency
8. Don’t ask him. questions, it will I
be impolite. I 8 personal
Ехегсisе 2. Translate into English.
1. Его должность в компании очень важна.
2. Администратор ставит цели, принимает на работу, увольняет.
3. Она не любит работать по принуждению.
4. Я привычен к канцелярской работе.
5. Управляющий должен быть компетентным.
7. Нам нужно нанять нового служащего.
8. Поместите объявление в газету.
9 Этот руководитель с большим опытом.
Grammar Exercises
Exercise 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the proper present tense
(Present Indefinite, Present Continuous or Present Perfect).
1. The vice president usually (to set) objectives for the staff.
2. Don’t disturb me, please, I (to work) with annual report.
3. This firm often (to advertise) in different newspapers and magazines.
4. We advertised in the special section of the newspaper but we (not to receive) the resumes yet.
5. We (to evaluate) already the candidates through the interview.
6. We (to look for) a specialist suitable for the position at the present moment.
7. He (to send) just his resume and the letter of interest.
8. They (to fire) the manager. He was not suitable for the position.
9. You have to wait a little. He (to consult) with the executive.
If you decide to apply for a job in the western countries, you
will probably need to form two documents: a letter of interest
and a resume. This is the way how to do it. Read the letter of
interest and a resume and try to write your own documents of
the same kind. ‘
a) a letter of interest
Dear sir or madam!
I graduate from Tver state university in 1985. Now I am finishing my post-graduate studies to defend my candidate thesis this winter. My major is called the theory of literature, which includes the study of the history of Russian and foreign literature.
I am interested in working in the Russian department of your university as a teacher of Russian and Russian literature for the school year 1991-1992. In high school I gained experiences teaching Russian to foreign students. In your department I could assist in the teaching of grammar, conduct a class in Russian conversation or give lectures on Russian literature.
If you are interested please write me at the above address. I will look forward to hearing from you.
PUBLICATIONS I am the author of 6 articles published in different editions of collections of articles. The topic of these publications is connected with folk and romantic British balladry. This is the subject of my candidate thesis which I am going to defend this winter.
LANGUAGES Russian (native language), English, German.
EDUCATION Tver State University, Faculty of Modern
Languages, English Department (1983). Tver State University. Post-graduate studentship (1990).
ACTIVITIES Intercontact Cooperative Firm. Courses of
LESSON 5
LINE AND STAFF POSITIONS
In business, organization structure means the relationship between positions and people who hold the positions. Organization structure is very important because it provides an efficient work system as well as a system of communication.
Historically, line structure is the oldest type of organization structure. The main idea of it is direct vertical relationships between the positions and tasks of each level, and the positions and tasks above and bellow each level. For example, a sales manager may be in a line position between a vice-president of marketing and a salesman. Thus a vice president of marketing has direct authority over a sales manager. A sales manager in his turn has direct authority over a salesman. This chain of command simplifies the problems of giving and taking orders.
When a business grows in size and becomes more complex, there is a need for specialists. In such case administrators may organize staff departments and add staff specialists to do specific work. These people are usually busy with services, they are not tied in with the company product. The activities of the staff departments include an accounting, personnel, credit and advertising. Generally they do not give orders to other departments.
to hold a position- занимать должность
organization structure- организационная структура
sales manager- управляющий по торговле
salesman- продавец, торговец,
to have direct authority- иметь прямую властьнад
over smb. кем-либо
to give orders- отдавать приказы
to take orders- принимать приказы
a line department- линейный отдел (имеющий
непосредственное отношение
к конечному продукту)
staff department- штабной отдел (не имеющий
прямого отношения к
производству, но его
обслуживающий)
to be tied in the company- иметь отношение
к конечному продукту
1. What does the organization structure mean?
2. What does the organization structure provide?
3. What is historically the oldest type of organization
4. In what position is a salesmanager in attitude to a vice-
president of marketing and a salesman?
5. What is the difference between line and staff
departments?
6. Why is an advertising department or a credit department
considered staff structure rather than line structure?
Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence.
1. Organization structure shows. I
between each position and positions I
above and below. I 1 relationships
2. A sales manager has direct. I
over a salesman. I 2 to hold a position
3. As a rule a. usually does not give I
orders to other departments. I 3 authority
there is a need for staff departments. I 4 complex
different services. I 6 a line department I
responsible for the company product. I department
Peggy Forman is talking with Jaff Downing, another administrative assistant in her company.
Jaff How are you today, Peggy?
Peggy Oh, fine, thanks.
Jaff Glad to hear that. By the way, are yon familiar with
the organizational chart for the company?
Peggy No, I am not. What is it like actually?
Jaff Well, the chart shows how the employees are
devided into groups. It gives one an overview of the
chain of command in the company.
Peggy I see. The positions can be line and staff ones.
Jaff Yes. The subject is not new to you. What else
do you know about it?
Peggy As far as I know a worker in a line position receives
orders from his immediate subordinate.
Jaff Exactly, that’s the line chain of command.
Peggy A worker in a staff position reports directly to a line
worker but he neither gives nor receives orders for
line workers. Am I right?
Jaff Yes, you are. But someone may have tine authority over people in his department and not be considered a line administrator.
Peggy How can it be?
Jaff That’s possible when a whole department is a staff
department. For example, in our company the head
of the credit department or the personnel department
can hardly ever be president of the company.
Peggy And what do the people in staff departments do, how is their work different?
Jaff Well, they are usually busy with services and they
could do the same service for any company.
So they are not in the line.
Peggy It seems to be rather complicated.
Jaff It only seems so. I think the chart should help.
Peggy Oh, sure. But, Jaff, would you explain me what
span of control is?
Jaff Oh, span of control refers to the number of people
whom one managers directly.
Peggy Can you give me an example?
Jaff Well. The President of our company directly
managers the Vice President of Production,
the Vice President of Marketing and the
Comptroller. Thus, his span of control includes
Peggy Yes, now I see. Thank you for your help.
Jaff Not t all. Why don’t we go to the coffee stall
and have a snack together?
organizational chart – организационная схема
line position – линейная должность
staff position – штабная должность
immediate superior – непосредственный
immediate subordinate – непосредственный
line chain of command – линейная структура
credit department – кредитный отдел
span of control – сфера непосредственного
vice-president of marketing – вице-президент по сбыту
Exercise 1. Give affirmative and negative answers to the questions.
M o d e l: Have you examined the organizational structure of the company yet?
Yes, I have already examined it. No, I haven’t examined it yet.
1. Have you reported to the comptroller yet?
2. Have you settled this problem with the manager yet?
3. Have you learned line and staff positions of the company yet?
4. Have, you got acquainted with your immediate superior
5.Have you heard about his spanof control yet?
6. Have you met your immediate subordinates yet?
7. Have you passed your report to the credit department yet?
Exercise 2. Change the sentences according to the model
Model: A staff employee doesn’t give orders.
A staff employee doesn’t receive orders.
A staff employee neither gives, nor receives orders.
1. He isn’t a Comptroller. He isn’t a sales manager.
2. The head of the credit department doesn’t advise the President. The head of the credit department doesn’t report to
3. He doesn’t want to hold a position of vice-president of
marketing. He doesn’t want to hold a position of general
manager.
4. A credit department doesn’t have direct authority over a line department. A personnel department doesn’t have direct authority over a line department.
5. I don’t want to talk with the Boss. I don’t want to talk with the Controller.
6. She doesn’t like to give orders. She doesn’t like to receive orders.
7. Jecky doesn’t want to attend annual meeting of shareholders. Susan doesn’t want to attend annual meeting of shareholders too.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
1. What is your relationship with your immediate superior?
2. What position in your company do you want to hold?
3. Do you want to be a sales-manager or a vice president of marketing? Give your reasons.
4. Over what positions do you have direct authority in your company?
5. What do you like more: to give orders or to receive orders?
6. Do you want to work in a staff department or in a line department? Give your reasons.
Exercise 4. Have a look at the organizational chart of the company.
What line and staff positions can you discern? Speak about the organizational structure of this enterprise.
Exercise 5. Translate into English.
1. Мои взаимоотношения с начальником очень хорошие.
2. Мой друг занимает должность главного финансиста.
3. Я не знаком с организационной структурой нашего предприятия.
4. Он больше любит отдавать приказания, чем получать их.
5. Я предпочитаю работать в линейном отделе.
6. Штабные отделы не связаны с конечным продуктом.
7. Структура нашего предприятия сложна.
8. Я больше подхожу к штабной должности, чем к линейной.
9. Мой непосредственный начальник очень пунктуален.
10. B сферу моего непосредственного подчинения входят три руководителя групп.
11. Главный финансист имеет очень большую ответственность.
12. Я уволю моего непосредственного подчиненного. Он
Exercise 1 Transfer the sentences from Active into Passive.
Model: The manager examines organizational structure of
the firm. Organizational structure of the firm
is examined by the manager.
1. Vice-president gives orders to his employees.
2. I receive orders from the sales-manager.
3. My friend holds a position of general manager.
4. Personnel office receives resumes from prospective
5. Staff departments do different services to line
6. He takes the orders and fulfils the task very quickly
Model: My friend is examining the organizational chart. The organizational chart is being examined by my friend.
1. I am sending my annual report to my immediate superior.
2. The foreman is firing his immediate subordinate.
3. Comptroller is giving the orders to his employees.
4. We are changing the organizational structure of our
5. The board of directors is enlarging the staff of the
Model: I have invested my money in real estate.
My money has been invested in real estate.
1. We have considered advantages and disadvantages of partnership.
2. 1 have bought the shares of IBM company.
3. This business has involved big financial resources.
4. We have elected the board of directors.
5. The board of directors have chosen the company officers.
LESSON 6
ACCOUNTING
Text
Accounting shows a financial picture of the firm. An accounting department records and measures the activity of a business. It reports on the effects of the transactions on the firms financial condition. Accounting records give a very Important data. It is used by management, stockholders, creditors, independent analysts, banks and government.
Most businesses prepare regularly the two types of records. That is the income statement and balance sheet. These statements show how money was received and spent by the company.
One major tool for the analysis of accounting records is ratio analysis. A ratio analysis is the relationship of two figures. In finance we operate with three main categories of ratios. One ratio deals with profitability, for example, the Return on Investment Ratio. It is used as a measure of a firms орегаting efficiency.
The second set of ratios deals with assets and liabilities. It helps a company to evaluate its current financial position. The third set of ratios deals with the overall financial structure of the company. It analyses the value of the ownership of the firm.
accounting- бухгалтерский учет
record- документ, запись, протокол
to record- записывать, регистрировать
to measure- измерять
transaction сделка, банковская операция
firm’s financial condition- финансовое положение фирмы
to provide data- обеспечивать данными
income statement- отчет о доходах
balance sheet- балансовый отчет
to receive- получать
to spend- тратить
ratio analysis- анализ коэффициентов
Return on Investment Ratio- коэффициент возвращения инвестиций
efficiency- эффективность, производительность
to evaluate- оценивать
value- ценность, стоимость
overall financial structure- полная финансовая структура
1. What is the purpose of accounting?
2. Who uses the data provided by accounting firms?
3. What are the two types of records which most businesses prepare?
4. What can you know analyzing the income statement and balance sheet of a company?
5. What is the purpose of the ratio analysis?
6. What categories of ratios in finance do you know?
Exercise 1. Choose the necessary word and put it in sentence.
1. An accounting helps… the activity I
of a business. I 1 to profit
2. do you know the effect of your last… I
of financial condition of the firm? I 2 profit
3. Accounting records provide … for I
stock-holders, independent analysts. I 3 efficiency
4. The second type of ratio helps the I
company … its current financial position. I 4 ownership
5. … is one the two main records which I
most of the businesses prepare regularly. I 5 to evaluate
6. The. of the company includes real I
estate in California. I 6 transaction
7.I am sure of the. of this transaction. I 7 data
8. Our company’s current. is very high. I 8 income
9. They. from the association with that I statement
corporation. I 9 to measure
(Peter and Karen work in a large company. They are having dinner in the company cafe).
Peter Hi, Karen. Glad to meet you. You looked very busy this morning. There were so many statements on your table.
Karen Oh, Peter. This is the end of the year. The accounting department is very busy.
Peter I know. We are all very busy, totaling accounts. But I’ve already turned in the report on my department.
Peter So, how’s business.
Karen I don’t know everything. I am busy with some records and statements. I don’t have the whole picture. But I think the company is doing very well.
Peter I am sure of it. We have to keep our creditors and investors happy.
Karen Well, the balance sheet and profit and loss statement are ready. It is the end of the fiscal year. So everybody can check out the assets and liabilities, net worth and profit position of the company in the financial statements.
Peter Do you work with the pay checks?
Karen Why are you asking?
Peter I thought you could explain me the big difference between my gross pay and my net take-home pay.
Karen The explanation takes only one word-taxes. Actually the salaries are done through the computer.
Karen Sure, We can’t handle any volume in a large company without computers.
Peter You are right. Thank you for very interesting information.
Karen Oh, its my pleasure. Let’ s go to get some dessert.
accounting department- бухгалтерский отдел
to total accounts- суммировать счета
to turn in the report- сдать отчет
profit and loss statement- отчет по прибыли и убыткам
assets and liabilities- актив и пассив
net worth- а) стоимость имущества за вычетом обязательств б) собственный капитал предприятия
a financial statement- финансовый отчет
a pay check- платежный чек
gross- валовой, брутто
gross pay- плата с вычетами
net- чистый, нетто
net pay- плата без вычетов
fiscal year- фискальный (бюджетный) год
Exercise 1 Havea look at the structure.
Can you turn in the report in time?
No, I cant turn in the report but I could when I worked in the other department.
1. Can they check the assets and liabilities?
2. Can you keep the investors and creditors happy?
3. Can you explain the difference between gross pay and net take-home pay?
4. Can he compute the taxes?
5. Can we prepare profit and loss statement?
6. Can the company pay the salaries in time?
7. Can I operate the computer?
Exercise 2. Imagine that you work as an accountant in a big enterprise.
Answer the following questions.
1. Do you total the accounts at the end of the fiscal year?
2. What are your usual activities at the end of the fiscal year?
3. When do you prepare a financial statement?
4. Why should you have more assets then liabilities?
5. Does the accounting department work on taxes?
6. What is the difference between your gross salary and net salary?
7. Is the difference between gross salary and net salary big in this country? What does this difference depend on?
Exercise 3. Make up the dialogue about accounting:
a) between an experienced accountant and a university graduate who has just begun to work as an accountant;
Exercise 4. Translate from Russian into English.
1. Бухгалтерский учет представляет данные для кредиторов и вкладчиков. 2. Они готовят отчет о доходах и балансовый отчет в конце финансового года. 3. Мы определяем эффективность производства с помощью анализа коэффициентов. 4. Недвижимость является собственностью корпораций. 5. Мы проверим актив и пассив и определим стоимость имущества за вычетом обязательств. 6. Мы платим большие налоги. 7. Сколько ты получаешь без вычетов?
Grammar Exercises Exercise 1. Make the sentences negative.
Model: I worked as an accountant in a big corporation.
I didn’t work as an accountant in a big corporation.
1. An accounting department reported on the effects of the transactions.
2. They studied carefully income statement and balance sheet.
3. We used ratio analysis to determine the firms operating efficiency.
4. The accountants checked the assets and liabilities.
5. The accounting department provided data for the management.
Exercise 2. Put up for questions of different types to each sentence (general, special, disjunctive, alternative).
Model: The accounting department regularly prepared the income statement and balance sheet.
1. Did the accounting department regularly
prepare the income statement and balance sheet?
2. What did the accounting department regularly
prepare?
| LESSON CORPORATEINANCE |
3. The accounting department regularly prepared the income statement and balance sheet, didn’t it?
4. Did the accounting department prepare the income statement or a financial statement?
1. The board of directors checked out assets, liabilities and
2. He worked as a Comptroller of the company for two years.
3. The applicants sent their resumes and letters of interest.
4. She used to do books in a big company.
5. Some governmental corporations issued stock certificate.
Text
Corporations need financing for the purchase of assets and the payment of expenses. The corporations can issue shares in exchange for money or property. Sometimes it is called as equity funding. The holders of the shares form the ownership of the company. Each share is represented by a stock certificate, which is negotiable. It means that one can buy and sell it. The value of a share is determined by the net assets divided by the total number of shares outstanding. The value of the share also depends on the success of the company. The greater the success, the more value the shares have.
A corporation can also get capital by borrowing. It is called debt funding. If a corporation borrows money, they give notes or bonds. They are also negotiable. But the interest has to be paid out whether business is profitable or not.
When running the corporation, management must consider both the outflow and inflow of capital. The outflow is formed by the purchase of inventory and supplies, payment of salaries. The inflow is formed by the sale of goods and services. In the long run the inflow must be greater than the outflow. It results in a profit. In addition, a company must deduct its costs, expenses, losses on bad debts, interest on borrowed capital and other items. It helps to determine if the financial management has been profitable. The amount of risk involved is also an important factor. It determines the fund raising and it shows if a particular corporation is a good investment.
purchase- покупка, купля,
payment of expenses- оплата расходов
property- собственность, имущество
equity funding- акционерный (долевой) способ образования денежного фонда предприятия
debt funding- образование денежного фонда предприятия с помощью займа
holders of the shares- держатели акций
stock certificate- сертификат акций
negotiable- оборотный, могущий быть переуступленным, купленным, проданным
net assets- стоимость имущества за вычетом обязательств
bond- долговое обязательство, облигация
note- зд. долговая расписка
interest- доля, фиксированный процент
to pay out- выплачивать
to run a corporation- руководить корпорацией
inflow- приток (зд. денег)
outflow- утечка (зд. денег)
inventory- материально-производственные запасы, инвентарь
1. Why do all corporations need financing?
2. What does equity funding mean?
3. What does debt funding mean?
4. How is the value of a share determined?
5. What activities produce an inflow and outflow of capital?
6. What can happen if an enterprise has a greater outflow of capital than an inflow?
7. Why is the risk involved an important factor in determining fund raising?
Vocabulary Practice
Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence.
1. … funding is a financing formed by I
borrowing. I 1 equity
2. They have borrowed much money and I
3. Financing by shares is called … funding. I 3 interest
4. That is a very profitable deal, for that I
They are … I 6 inflow
6. The current assets of a company I
7. As a result of this deal we’ll have I
greater … than outflow. I 8 debt
Dialogue
Mary It’ s so nice to see you, Frank. Sorry, I couldn’t come to your office today.
Frank Never mind. Have a seat. Let’ s start by having some coffee. Later.
Mary So Frank.. I guess it might be right time for me to invest in that computer company. As my stockbroker, what can you suggest?
Frank I am sure they are doing extremely well and they would welcome your investment.
Mary But why do they need my investment if they are doing so well?
Frank O.K. I think I should explain you a little about a corporate finance.
Mary Go ahead. If it concerns my money I am always interested.
Frank If a corporate enterprise wants to expand it needs financing.
Mary You are right.
Frank So there are two basic types of financing: equity and debt.
Mary What’s the difference between them?
Frank If the money is supplied by the owners of a business it is called equity funding. And the use of money supplied by loans is called debt funding.
Mary So as investor, what am I?
Frank Well, as an investor you become a partial owner of a business and receive equity. You get shares or
certificates of common stock which represent your portion of ownership.
Mary You did right buying the stock for me. By the way, are there any documents which show the financial state of the company?
Frank Oh yes. You’ve just reminded me. I’ve brought a copy of the company’s Annual Report for you to look over. You should read it very carefully. And if you have something to ask do it, please.
Mary Thanks a lot, Frank. I will. Does this company pay dividends on its stock?
Frank Yes. In fact, I studied their Annual Report and I can tell that they have good management. Their business is doing very well, the value of their stock has been rising. It can be an excellent long-term investment, I am sure.
Mary But if I want to sell my shares very soon?
Prank No problem. Undoubtedly you can make a profit on the sale. But it seems to me you’ll want to keep this company in your portfolio.
Mary Thank you for your advice. You are wise as usual.
Frank Well, my advice now is to study the company’s Annual Report. You need several days for that. Then we’ll meet and talk again.
a stockbroker- биржевой маклер
if it concerns smth- если речь идет о чем-либо
loan- заем, ссуда
partial owner- совладелец
Annual Report- годовой отчет
to pay dividends- платить дивиденды
long-term investment- долгосрочный вклад
to make a profit on the sale- получить прибыль при
Exercise 1. Make up a sentence according to the model.
Model: How should the company pay the expenses? (borrow from the government.
The company should, pay the expenses by borrowing from the government.
1. How can we form an equity funding? /issue shares/.
2. How can a business sell more shares of stock? /offer a dividend/.
3. How should we know about the financial state of the company? /look over the Annual Report/.
4. How should he invest his savings?/buy common stock/.
5. How should they make people buy their bonds? /increase
6. How can this company make a profit? /raise investment
COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS
1. What does the organization structure mean?
Organization structuremeans therelationshipbetween positions and people whohold the positions.
2. What does the organization structure provide?
Organization structureprovides an efficient work system as well as a system of communication.
3. What is historically the oldest type of organization structure?
Historically, line structure is the oldest type of organization structure.
4. In what position is a sales manager in attitude to a vice-president of marketing and a salesman?
A sales manageris in a line position between a vice-president of marketing and a salesman.
5. What is the difference between line and staff departments?
Staff departments arenot tied in with the company product. Generally, they do not give orders to other departments unlike line ones.
6. Why is an advertising department or a credit department considered staff structure rather than line structure?
The activities of the staff departments include an accounting, personnel, credit and advertising.
VOCABULARY PRACTICE 2.1
Exercise 1. Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence (relationships, to hold a position, authority, complex, task, a line department, a staff department).
1. Organization structure shows relationships between each position and positions above and below.
2. A sales manager has direct authority over a salesman.
3. As a rule a staff department usually does not give orders to other departments.
4. When the business gets more complex there is a need for staff departments.
5. My friend holds a position of sales manager.
6. The task of staff departments is to do different services.
7. My friend works in a line department, he is responsible for the company product.
VOCABULARY EXERCISES 2.2
Exercise 1. Give affirmative and negative answers to the questions.
Model: Have you examined the organizational structure of the company yet?
Yes, I have already examined it. No, I haven’t examined it yet.
1. Have you reported to the controller yet?
Yes, I have already reported to him. No, I haven’t reported to him yet.
2. Have you settled this problem with the manager yet?
Yes, I have already settled it. No, I haven’t settled it yet.
3. Have you learned line and staff positions of the company yet?
Yes, I have already learned them. No, I haven’t learned them yet.
4. Have you got acquainted with your immediate superior yet?
Yes, I have already got acquainted with him. No, I haven’t got acquainted with him yet.
5. Have you heard about his span of control yet?
Yes, I have already heard about it. No, I haven’t heard about it yet.
6. Have you met your immediate subordinates yet?
Yes, I have already met them. No, I haven’t met them yet.
7. Have you passed your report to the credit department yet?
Yes, I have already passed it. No, I haven’t passed it yet.
Exercise 2. Change the sentences according to the model.
Model: A staff employee doesn’t give orders.
A staff employee doesn’t receive orders.
A staff employee neither gives, nor receives orders.
1. He isn’t a Controller. He isn’t a sales manager.
He is neither a Controller, nor a sales manager.
2. The head of the credit department doesn’t advise the President. The head of the credit department doesn’t report to controller.
The head of the credit department neither advises the President nor reports to controller.
3. He doesn’t want to hold a position of vice-president of marketing. He doesn’t want to hold a position of general manager.
He wants to hold neither a position of vice-president of marketing nor of general manager one.
4. A credit department doesn’t have direct authority over a line department. A personnel department doesn’t have direct authority over a line department.
Neither a credit department nor a personnel one has direct authority over a line department.
5. I don’t want to talk with the Boss. I don’t want to talk with the Controller.
I want to talk neither with the Boss nor with the Controller.
6. She doesn’t like to give orders. She doesn’t like to receive orders.
She likes neither to give nor to receive orders.
7. Jacky doesn’t want to attend annual meetings of shareholders. Susan doesn’t want to attend annual meetings of shareholders either.
Neither Jacky nor Susan wants to attend annual meetings.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
1. What is your relationship with your immediate superior?
I am in good (relationship) with my immediate superior.
2. What position in your company do you want to hold?
I want to hold a position of a vice-president of marketing in the span of control.
3. Do you want to be a sales-manager or a vice-president of marketing? Give your reasons.
I’d rather be a vice-president of marketing. It’s very responsible as well as prestigious and well-paid position.
4. Over what positions do you have direct authority in your company?
I’m a sales manager. I have direct authority over the salesmen.
5. What do you like more: to give orders or to receive orders?
I like to give orders more than to receive them.
6. Do you want to work in a staff department or in a line department? Give your reasons.
I want to work in a line department as there is an opportunity of becoming the president of company.
7. What line and staff positions can you discern? Speak about the organizational structure of this enterprise.
I can discern such line positions as: salesman, sales manager, vice-president of marketing and president. There are such staff positions as: creditor, personnel officer, advertising agent, accountant etc.
Exercise 5. Translate into English.
1.Мої взаємовідносини з керівником дуже хороші.— My relationship with my administrator is very good.
2.Мій товариш займає посаду головного фінансиста. — My friend is holding a position of a chief financial officer.
3.Я не знайомий з організаційною структурою нашого підприємства. — I am familiar with the organization structure ofour enterprise.
4.Він більше любить віддавати накази, чим отримувати їх.— He likes giving orders better than receiving them.
5.Я віддаю перевагу працювати у лінійному відділі.— I prefer working in the line department.
6.Керівні відділи не пов’язані з кінцевим продуктом.— Staff departments are not tied in with the company product.
7.Структура нашого підприємства складна. — The structure of our enterprise is complex.
8.Я більше підходжу до керівної посади, чим до лінійної.— I am more suitable for the staff position, than for the line one.
9.Мій прямий керівник дуже пунктуальний. — My immediate superior is very punctual.
10.У сферу мого прямого підлягання входять три керівники груп.— My span of control includes three administrators.
11.Головний фінансит несе дуже велику відповідальність.— A chief financial officer has a lot of responsibility.
12.Я звільню свого прямого підлеглого. Він лінивий.— I’ll fire my immediate subordinate. He is lazy.
GRAMMAR EXERCISES 2
Exercise 1. Transfer the sentences from Active into Passive.
Model: The manager examines organizational structure of the firm. Organizational structure of the firm is examined by the manager.
1. Vice-president gives orders to his employees. — The employees are given orders by their Vice-president.
2. I receive orders from the sales manager. — The orders from the sales manager are received by me.
3. My friend holds a position of general manager. — A position of a general manager is held by my friend.
4. Personnel office receives resumes from prospective candidates. — Resumes from prospective candidates are received by personnel office.
5. Staff departments do different services to line departments. — Different services are done to line departments by the staff departments.
6. Usually he takes the orders and fulfils the tasks very quickly. — Usually the orders are taken and the tasks are fulfilled by him very quickly.
Model: My friend is examining the organizational chart. The organizational chart is being examined by my friend.
1. I am sending my annual report to my immediate superior. — My annual report is being sent to my immediate superior by me.
2. The foreman is firing his immediate subordinate. — The immediate subordinate is being fired by his foreman.
3. Controller is giving the orders to his employees. — The employees are being given the orders by their Controller.
4. We are changing the organizational structure of our company. — The organizational structure of our company is being changed by us.
5. The board of directors is enlarging the staff of the company. — The staff of the company is being enlarged by the board of directors.
Model: I have invested my money in real estate. My money has been invested in real estate.
1. We have considered advantages and disadvantages of partnership. — Advantages and disadvantages of partnership have been considered by us.
2. I have bought the shares of IBM company. — The shares of IBM company have been bought by me.
3. This business has involved big financial resources. — Big financial resources have been involved by this business.
4. We have elected the board of directors. — The board of directors have been elected by us.
5. The board of directors have chosen the company officers. — The company officers have been chosen by the board of directors.
Exercise 2. Supply the correct prepositions where necessary.
1. I’m sorry to say we are not satisfied with the quality of your goods.
2. Model A is in great demand of the world market.
3. We look forward to establishing business relations with your company.
4. Your prices are not acceptable for us. We find them too high.
6. You are to open a Letter of Credit in Ukrainian Bank in Foreign Trade after you receive our Notification of Readiness.
Exercise 3. Supply the correct tense-forms of the verbs.
1. Last month we placed a trial order with Brown and Co whom we hadn’t done business before.
2. In June we are going to make a transaction with Bell and Co. We haven’t had any business relations with them before.
3. «Why can’t you go to the theatre with me now?» «Well, you see, I haven’t finished my work yet».
4. «Why didn’t you go to the manufacturing plant yesterday afternoon?» «I couldn’t go there because we hadn’t completed the talks by that time».
Exercise 4. Supply modal verbs or their equivalents in the correct tense-form.
1. We have to go to the plant with Mr Brown this Monday, but he hasn’t arrived in Kyiv yet. We shall be able to go to the plant next week.
2. There is no stop near this building, you should get off at the next stop.
3. These things are not duty-free. You must pay for them.
4. If you don’t leave now, you won’t be able to come to the concert on time.
5. When are the Sellers to deliver the goods?
6. We are to reserve accommodations for Mr Brown tomorrow.
7. As the Buyer cannot provide shipping facilities the Seller is to deliver the goods on these terms.
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Hold ON! Значения глагола Hold, фразовый глагол Hold и основные выражения
У глагола hold в английском языке множество значений, но все они прямо или отдаленно связаны с основным значением «держать, удерживать». В этой статье мы рассмотрим основные значения глагола hold, фразовые глаголы и идиомы с hold, полезные выражения.
Значения глагола Hold
Основное значение — держать, удерживать.
Если уточняется «in his\her arms», значит речь идет об объятиях, держать, обняв руками.
I will hold you in my arms. — Я обниму тебя (буду держать, обняв руками).
Eight columns hold the roof. — Восемь колон удерживают крышу.
The rope is strong enought to hold a man. — Веревка достаточно прочная, чтобы удержать человека.
- Удерживать что-то на месте или в определенном положении
Hold the door! — Придержи дверь!
The parts are held together with glue. — Части держатся (прикреплены друг к другу) на клею.
- Вмещать или быть способным вместить какой-то объем
The vase is big enough to hold the flowers. — Ваза достаточно большая для того, чтобы вместить эти цветы.
The glass holds two hundred grams of sugar. — Стакан вмещает двести граммов сахара.
- Удерживать некий результат в спорте, соревнованиях
She holds the world record. — Ей принадлежит (она удерживает) мировой рекорд.
They held the lead until the last minute. — Они лидировали до последней минуты.
- Придержать товар до удобного времени
I asked the manager to hold the suit for me until this afternoon. — Я попросил менеджера придержать для меня костюм до обеда (то есть пока не продавать его).
- Проводить, то есть реализовывать, осуществлять мероприятие
В этом значении глагол hold часто встречается в официальных текстах, новостях.
Can we hold the meeting in this hall? — Мы можем провести собрание в этом зале?
Where will the conference be held? — Где будет проводиться конференция?
- Насильно удерживать территорию или людей
The rebels still hold the town. — Повстанцы все еще удерживают город.
The hostages are being held in the basement. — Заложников держать в подвале.
Полезные выражения с глаголом hold
Теперь познакомимся с несколькими полезными выражениями, разговорными штампами с глаголом hold.
Пройдите тест на уровень английского:
Например, вы позвонили кому-то, а там занято. Слушая короткие гудки, вы ждете, когда вам ответят — это и есть hold the line.
He is on the phone at the moment, will you hold the line? — Он сейчас говорит по телефону, вы подождете на линии?
Если из контекста ясно, что имеется в виду ожидание на линии, «the line» можно опустить:
He is on the phone at the moment, will you hold? — Он сейчас говорит по телефону, вы подождете?
- hold the position — занимать должность
He holds the position of manager. — Он занимает должность управляющего.
В отличие от «hold the position», имеется в виду важная, обычно политическая должность, буквально «занимать кабинет»
As chairman of the association, he held office for ten years. — В качестве председателя ассоциации, он занимал свой пост десять лет.
If he is elected, he will hold office until the next year. — Если его выберут, он будет занимать должность до следующего года.
- hold attention / interest — удерживать внимание / интерес
A good speaker can hold the audience’s attention. — Хороший оратор умеет удерживать внимание слушателей.
- hold hostage — удерживать в заложниках
Обратите внимание, что hold hostage — это не «удерживать заложника», а именно «удерживать в заложниках». Слово «hostage» используется в единственном числе, даже если речь о нескольких лицах.
Ten people were held hostage in the building. — Десять человек удерживались в заложниках в здании.
Выражение может использоваться в переносном смысле:
She refused to be held hostage to her past. — Она отказалась быть заложницей своего прошлого.
- hold someone in custody — держать кого-либо под стражей (обычно в полиции)
The police are holding him in custody at the police station. — Полиция держит его под стражей в полицейском участке.
Выражение «in custody» часто употребляется без «hold»:
He is in custody. — Он под стражей (арестован и удерживается в полицейском участке).
- hold one’s breath — задерживать дыхание
Hold your breath and count to ten. — Задержи дыхание и досчитай до десяти.
How long can you hold your breath? — Как долго ты можешь не дышать?
- hold one’s nose — 1) зажимать нос, 2) (идиома) сделать что-то, стиснув зубы
Сначала рассмотрим буквальное значение «зажимать нос».
I held my nose and jumped off the boat. — Я зажал нос и спрыгнул с лодки.
Идиома «hold one’s nose» используется по схеме: некто «зажал нос», стиснул зубы, пересилил себя, но все равно сделал что-то для себя неприятное, мерзкое, противоречащее взглядам. Например:
She had to call her ex-husband, so she held her nose and did it. — Ей пришлось позвонить своему бывшему мужу, поэтому она, стиснув зубы, сделала это.
He held his nose and signed that «slightly illegal» agreement. — Стиснув зубы, он подписал этот «немножко незаконный» договор.
Обычно имеется в виду, что люди держатся за руки, выражая взаимную любовь, поддержку.
He was holding her hand until the last moment. — Он держал ее за руку до последнего мгновения.
They walked along holding hands. — Они прогуливались, держась за руки.
Примечание: пожимать руки — это не shake hands, например: He said hi and shook my hand. — Он поздоровался и пожал мою руку.
- hold one’s tongue — придержать язык (замолчать, промолчать), держать язык за зубами
То есть воздерживаться от опрометчивых высказываний.
Hold your tongue, young man! — Придержите язык, молодой человек!
He should learn to hold his tongue. — Ему следует научиться держать язык за зубами (не болтать лишнего).
Lie down and hold still. — Ложись и не двигайся.
You’ve got to hold still if you want a nice haircut. — Если хочешь хорошую стрижку, ты должен сидеть неподвижно.
Точный аналог идиомы «придержи коней\лошадей», «не гони лошадей» в русском языке: подожди, не торопись.
Hey, hold your horses! The game hasn’t started yet! — Эй! Придержи коней! Игра еще не началась!
Фразовый глагол hold
Фразовые глаголы лучше воспринимать не как сочетание глагол + предлог (наречие), а как отдельное слово или целое выражение. Часто смысл фразового глагола далек от смысла глагола, входящего в его состав. Вот несколько основных фразовых глаголов с hold, многие из них имеют два-три значения.
- hold on — 1) просьба подождать, 2) держаться (не сдаваться), 3) вцепиться во что-то
Рассмотрим по очереди значения этого фразового глагола.
1) Просьба подождать
Выражение «Hold on» используется в разговорной речи, когда мы просим подождать немножко, дать время на что-то.
Hold on! I’ll check my schedule. — Подожди! Я проверю свой график.
Также «hold on» может использоваться, чтобы показать, что вы чему-то удивились, что-то не поняли, что-то хотите прояснить. Интересно, что в русском языке мы в такой же ситуации тоже говорим «подожди», «погоди-ка».
Now hold on, did you say it was my fault? — Погоди-ка, ты что сказал, что это была моя вина?
В обоих случаях возможны варианты: hold on for a sec — подожди секундочку, hold on for a minute — подожди минутку, hold on for a while — подожди немного.
Jess is in the garden, hold on for a sec, I’ll call her. — Джесс в саду, подожди-ка секунду, я ее позову.
Hold on for a minute! Are you telling me that my application has been declined? — Подождите минутку! Вы хотите сказать, что мое заявление было отклонено?
2) «Держаться» в значении «оставаться в живых», «бороться в трудной ситуации», «не сдаваться»
В фильмах «Hold on!» часто говорят раненому товарищу.
Just hold on! Help is coming! — Держись! Помощь уже идет!
We had to hold on until the doctor arrived. — Нам пришлось держаться, пока не прибыл доктор.
3) Вцепиться во что-то, держать изо всех сил, стараясь не отпустить
«Hold on» значит «вцепиться», «взяться крепко», но глагол можно усилить наречием tightly (крепко) или very tightly.
Grab the rope and hold on. — Возьми веревку и вцепись в нее.
Take my hand and held on very tightly. — Возьми меня за руку и держись очень крепко.
- hold something out — протягивать, подавать что-то
She held out an apple for the horse. — Она подала яблоко лошади.
He held out his hand to me and I threw a rope. — Он протянул мне руку и я бросил веревку.
- hold out — 1) держаться в трудной ситуации (напр. под атакой), не сдаваться, не проигрывать, 2) держаться в значении «не заканчиваться», «не исчерпать свой ресурс».
1) Держаться в трудной ситуации, не сдаваться, не проигрывать.
They won’t be able to hold out much longer against these attacks. — Они не смогут продержаться дольше под этими атаками.
The Brest Fortress held out much longer than expected. — Брестская крепость продержалась намного дольше, чем ожидалось.
2) Держаться в значении «не заканчиваться», «не исчерпать свой ресурс».
The device works as long as the battery holds out. — Устройство работает столько, столько держится аккумулятор.
How long will your money hold out? — На сколько тебе хватит денег? (букв.: как долго «протянут» твои деньги?)
- hold off — откладывать что-то на потом, делать не сразу
Let’s hold off making a statement. — Давайте подождем с заявлением (выждем немного, а потом сделаем заявление).
Похожее выражение hold off on something — смысл такой же: откладывать, делать не сразу, а подождав.
We decided to hold off on buying a house until next year. — Мы решили подождать с покупкой дома до следующего года.
- hold up — 1) держаться, оставаться сильным, 2) откладывать, 3) просьба подождать, 4) грабить, держать на прицеле
У фразового глагола hold up три совершенно разных значения, рассмотрим их по отдельности.
1) Держаться, оставаться сильным
В фильмах часто встречается выражение:
How are you holding up? — Как ты держишься? \ Ты как, держишься?
Это, например, вопрос к больному человеку, как, мол, держишься? молодцом? То же мы можем спросить о человеке, перенесшем горе: How is he holding up? — Как он, держится?
Выражение подходит и для неодушевленых предметов, отвлеченных понятий:
The real estate market held up despite the crysis. — Рынок недвижимости держался, несмотря на кризис.
2) Откладывать, переносить
В этом значении hold up — это неформальный синоним глагола delay (откладывать, переносить).
The party was held up because of the weather. — Вечеринку отложили из-за погоды
Также часто используется существительное hold-up — «задержка»:
Let’s go, what’s the hold-up? — Пойдем, чего ждешь? (букв.: что за задержка?)
3) Просьба подождать
Обычно так обращаются, когда просят, чтобы человек остановился и подождал на месте.
Hold up! I forgot my phone. — Подожди! Я забыл телефон.
She asked me to hold up because she forgot her phone. — Она попросила меня подождать, потому что она забыла свой телефон.
There was a hold-up in the bank when we were passing it by. — В банке произошло ограбление, когда мы проходили мимо него.
Физически прижимать, прикладывать один предмет к другому.
Hold that ice pack against your foot. — Прижми этот пакет со льдом к ноге (стопе).
She held the picture against the wall. — Она приложила картину к стене.
- hold it against someone — держать зуб на кого-то, держать зло
То есть злиться на кого-то за что-то плохое, что было сделано этим человеком ранее.
It was a mistake — how long do you plan to hold it against me? — Это была ошибка, сколько ты еще собираешься злиться на меня за это?
You made a mistake but I don’t hold it against you — we all make mistakes. — Ты совершил ошибку, но я не держу на тебя зла, мы все ошибаемся.
- hold back — 1) физически сдерживать, 2) оставлять на второй год в школе
1) Физически сдерживать
Обычно речь идет о сдерживании человека, настроенного агрессивно, готового совершить опрометчивый поступок.
I held him back so that he didn’t get into the fight. — Я удержал его, чтобы он не влез в драку.
A seven nation army couldn’t hold me back. — Армия семи народов (стран) не могла меня сдержать.
Также есть шутливое выражение «Hold me back» — аналог нашего «Держите меня семеро!»
2) Оставлять на второй год в школе
If you keep doing so badly, the school will have to hold you back. — Если будешь продолжать учиться так же плохо, школе придется оставить тебя на второй год.
If you are held back, you have to do a year over again. — Если тебя оставляют на второй год, тебе придется проучиться его снова.
- hold down — 1) удерживать кого-то на месте, 2) удерживать низкий уровень чего-то
1) Удерживать кого-то на месте
В отличие от hold off, имеется в виду не сдержать от совершения, например, нападения, а физически удержать на месте.
It took three officers to hold that giant down. — Понадобилось трое полицейских, чтобы удержать на месте этого великана.
He hated getting shots so much that a nurse had to hold him down. — Он так ненавидел уколы, что медсестре пришлось его держать.
2) Удерживать низкий уровень чего-то
Обычно цен, стоимости, зарплат, чего-то связанного с деньгами.
The government is trying to hold down prices. — Правительство пытается сдержать рост цен.
This policy destroys jobs and holds down wages. — Эта политика лишает рабочих мест и сдерживает рост зарплат.
Мои карточки со словами и выражениями
to hold a position
1 «hold-in» position
2 hold-in position
3 hold-on position
4 hold a position
5 hold a position against the enemy
6 hold a position of authority
7 hold a position of employment
8 hold in position
9 hold the position
10 hold-in position
11 hold in position
12 hold the position
13 hold a position
14 hold-on position
15 hold a position
16 hold in position
17 hold a position
18 hold the position
19 hold a position
20 to hold a position
См. также в других словарях:
hold a position of authority — index preside Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
hold-short position signs — Red and white holding position signs located alongside the hold short point. See hold short position marking … Aviation dictionary
hold-short position marking — The painted runway marking located at the hold short point on all land and hold short points. This is indicated in the illustration … Aviation dictionary
hold-short position lights — Flashing in pavement white lights located at specific hold short points … Aviation dictionary
hold — hold1 W1S1 [həuld US hould] v past tense and past participle held [held] ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1¦(in your hand/arms)¦ 2¦(event)¦ 3¦(keep something in position)¦ 4¦(job/title)¦ 5¦(keep/store)¦ 6¦(keep something available for somebody)¦ 7¦(keep somebody… … Dictionary of contemporary English
hold — hold1 [ hould ] (past tense and past participle held [ held ] ) verb *** ▸ 1 carry ▸ 2 stop someone/something from moving ▸ 3 put arms around someone ▸ 4 (be able to) contain ▸ 5 have ▸ 6 continue in same state ▸ 7 keep/stop something ▸ 8 not… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
hold — 1 verb past tense and past participle held IN YOUR HANDS/ARMS 1 a) (T) to have something firmly in your hand or arms: He was holding a knife in one hand. | Can you hold the groceries for me while I open the door? | I held the baby in my arms. |… … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
hold — A process by which a bank restricts funds deposited by checks. Usually but not always used to restrict the proceeds of checks drawn on other banks until the funds have been transferred by the drawor s bank to an account that the depositor s bank… … Financial and business terms
hold — I. /hoʊld / (say hohld) verb (held, held or, Archaic, holden, holding) –verb (t) 1. to have or keep in the hand; keep fast; grasp. 2. to reserve; retain; set aside. 3. to bear, sustai … Australian-English dictionary
hold — I UK [həʊld] / US [hoʊld] verb Word forms hold : present tense I/you/we/they hold he/she/it holds present participle holding past tense held UK [held] / US past participle held *** 1) [transitive] to carry something using your hands or arms Can… … English dictionary
hold — I [[t]hoʊld[/t]] v. held, hold•ing, n. 1) to have or keep in the hand; grasp: to hold someone s hand[/ex] 2) to set aside; reserve or retain: to hold a reservation[/ex] 3) to bear, sustain, or support with or as if with the hands or arms 4) to… … From formal English to slang